University of Bath

About: University of Bath is a education organization based out in Bath, Bath and North East Somerset, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Photonic-crystal fiber. The organization has 15830 authors who have published 39608 publications receiving 1358769 citations. The organization is also known as: Bath University.

Submicrometer axial resolution optical coherence tomography

Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) with unprecedented submicrometer axial resolution achieved by use of a photonic crystal fiber in combination with a compact sub-10-fs Ti:sapphire laser (Femtolasers Produktions) is demonstrated for what the authors believe is the first time The emission spectrum ranges from 550 to 950 nm (?c=725 nm , Pout=27 mW) , resulting in a free-space axial OCT resolution of ~075 ?m , corresponding to ~05 ?m in biological tissue Submicrometer-resolution OCT is demonstrated in vitro on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells HT-29 This novel light source has great potential for development of spectroscopic OCT because its spectrum covers the absorption bands of several biological chromophores

Assessing Bank Efficiency and Performance with Operational Research and Artificial Intelligence Techniques: A Survey

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review of 179 studies which employ operational research (O.R.) and Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) techniques in the assessment of bank performance. We first discuss numerous applications of data envelopment analysis which is the most widely applied O.R. technique in the field. Then we discuss applications of other techniques such as neural networks, support vector machines, and multicriteria decision aid that have also been used in recent years, in bank failure prediction studies and the assessment of bank creditworthiness and underperformance.

European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2019

Abstract: Aims: The 2019 report from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Atlas provides a contemporary analysis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) statistics across 56 member countries, with particular emphasis on international inequalities in disease burden and healthcare delivery together with estimates of progress towards meeting 2025 World Health Organization (WHO) non-communicable disease targets. Methods and results: In this report, contemporary CVD statistics are presented for member countries of the ESC. The statistics are drawn from the ESC Atlas which is a repository of CVD data from a variety of sources including the WHO, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and the World Bank. The Atlas also includes novel ESC sponsored data on human and capital infrastructure and cardiovascular healthcare delivery obtained by annual survey of the national societies of ESC member countries. Across ESC member countries, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index >= 30 kg/m(2)) and diabetes has increased two- to three-fold during the last 30years making the WHO 2025 target to halt rises in these risk factors unlikely to be achieved. More encouraging have been variable declines in hypertension, smoking, and alcohol consumption but on current trends only the reduction in smoking from 28% to 21% during the last 20years appears sufficient for the WHO target to be achieved. The median age-standardized prevalence of major risk factors was higher in middle-income compared with high-income ESC member countries for hypertension {23.8% [interquartile range (IQR) 22.5-23.1%] vs. 15.7% (IQR 14.5-21.1%)}, diabetes [7.7% (IQR 7.1-10.1%) vs. 5.6% (IQR 4.8-7.0%)], and among males smoking [43.8% (IQR 37.4-48.0%) vs. 26.0% (IQR 20.9-31.7%)] although among females smoking was less common in middle-income countries [8.7% (IQR 3.0-10.8) vs. 16.7% (IQR 13.9-19.7%)]. There were associated inequalities in disease burden with disability-adjusted life years per 100 000 people due to CVD over three times as high in middle-income [7160 (IQR 5655-8115)] compared with high-income [2235 (IQR 1896-3602)] countries. Cardiovascular disease mortality was also higher in middle-income countries where it accounted for a greater proportion of potential years of life lost compared with high-income countries in both females (43% vs. 28%) and males (39% vs. 28%). Despite the inequalities in disease burden across ESC member countries, survey data from the National Cardiac Societies of the ESC showed that middle-income member countries remain severely under-resourced compared with high-income countries in terms of cardiological person-power and technological infrastructure. Under-resourcing in middle-income countries is associated with a severe procedural deficit compared with high-income countries in terms of coronary intervention, device implantation and cardiac surgical procedures. Conclusion: A seemingly inexorable rise in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes currently provides the greatest challenge to achieving further reductions in CVD burden across ESC member countries. Additional challenges are provided by inequalities in disease burden that now require intensification of policy initiatives in order to reduce population risk and prioritize cardiovascular healthcare delivery, particularly in the middle-income countries of the ESC where need is greatest.

Linear Models with R

Abstract: Introduction Before You Start Initial Data Analysis When to Use Linear Modeling History Estimation Linear Model Matrix Representation Estimating b Least Squares Estimation Examples of Calculating b Example QR Decomposition Gauss-Markov Theorem Goodness of Fit Identifiability Orthogonality Inference Hypothesis Tests to Compare Models Testing Examples Permutation Tests Sampling Confidence Intervals for b Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Prediction Confidence Intervals for Predictions Predicting Body Fat Autoregression What Can Go Wrong with Predictions? Explanation Simple Meaning Causality Designed Experiments Observational Data Matching Covariate Adjustment Qualitative Support for Causation Diagnostics Checking Error Assumptions Finding Unusual Observations Checking the Structure of the Model Discussion Problems with the Predictors Errors in the Predictors Changes of Scale Collinearity Problems with the Error Generalized Least Squares Weighted Least Squares Testing for Lack of Fit Robust Regression Transformation Transforming the Response Transforming the Predictors Broken Stick Regression Polynomials Splines Additive Models More Complex Models Model Selection Hierarchical Models Testing-Based Procedures Criterion-Based Procedures Summary Shrinkage Methods Principal Components Partial Least Squares Ridge Regression Lasso Insurance Redlining-A Complete Example Ecological Correlation Initial Data Analysis Full Model and Diagnostics Sensitivity Analysis Discussion Missing Data Types of Missing Data Deletion Single Imputation Multiple Imputation Categorical Predictors A Two-Level Factor Factors and Quantitative Predictors Interpretation with Interaction Terms Factors with More than Two Levels Alternative Codings of Qualitative Predictors One Factor Models The Model An Example Diagnostics Pairwise Comparisons False Discovery Rate Models with Several Factors Two Factors with No Replication Two Factors with Replication Two Factors with an Interaction Larger Factorial Experiments Experiments with Blocks Randomized Block Design Latin Squares Balanced Incomplete Block Design Appendix: About R Bibliography Index