Institution
University of Bath
Education•Bath, Bath and North East Somerset, United Kingdom•
About: University of Bath is a education organization based out in Bath, Bath and North East Somerset, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 15830 authors who have published 39608 publications receiving 1358769 citations. The organization is also known as: Bath University.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
More filters
••
TL;DR: The findings confirmed that treatment of microglia with anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 induces a gene profile typical of alternative activation similar to that previously observed in peripheral macrophages and suggest that innate immune cells in AD may exhibit a hybrid activation state that includes characteristics of classical and alternative activation.
Abstract: Microglia are associated with neuritic plaques in Alzheimer disease (AD) and serve as a primary component of the innate immune response in the brain. Neuritic plaques are fibrous deposits composed of the amyloid beta-peptide fragments (Abeta) of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Numerous studies have shown that the immune cells in the vicinity of amyloid deposits in AD express mRNA and proteins for pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the hypothesis that microglia demonstrate classical (Th-1) immune activation in AD. Nonetheless, the complex role of microglial activation has yet to be fully explored since recent studies show that peripheral macrophages enter an "alternative" activation state. To study alternative activation of microglia, we used quantitative RT-PCR to identify genes associated with alternative activation in microglia, including arginase I (AGI), mannose receptor (MRC1), found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1), and chitinase 3-like 3 (YM1). Our findings confirmed that treatment of microglia with anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 induces a gene profile typical of alternative activation similar to that previously observed in peripheral macrophages. We then used this gene expression profile to examine two mouse models of AD, the APPsw (Tg-2576) and Tg-SwDI, models for amyloid deposition and for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) respectively. AGI, MRC1 and YM1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the Tg-2576 mouse brains compared to age-matched controls while TNFα and NOS2 mRNA levels, genes commonly associated with classical activation, increased or did not change, respectively. Only TNFα mRNA increased in the Tg-SwDI mouse brain. Alternative activation genes were also identified in brain samples from individuals with AD and were compared to age-matched control individuals. In AD brain, mRNAs for TNFα, AGI, MRC1 and the chitinase-3 like 1 and 2 genes (CHI3L1; CHI3L2) were significantly increased while NOS2 and IL-1β mRNAs were unchanged. Immune cells within the brain display gene profiles that suggest heterogeneous, functional phenotypes that range from a pro-inflammatory, classical activation state to an alternative activation state involved in repair and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our data suggest that innate immune cells in AD may exhibit a hybrid activation state that includes characteristics of classical and alternative activation.
392 citations
••
TL;DR: This work designs an enzyme-activatable ratiometric near-infrared (NIR) probe (DCM-βgal) for the real-time fluorescent quantification and trapping of β-gal activity in vivo and in situ, and provides a potential tool for in vivo real- time tracking enzyme activity in preclinical applications.
Abstract: Development of "smart" noninvasive bioimaging probes for trapping specific enzyme activities is highly desirable for cancer therapy in vivo. Given that β-galactosidase (β-gal) is an important biomarker for cell senescence and primary ovarian cancers, we design an enzyme-activatable ratiometric near-infrared (NIR) probe (DCM-βgal) for the real-time fluorescent quantification and trapping of β-gal activity in vivo and in situ. DCM-βgal manifests significantly ratiometric and turn-on NIR fluorescent signals simultaneously in response to β-gal concentration, which makes it favorable for monitoring dynamic β-gal activity in vivo with self-calibration in fluorescent mode. We exemplify DCM-βgal for the ratiometric tracking of endogenously overexpressed β-gal distribution in living 293T cells via the lacZ gene transfection method and OVCAR-3 cells, and further realize real-time in vivo bioimaging of β-gal activity in colorectal tumor-bearing nude mice. Advantages of our system include light-up ratiometric NIR fluorescence with large Stokes shift, high photostability, and pH independency under the physiological range, allowing for the in vivo real-time evaluation of β-gal activity at the tumor site with high-resolution three-dimensional bioimaging for the first time. Our work provides a potential tool for in vivo real-time tracking enzyme activity in preclinical applications.
390 citations
••
TL;DR: The fabrication of a seven-cell-core and three-ring-cladding large-pitch Kagome-lattice hollow-core photonic crystal fiber with a hypocycloid-shaped core structure with potential for a number of applications in which the combination of a large optical bandwidth and a low loss is a prerequisite.
Abstract: We report on the fabrication of a seven-cell-core and three-ring-cladding large-pitch Kagome-lattice hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) with a hypocycloid-shaped core structure. We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that the design of this core shape enhances the coupling inhibition between the core and cladding modes and offers optical attenuation with a baseline of ∼180 dB/km over a transmission bandwidth larger than 200 THz. This loss figure rivals the state-of-the-art photonic bandgap HC-PCF while offering an approximately three times larger bandwidth and larger mode areas. Also, it beats the conventional circular-core-shaped Kagome HC-PCF in terms of the loss. The development of this novel (to our knowledge) HC-PCF has potential for a number of applications in which the combination of a large optical bandwidth and a low loss is a prerequisite.
390 citations
••
TL;DR: The IQE is found to be strongly sensitive to the scale of phase separation in the morphology, with a peak at approximately 20 nm for the PFB/F8BT system studied.
Abstract: We present a dynamical Monte Carlo study of the dependence of the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of an organic bulk heterojunction solar cell on the device morphology. The IQE is found to be strongly sensitive to the scale of phase separation in the morphology, with a peak at approximately 20 nm for the PFB/F8BT system studied. An ordered, checkered morphology exhibits a peak IQE 1.5 times higher than a disordered blend.
388 citations
••
TL;DR: In this article, the first tutorial on the general subject of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) is presented, which gives an overview of the area and explains why FACTS devices are needed.
Abstract: This is the first of four tutorials on the general subject of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). This tutorial gives an overview of the area and explains why FACTS devices are needed. Future tutorials will describe methods of controlling and compensating AC transmission lines, FACTS based on thyristors and FACTS devices based on GTOs.
388 citations
Authors
Showing all 16056 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Michael Grätzel | 248 | 1423 | 303599 |
Brenda W.J.H. Penninx | 170 | 1139 | 119082 |
Amartya Sen | 149 | 689 | 141907 |
Gilbert Laporte | 128 | 730 | 62608 |
Andre K. Geim | 125 | 445 | 206833 |
Matthew Jones | 125 | 1161 | 96909 |
Benoît Roux | 120 | 493 | 62215 |
Stephen Mann | 120 | 669 | 55008 |
Bruno S. Frey | 119 | 900 | 65368 |
Raymond A. Dwek | 118 | 603 | 52259 |
David Cutts | 114 | 778 | 64215 |
John Campbell | 107 | 1150 | 56067 |
David Chandler | 107 | 424 | 52396 |
Peter H.R. Green | 106 | 843 | 60113 |
Huajian Gao | 105 | 667 | 46748 |