Showing papers by "University of Bergen published in 1977"
TL;DR: With three natural soils from Western and Central Norway, it has been shown that by homogenization and fractionated centrifugations, two fractions could be obtained, one containing 50–80% of the bacteria, and the other all the fungi together with soil debris and the rest of theacteria.
Abstract: With three natural soils from Western and Central Norway it has been shown that by homogenization and fractionated centrifugations, two fractions could be obtained, one containing 50–80% of the bacteria, and the other all the fungi together with soil debris and the rest of the bacteria. When the separation was carried out in the cold and lasting less than 3–4 h, the fractions if used immediately had constant respiratory rates for 1–2 h. The sum of the rates agreed well with that of an unfractionated soil homogenate, making it possible to calculate the ratio between bacterial and fungal respiration. Assuming that the much higher respiration in a homogenate than in intact soil is due to inhibitory conditions in the latter and that these can be analysed by separate experiments, the technique will permit estimates of the ratio between bacterial and fungal respiration in in situ soil under given conditions. The soils used had very great differences between plate and microscopic count values for bacteria. When based on plate counts, the calculated bacterial respiratory intensities became impossibly high, while they were within biologically possible limits when microscopic count values were used. The respiratory intensities for fungi when calculated from hyphal lengths and diameter measurements, were biologically possible.
288 citations
TL;DR: Subcutaneous interstitial fluid pressure was measured in anesthetized rats with the “wick-in-needle” technique using a thin hypodermic needle provided with a 2- to 4-mm-long sidehole and filled with multifilamentous nylon thread, confirming satisfactory fluid communication between needle and tissue fluid.
204 citations
TL;DR: Some numbers A μ are tabulated which completely determine the weight distribution of any irreducible cyclic ( n 1 (2 1 − 1), k ) code over GF(2) for all n 1 ⩽ 17.
191 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a dextral wrench fault model is proposed to account for this pattern of basin filling, which suggests that the 10 to 25m coarsening-upward sequences, representing aggrading base-level conditions, were the basic sedimentary response to basin floor subsidence.
Abstract: Hornelen Basin (Devonian) is filled with ∼25 km of sediments, mostly sandstones. These sedimentary rocks are spectacularly organized into more than 150 basin-wide cycles, each on the order of 100 m thick, most of which coarsen upward. The cycles are otherwise complex, consisting of marginally derived fanglomerates and laterally equivalent, longitudinally dispersed alluvial plain sediments. The basin-wide nature of the cycles, the fact that the coarsening upward occurred at the same time in both marginal and axial facies, and because successive alluvial fan bodies coarsen upward whether they are composed of debris flow or of stream deposits suggest that the cycles are allocyclic and that they are the basin9s response to the lowering of its floor. In their marginal development, the cycles are commonly segmented, consisting of coarsening-upward subcycles of the order of 10 to 25 m thick. The geometry and internal details of these suggest that they also were tectonically generated. It is likely that the 10 to 25-m coarsening-upward sequences, representing aggrading base-level conditions, were the basic sedimentary response to basin-floor subsidence. The 100-m cycles represent additional complexity in style of subsidence. Progressive eastward overlap of successive 100-m units suggests that at this interval the locus of subsidence abruptly shifted in a proximal direction, by ∼0.25 km. A dextral wrench fault model is proposed to account for this pattern of basin filling.
148 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted longitudinal studies covering a 1-year and a 3-year interval, respectively, on 2 samples of boys aged 13 years (N1=85, N2=201).
Abstract: 2 longitudinal studies covering a 1-year and a 3-year interval, respectively were conducted on 2 samples of boys aged 13 years (N1=85, N2=201). On the basis of an adaptation of multimethod-multivariable analysis and other analyses it was found that information contained in the 4 rating dimensions under study to an overwhelming degree reflected characteristics of the boys, not rater biases. The results indicated very high or high degrees of stability over time in the dimensions studied concerning aggression and peer acceptance. The results for the aggressive area were construed as strong evidence for assuming relatively stable, individual-differentiating reaction tendencies or motive systems within the boys. The findings also provided strong evidence that certain aspects of each boy's interpersonal environment were stably different for different boys. Language: en
146 citations
TL;DR: The Role of DNA Structure in Genetic Regulatio as mentioned in this paper was a seminal work in the field of genetic regulation, focusing on the role of DNA structure in genetic regulatio.
Abstract: (1977). The Role of DNA Structure in Genetic Regulatio. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 305-340.
125 citations
TL;DR: There is an urgent need to create valid research tools to support the development and implementation of the health–promoting school model, which offers a comprehensive, systematic approach to health promotion in the school setting.
103 citations
TL;DR: Purified lipopolysaccharides from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella were tested for endotoxic activity, utilizing the primary skin reaction and the Shwartzman phenomena in rabbits.
Abstract: Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella were tested for endotoxic activity, utilizing the primary skin reaction and the Shwartzman phenomena in rabbits. Comparisons were made to Salmonella LPS. Each LPS preparation produced the primary skin reaction in a typical dose-response fashion. Skin sites injected with 400 μg of Fusobacterium LPS often produced necrotic lesions. In the comparisons made between the skin lesion doses (SLD50) of the Veitlonella LPS and the Salmonella LPS, the difference was either non-significant or the Salmonella LPS was only slightly more active (P <0.02). LPS from the Fusobacterium and the Bacteroides were significantly less toxic than the Salmonella LPS (P <0.005). All LPS preparations did prepare the skin for the local and the specific organs for the generalized Shwartzman reaction. The toxicity of the Bacteroides LPS was, however, very low in the local reaction (P <0.005). For all LPS preparations the sensitivity of the primary skin test (SLD50) was superior to the local Schwartzman reaction (SPD50) (P <0.005).
Twenty-four hours after challenge for the generalized Shwartzman reaction, extensive fibrin thrombi in the capillaries of the renal glomeruli were found, as well as thrombi containing necrotic blood cells, both in the veins of the liver and in the arteries of the lungs.
The high endotoxic activity of the Fusobacterium and the Veillonella LPS may reflect a similarity between their lipid A and that of the Salmonella LPS.
103 citations
TL;DR: There was no indication of more than borderline neurotransmitter activity, suggesting that proliferating cells of glial lineages may preferentially undergo malignant transformation after exposure to EtNU during this stage of brain development.
Abstract: We have recently reported that fetal BD IX-rat brain cells (FBC), transferred to long-term culture after a transplacental pulse of EtNU on the 18th day of gestation, undergo neoplastic transformation in vitro (“BT-cell lines”). Tumors developed upon s.c. reimplantation of BT-cells into baby BD IX-rats, appeared histologically as neurinoma-, glioma- or glioblastoma-like, and frequently as pleiomorphic neoplasms. In spite of a more atypic cellular morphology, these tumors grossly resembled the different types of neuroectodermal rat neoplasms induced by EtNU in vivo. Like the neoplastic cell culture lines derived from EtNU-induced, neuroectodermal BD IX-rat tumors (“V-cell lines”), the BT-lines contained multipolar glia-like cells, but also flat cells with fewer and shorter cytoplasmic processes, and occasionally giant cells. Both the V- and BT-lines showed different levels of aneuploidy. They contained multiple subpopulations of cells, as reflected, e.g., by plurimodal pulse-cytophotometric DNA distributions. All lines contained, to varying degrees, the nervous system specific protein S-100, a “marker” not yet expressed in FBC. There was no indication of more than borderline neurotransmitter activity, suggesting that proliferating (precursor) cells of glial lineages may preferentially undergo malignant transformation after exposure to EtNU during this stage of brain development.
102 citations
TL;DR: The polymerization shrinkage of composite resin filling materials and the tensile stresses developed when the shrinkage is restrained were measured in an in vitro experiment and indicate that the stresses acting on the enamel are low compared to the Tensile strength of theEnamel.
Abstract: The polymerization shrinkage of composite resin filling materials and the tensile stresses developed when the shrinkage is restrained were measured in an in vitro, experiment. This allows an estimation to be made of the forces exerted upon the enamel walls of cavities filled with the resin in the acid etch technique. The results indicate that the stresses acting on the enamel are low compared to the tensile strength of the enamel.
87 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the combined use of microroughness measurements and SEM is of considerable value in this type of studies since more information may be obtained than by any of these methods used separately.
Abstract: Root surface roughness, resulting from calculus removal by hand curette, ultrasonic curette and rotating diamond or Roto-Pro points, was examined by combined use of microroughness measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mandibular incisors were placed in a jaw model with a rubber "gingiva" in an attempt to simulate a clinical situation. After cleaning with the various instruments, the surface roughness was measured by an industrial profilometer followed by SEM evaluation. A microroughness index (MRI) was developed and showed that the instruments could be separated into three groups, where the hand curette produced least roughness, followed by the Roto-Pro instrument, while the ultrasonic curette and the diamond left the most uneven surfaces. A SEM roughness index (SRI) based on defined criteria, corresponded well with the results from the profilometer measurements, except that using this index the diamond scored higher than the ultrasonic curette. This was probably due to considerable calculus remnants remaining in the ultrasonic specimens. Characteristic features of the root surface morphology of the cleaned teeth are described. It is concluded that the combined use of microroughness measurements and SEM is of considerable value in this type of studies since more information may be obtained than by any of these methods used separately.
TL;DR: It was concluded that selective chemical lesions of the ascending 5-HT pathways result in prolonged habituation of the orienting response and increase in particular components of agonistic behavior.
Abstract: Rats were injected stereotactically in mesencephalon with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) in the medial 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) pathway (n = 8) and in the medial plus the lateral 5-HT pathways (n = 7) or injected with vehicle (n = 8), or sham-operated (n = 8). The 5,7-DHT lesions reduced the in vitro 3H-5-HT uptake in the hypothalamus and the cortex cerebri to 27–51% of control values, 3H-noradrenaline uptake was not significantly changed. 5,7-DHT lesions of the medial, and of the medial plus the lateral, 5-HT pathways induced mouse killing behavior and increased number of boxing positions in the shock elicited fighting test. Both lesions also reduced the rate of habituation to touch, but only the lesion of the medial plus the lateral 5-HT pathway significantly reduced the rate of habituation to acoustic stimulation. Activity in the home cage was not significantly changed by the lesions. It was concluded that selective chemical lesions of the ascending 5-HT pathways result in prolonged habituation of the orienting response and increase in particular components of agonistic behavior. The increase in locomotor activity observed after electrolytic lesions of nucleus raphe medianus seems not to be due only to lesion of the 5-HT neurons ascending from this nucleus.
TL;DR: The wick seems to act as a colloid osmometer, equilibrating against capillaries and more remote interstitium, as demonstrated by rapid transfer of labeled albumin from blood to wick fluid.
TL;DR: In the absence of detectable caries, exposed cementum may develop a highly calcified surface layer, an F content higher than any other calcified tissue, as well as a subsurface condensation of organic material of exogenous origin.
Abstract: Earlier studies have indicated an increased mineral content in the surface layer of cementum which has become exposed to the oral cavity as a result of gingival retraction. The purpose of this study was to characterize this process more precisely by elemental analysis. Serial ground sections of suitably embedded teeth from residents of a nonfluoridated area were microradiographed. Sections showing exposed cementum with an increased radiopacity of the surface layer were processed for electron probe analysis and electron microscopy. Characteristically, the radiopaque zone had an elevated Ca and P content (7–10 % increase), unchanged Mg, extremely high F (up to 1.9 %) and elevated S (0–100 % increase), as compared to unexposed cementum. The highest F values occurred concomitantly with the highest Ca and P. F showed a rapid drop and a leveling-off at a varying distance from the root surface. Electron microscopy showed increased crystal size and improved crystallinity in the hypercalcified layer, while demineralized sections indicated an alteration of the organic matrix. In the absence of detectable caries, exposed cementum may develop a highly calcified surface layer, an F content higher than any other calcified tissue, as well as a subsurface condensation of organic material of exogenous origin.
TL;DR: The results revealed that calculus removal was most complete following diamond instrumentation, whereas the ultrasonic curette was least efficient in this respect as mentioned in this paper, and the diamond regularly removed all the cementum and left deep instrumental marks in the dentin.
Abstract: The efficiency of calculus removal and the amount of lost tooth substance resulting from the use of hand curette, ultrasonic curette and rotating diamond and Roto-Pro points were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Root surfaces of mandibular incisors placed in a jaw model were cleaned of adhering deposits, photographed by SEM and evaluated at a standard magnification by three examiners. Scores were given for remaining calculus (RCI) and loss of tooth substance (LTSI) according to defined index criteria. The results revealed that calculus removal was most complete following diamond instrumentation, whereas the ultrasonic curette was least efficient in this respect. Hand curette, ultrasonic curette and Roto-Pro removed about the same amount of tooth substance whereas the diamond removed considerably more than the others. The diamond regularly removed all the cementum and left deep instrumental marks in the dentin; it seems advisable to avoid the use of such instruments in periodontal depuration.
Abstract: M Y early work on cleavage structures and mass politics in Western Europe focussed on the formation of the full-suflrage parry systems as they emerged during the first quarter of the twentieth century: I tried to develop a parsimonious model for the explanation of variations in the structure of the electoral alternatiues presented to the citizency during the final stages of formal democratization.’ I emphasized again and again that this was a deliberate simplification of a set of complex historical processes: I was fully aware that there were other manifestations of mass politics equally worthy of systematic analysis. In fact in one of my early articles on Norwegian developments 1 called for detailed analysis of the parallels and the interactions between two sets of organization-building efforts: the structuring of alternatives in what 1 called the ‘numerical democracy’ channel and the building of effective units of action in the corporate bargaining channel.2 Robert Alford and Roger Friedland have recently taken me to task for my failure to bring these two components of mass politics into a unified model:3 in fact they use my ‘two-tier’ analysis of the Norwegian regime as a springboard for a critique of my model for the explanation of variations in the formation of party systems. I accept their basic argument. I can only plead in defence that models have to be built up and tested step by step: it proved easiest to start off with comparisons of party systems but that was clearly only a beginning. A full-fledged model would have to generate hypotheses not only about the emergence of alternatives in the electoral channel but also about the structuring of mass organizations in the corporate channels and about types of interlinkages between the units in the two arenas. This is a demanding set of tasks and we cannot hope to get far in this direction just within one local team: this is clearly a theme for intensive cross-national d i scu~s ion .~ So far, our group has given priority to detailed analyses of Norwegian data on organizational developments in the two channels: Frank Aarebrot and Bjarne Kristiansen have worked extensively on the early counter-cultural organizations and their role in the first waves of mass mobilization, Kjell Eliassen and Lars
TL;DR: Findings warrant a revision of how the salivary aggregating factors are functioning in vivo: Their importance may be to mediate attachment between individual cells in the early monolayer as well as between cells and pellicle, and later contribute to the cohesion of the plaque, rather than by forming bacterial aggregates that settle down on the tooth surface.
Abstract: Bacterial colonization of hydroxyapatite splint segments attached to buccal surfaces of maxillary molar and premolar teeth, were studied at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hr in six subjects given a low-sucrose diet. Bacteria were first encountered in 4 or 6 hr specimens and considerable variation existed between subjects regarding time of appearance, rate, and extent of microbial growth. Individual organisms were seen attaching to a pellicle surface with or without intervening thread-like or coat-like structures. Similar thread-like structures were sometimes seen connecting individual organisms. The colonization started frequently in grooves or pits in the surface and the bacteria spread as monolayered cells from these starting points. Bacteria were also seen colonizing on epithelial cells. Cocci dominated in numbers in all phases of this study although rods and filaments appeared in increasing amounts in 24 and 48 hr specimens. Structures resembling corncobs were seen in 48 hr specimens. The gross morphology of plaque development was characterized by patches or strands of bacterial growth and a heterogeneous pattern of apparently freshly colonized areas interspersed between areas of more extensive colonization. Except for a few bacterial clumps, no aggregates or hemispherical globules appeared on the splint surface. These findings warrant a revision of how the salivary aggregating factors are functioning in vivo: Their importance may be to mediate attachment between individual cells in the early monolayer as well as between cells and pellicle, and later contribute to the cohesion of the plaque, rather than by forming bacterial aggregates that settle down on the tooth surface.
TL;DR: Analysis of the clinical and post-mortem assessment of the underlying cause of death in 742 autopsies showed that over- and underdiagnosis cancelled each other out in the majority of the main diagnostic groups, so there was little difference in the total number of cases recorded in the different groups after clinical andPost-mortem investigation.
Abstract: Analysis of the clinical and post-mortem assessment of the underlying cause of death in 742 autopsies showed that over- and underdiagnosis cancelled each other out in the majority of the main diagnostic groups, so there was little difference in the total number of cases recorded in the different groups after clinical and post-mortem investigation. However, in the individual case the reliability of the clinical diagnosis varied greatly with the nature of the diagnosis and its degree of certainty. Reliability was for example high with clinically certain arteriosclerotic heart disease and low with cerebrovascular disease. Underdiagnosis of lung cancer is still a problem. Lack of interest in autopsy investigation may be reflection of lack of clinical involvement or therapeutic frustration rather than the use of sophisticated diagnostic procedures, as has been assumed by previous authors. It is suggested that the idea of selection of cases for autopsy should be replaced by selection of autopsies for microscopic investigation on the basis of the macroscopic post-mortem findings. It is suggested also that clinicians might profitably attend autopsies on patients in their sphere of interest that were not admitted under their care.
TL;DR: The direction of the proton movement and its stoichiometry to ATP hydrolysis in resealed granule ghosts of low internal buffer capacity derived from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules is studied.
TL;DR: This chapter focuses on the physiology of Halobacteriaceae, a group of halophilic bacteria that contain characteristic lipids having ether-linked alkyl groups instead of normal ester-bound fatty acids.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the physiology of Halobacteriaceae. Extremely halophilic bacteria contain characteristic lipids having ether-linked alkyl groups instead of normal ester-bound fatty acids. The chemistry, metabolism, and function of these unusual lipids have been thoroughly reviewed in this chapter. All work on halophilic enzymes thus far indicates that the mechanisms underlying activity and regulation are similar to those that operate with non-halophilic enzymes. Further insights into those features of halophilic enzymes that are of importance in permitting “normal” function in abnormally saline environments will probably necessitate isolation of pure enzyme preparations, both for studying stoicheiometrically the various enzyme-salt interactions and for determining hydrophobicity and acidity parameters based on amino-acid analysis. Halophilic bacteria, their enzymes, and organelles, are uniquely well suited to a study of general biological phenomena such as electron transport or transport of molecules across membranes. Smaller bodies of water, pools, and flats along the seashore, where seawater has been concentrated by evaporation, are much more transiently highly saline environments. It has been reported that extremely halophilic bacteria can be isolated directly or by enrichment from such sources. It is facile to assume that all reports on the isolation of extreme halophiles from sources that temporarily have low salt concentrations are the result of faulty sterile techniques.
TL;DR: In this paper, the 4-qp isomers with Kπ = 16+ and 14− are yrast traps, and the 2-quasiparticle (qp) isomer with kπ = 14− is a yrast trap.
TL;DR: In this article, a project aimed at assessing the available energy in a pelagic system and the efficiency of its transfer, monthly biomass estimates of the 23 main macroplanktonic and mesoplanktoni species have been made in Korsfjorden (Norway).
Abstract: As part of a project aimed at assessing the available energy in a pelagic system and the efficiency of its transfer, monthly biomass estimates of the 23 main macroplanktonic and mesoplanktonic species have been made in Korsfjorden (Norway). Sampling was carried out over approximately 3 years (1971–1974) and results are presented as mg dry weight in a 690 m3 water column. The total annual stocks of the various species were not constant in the 3 years of sampling. Principal components analyses of the monthly stocks in each of the 3 years show striking differences in the correlation matrices from year to year. On the basis of known and supposed feeding habits, the species have been classified as herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores. The monthly biomass estimates of these groups show a consistent pattern from year to year. This, in contrast to the variable correlations between individual species, indicates that there can be considerable flexibility in the specific composition of a planktonic community without correspondingly marked effects on its trophic structure.
TL;DR: It is shown that ketamines very rapidly passes the placenta, and that ketamine levels in cord blood exceed the levels in the maternal venous blood as early as 1 min 37 s after the injection.
Abstract: This study was designed to measure how fast and at what concentrations ketamine would enter the foeto-placental circulation, when administered intravenously to 10 healthy mothers immediately before forceps delivery, which was indicated by a delayed second stage of labour. It is shown that ketamine very rapidly passes the placenta, and that ketamine levels in cord blood exceed the levels in the maternal venous blood as early as 1 min 37 s after the injection. The ketamine levels in cord blood reach a maximum in the period 1 min 37 s to 2 min 5 s after the injection. Later they show a tendency to decline. A short-lasting, marked elevation of blood pressure was produced by the ketamine anaesthesia. Two of the newborn showed low Apgar scores at 1 min. In one of them this was probably attributable to the anaesthesia.
TL;DR: A theorem concerning the completeness of operator manifolds used for the generation of ionized electronic states by direct methods was proved in this article, where the authors proved that the operator manifold is complete.
TL;DR: Adenine nucleotides of zooplankton were extracted from freeze-dried individuals killed in liquid nitrogen with a strong metabolic stress caused by capturing the animals, evidenced by a marked lowering of the energy charge.
Abstract: Adenine nucleotides of zooplankton were extracted from freeze-dried individuals killed in liquid nitrogen. 96% of the ATP in frozen samples stored at-26°C degraded to AMP in 8 days, while ATP was stable for the same period in freeze-dried samples. A strong metabolic stress caused by capturing the animals was evidenced by a marked lowering of the energy charge [(ATP)+1/2(ADP)/(ATP)+(ADP)+(AMP)], the natural level of energy charge being restored in about 24 h. The concentration of ATP showed no significant correlation with the dry weight of the individuals of a species nor with the mean dry weight of the species. The ATP concentration showed marked seasonal changes with increasing values during periods of reproduction, which is assumed to reflect an inheretn seasonal rhythm in the metabolism. ATP cannot be used as a general estimator of metabolism as it did not reflect differences in metabolic activity between different-sized individuals or species. The mean energy charge for 13 species was 0.7.
TL;DR: The observed PG, measured with servocontrolled counter pressure (Wiederhielm), is higher than previously reported on the Munich mutant strain of WR, and suggests that glomerular filtration equilibrium is not reached.
Abstract: A new technique has been developed to make deep renal cortical structures in rats accessible for micropuncture: The left kidney is dissected free and immobilized in a lucite cup. A lense-shaped slice, 1--2 mm thick and about 5 x 5 mm wide, is cut off from the dorsal aspect of the kidney. Blood oozing from the cut surface is removed by flushing with saline and suction by microsponges. The bleeding stops in 1--3 min and causes none or only transient fall in arterial pressure (PA). Up to 40 glomeruli become visible and remain circulated for several hours, as shown by injection of dye or silicone rubber. Glomerular capillary pressures (PG), measured with servocontrolled counter pressure (Wiederhielm), showed no consistent change with time and no correlation to PA. Average PG +/- S.E. in mmHg (number of glomeruli in parentheses) were: Wistar rats (WR), Inactin anesthesia, 57.8 +/- 1.4 (41), Membumal anesthesia, 58.1 +/- 1.3 (13). Sprague Dawley rats, Inactin, 58.1 +/- 1.7 (14). In WR, PG was lower in deep than in midcortical glomeruli: less than or equal to 0.4 mm below kidney surface, 57.9 +/- 1.8 (20); 0.5--0.9 mm: 60.5 +/- 1.5 (20) and greater than or equal to 1.0 mm: 53.8 +/- 2.5 (13). Pressure in Bowman's capsule: 11.2 +/- 0.6 (30). The observed PG is higher than previously reported on the Munich mutant strain of WR, and suggests that glomerular filtration equilibrium is not reached.
TL;DR: Analysis of samples showed that the generations of Euchaeta norvegica occur biannually and that peaks of adults are in May-June and November-December, and no defined generations of egg sacs were observed.
Abstract: Samples representing the entire water column in Korsfjorden were taken approximately every other week over a three-year period. Analysis of the samples showed that the generations of Euchaeta norvegica occur biannually and that peaks of adults are in May-June and November-December. No defined generations of egg sacs were observed although biannual peaks of the copepodid stages can be seen from stage I. An overlap of generations occurs in the summer in Korsfjorden due to a more rapid development in the summer than winter, the population renewal time averaging 5½ to 6 months with a summer parent and 6½ to 7 months with a winter parent. Seasonal differences were also noted in clutch size, which is large (67 and 61 eggs for summer and winter sacs respectively) compared with counts from other areas, and in prosome length. Equations are given for the prosome lengths of the copepodid stages of E. norvegica in Korsfjorden when hydrographic conditions are static.
TL;DR: Red, intermediate and white axial muscle fibres of the sharks Etmopterus spinax and Galeus melastomus were studied by electron microscopy and morphometry and the morphology is discussed in relation to current views on the functions of different muscle fibre types.
Abstract: Red, intermediate and white axial muscle fibres of the sharks Etmopterus spinax and Galeus melastomus were studied by electron microscopy and morphometry. The mitochondrial content is more than thirty percent in red, less than one percent in white, and up to fifteen percent in intermediate fibres. About one third of the mitochondria in red fibres are accumulated close to the sarcolemma. Red fibres contain much glycogen, present as rosettes (alpha particles). Intermediate fibres contain less glycogen (as beta particles). White fibres have scarcely any visible energy reserves. Red fibres contain slightly less (4–5%) of the sarcotubular system than the other fibre types (6–8 %). In all fibre types, the terminal cisternae of the SR are regularly divided by clefts. Triads or dyads are generally positioned at the Z discs, but in Galeus white fibres two dyads may be present, one on each side of the Z disc. The morphology is discussed in relation to current views on the functions of different muscle fibre types.
TL;DR: The findings indicate an acute and a probably long-term effect of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate on the homeostasis of growth hormone and the need for caution to the widespread use of these agents.
TL;DR: In this article, a seismic refraction investigation across the southern part of the Oslo Rift has been made, based on quarry blasts at three localities, and the study shows a three-layered crust with the followingP-wave velocities:\(V_{P_{g(av)} } = 6.20 km/s, V_{P_b }= 6.60 km/σ, V{P^x } = 7.10 km/S\).
Abstract: A seismic refraction investigation across the southern part of the Oslo Rift has been made, based on quarry blasts at three localities. The study shows a three-layered crust with the followingP-wave velocities:\(V_{P_{g(av)} } = 6.20 km/s, V_{P_b } = 6.60 km/s, V_{P^x } = 7.10 km/s\).\(V_{P_n } \) the upper mantleP-wave celocity, is 8.07 km/s. The velocity-depth relationship for the uppermost crust, obtained by solving the Wiechert-Herglotz integral equation numerically, shows a continuously decreasing velocity gradient in the region of the Oslo Rift which approaches zero at a depth of 9 km, the corresponding increase in theP-wave velocity being from 5.55 km/s to 6.34 km/s. The interface separating the subsurface layer (\(V_{P_b } \)=6.60 km/s) from the uppermost layer\((V_{P_{g(av)} } = 6.20 km/s)\), interpreted as the Conrad discontinuity, is essentially horizontal in the investigated part of the Oslo Rift at a depth of approximately 15 km. A deep crustal layer with aP-wave velocity of 7.10 km/s appears to be related to the rift, though the top of this layer extends somewhat eastwards beneath the Precambrian rocks from the southern part of the rift at a depth of approximately 20 km. The Moho discontinuity is elevated beneath the Oslo Region compared with the surrounding area. A broad ‘regional’ gravity high of about 45 mgal is observed along the entire rift zone. It is suggested that this anomaly is caused by the elevation of the sub-Conrad and Moho discontinuities during the rifting processes.