Showing papers by "University of Bergen published in 1994"
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TL;DR: The fact that some children are frequently and systematically harassed and attacked by other children has been described in literary works, and many adults have personal experience of it from their own school days.
Abstract: Bullying among schoolchildren is certainly a very old phenomenon. The fact that some children are frequently and systematically harassed and attacked by other children has been described in literary works, and many adults have personal experience of it from their own school days. Though many are acquainted with the bully/victim problem, it was not until fairly recently, in the early 1970s, that efforts were made to study it systematically (Olweus, 1973a, 1978). For a considerable time, these attempts were largely confined to Scandinavia. In the 1980s and early 1990s, however, bullying among schoolchildren has received some public attention in Japan, England, Australia, the United States, and other countries. There are now clear indications of an increasing societal as well as research interest into bully/victim problems in several parts of the world.
1,604 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore relationships between organizational and social work conditions and the occurrence of bullying and harassment at work and find that the occurrence is significantly correlated with all the seven measures of work environment used in the study.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore relationships between organizational and social work conditions and the occurrence of bullying and harassment at work. Bullying and harassment are situations where a worker or supervisor is systematically mistreated and victimized by fellow workers or supervisors through repeated negative acts like insulting remarks and ridicule, verbal abuse, offensive teasing, isolation, and social exclusion, or the constant degrading of one's work and efforts. A postal questionnaire was distributed to 4200 members of six different labour unions, together with 500 representatives from the Norwegian Employers' Federation (NHO). Two thousand two hundred and fifteen responded, yielding a response rate of 47%. The results show that the occurrence of bullying and harassment is significantly correlated with all the seven measures of work environment used in the study. Low satisfaction with leadership, work control, social climate, and particularly the experience of role conflict, c...
749 citations
TL;DR: The results implicate the free radical nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of demyelinating MS lesions and the presence and distribution of NADPH diaphorase were determined.
Abstract: The amount of messenger RNA encoding human inducible nitric oxide synthase and the presence and distribution of NADPH diaphorase were determined in tissue sections from multiple sclerosis (MS) and control brains. Levels of human nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA were markedly elevated in MS brains when compared to normal control brains. NADPH diaphorase activity, a histochemical stain reflecting nitric oxide synthase catalytic activity, was detected in reactive astrocytes in active demyelinating MS lesions and at the edge of chronic active demyelinating lesions. Control brains did not contain NADPH diaphorase-positive astrocytes. These results implicate the free radical nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of demyelinating MS lesions.
580 citations
TL;DR: Thirteen methods for computing binomial confidence intervals are compared based on their coverage properties, widths and errors relative to exact limits, and the continuity corrected score method is recommended over exact methods.
Abstract: Thirteen methods for computing binomial confidence intervals are compared based on their coverage properties, widths and errors relative to exact limits. The use of the standard textbook method, x/n +/- 1.96 square root of [(x/n)(1-x/n)/n], or its continuity corrected version, is strongly discouraged. A commonly cited rule of thumb stating that alternatives to exact methods may be used when the estimated proportion p is such that np and n(1(-)p) both exceed 5 does not ensure adequate accuracy. Score limits are easily calculated from closed form solutions to quadratic equations and can be used at all times. Based on coverage functions, the continuity corrected score method is recommended over exact methods. Its conservative nature should be kept in mind, as should the wider fluctuation of actual coverage that accompanies omission of the continuity correction.
466 citations
TL;DR: When Johnny’s torturers were interrogated about the bullying, they said they pursued their victim because it was the only way to survive.
Abstract: ’ or two years, Johnny, a quiet 13-year-old, was a // human plaything for some of his classmates. The ~ teenagers badgered Johnny for money. forced ’ A. him to swallow weeds and drink milk mixed with detergent, beat him up in the rest room and tied a string around his neck, leading him around as a pet.. When Johnny’s torturers were interrogated about the bullying, they said they pursued their victim because it was
446 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the 14C difference between the atmosphere and the North Atlantic surface during a prominent climatic period of the last deglaciation, the Younger Dryas event (YD).
362 citations
TL;DR: The contribution of R plasmids, selected in the aquatic environment, to the frequency of resistance in human pathogens is probably very small, and fish farmers will have to develop methods of husbandry that limit the rate at which resistant strains emerge.
322 citations
TL;DR: Adrenaline, long thought to be a platelet agonist per se, most probably acts by amplifying the activation brought about by other, proper, agonists and most likely takes place in vivo.
Abstract: Platelets respond through discrete receptors to a number of physiological agonists and foreign surfaces with a sequence of measurable responses: shape change, aggregation, secretion and arachidonate liberation Three secretory responses are distinguished: exocytosis of substances from (1) dense granules, (2) alpha-granules and (3) lysosomes Free arachidonate, liberated from phospholipids by phospholipase A2, is rapidly converted (by oxygenation) to prostaglandins and thromboxanes which, together with secreted ADP and close cell contact, will cause further platelet activation through 'positive feedback' (autocrine stimulation) Some agonists are classified as 'weak' (ADP, vasopressin, platelet-activating factor [PAF], serotonin) because they depend on autocrine stimulation to promote the full sequence of responses, while others are 'strong' agonists (thrombin, collagen) and activate all responses directly without autocrine stimulation Adrenaline, long thought to be a platelet agonist per se, most probably acts by amplifying the activation brought about by other, proper, agonists Such synergistic interaction among agonists is very typical for platelet activation and most likely takes place in vivo Shape change, aggregation and secretion(s) may be tested by flow cytometry or electron microscopy in vitro under conditions that probably reflect the in vivo situation However, the aggregation response to weak agonists in vitro is dependent on the extracellular [Ca2+], with biphasic aggregation at the low [Ca2+] present when citrate is used as anticoagulant (or in suspension of washed platelets) but not at the physiological [Ca2+] present in platelet-rich plasma from heparinized blood
297 citations
TL;DR: An increasing emphasis on central nervous system mechanisms in peripheral disease, especially gastrointestinal disease is noted and many CNS-active agents have been tested for their effects on gastric and duodenal lesion formation and gastric secretion, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and peptidergic compounds.
286 citations
TL;DR: The fusion model gives significant improvements in the classification error rates compared to the conventional single-source classifiers.
Abstract: Proposes a new method for statistical classification of multisource data. The method is suited for land-use classification based on the fusion of remotely sensed images of the same scene captured at different dates from multiple sources. It incorporates a priori information about the likelihood of changes between the acquisition of the different images to be fused. A framework for the fusion of remotely sensed data based on a Bayesian formulation is presented. First, a simple fusion model is given, and then the basic model is extended to take into account the temporal attribute if the different data sources are acquired at different dates. The performance of the model is evaluated by fusing Landsat TM images and ERS-1-SAR images for land-use classification. The fusion model gives significant improvements in the classification error rates compared to the conventional single-source classifiers. >
267 citations
TL;DR: Changes in the size and shape of MHC class II-positive cells associated with MS lesions suggest that microglia transform into phagocytic macrophages, and that they are actively involved in demyelination.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the possibility of identifying general linear and nonlinear time series models using nonparametric methods, using the kernel estimators of the conditional mean and variance as a basis.
Abstract: We study the possibility of identifying general linear and nonlinear time series models using nonparametric methods. The kernel estimators of the conditional mean and variance are used as a basis, and the properties of these quantities as model indicators are briefly discussed. Some drawbacks are pointed out, and motivated by these we introduce projections as tools of identification. The projections are especially useful for additive modeling. Expressions for the asymptotic bias and variance are obtained. The projection of the conditional variance is suggested as a tool for identifying heteroscedastic time series. The results are illustrated by simulations for both the estimators of the projections and the estimators of the conditional mean and variance.
TL;DR: The high case-fatality rate can be reduced by early diagnosis and aggressive surgery combined with adequate antibiotic therapy, and the resurgence of invasive group A streptococcal infections documented in Scandinavia since 1987.
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer program for reconstructing environmental variables (e.g. lake-water pH) from fossil assemblages (i.e. diatoms) by weighted averaging regression and calibration is described.
Abstract: A computer program for reconstructing environmental variables (e.g. lake-water pH) from fossil assemblages (e.g. diatoms) by weighted averaging regression and calibration is described. The estimation of sample-specific errors of prediction by bootstrapping is outlined. The program runs on IBM-compatible personal computers.
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01 Mar 1994TL;DR: The relationship between music therapy and other forms of therapeutic intervention is discussed in this paper, where sound, music, and music therapy are considered as a synthesis of art and science - Orpheus as emblem.
Abstract: 1. The growth of music therapy 2. The relationships between music therapy and other forms of therapeutic intervention 3. Sound, music and music therapy 4. Music therapy and child health 5. Music therapy and child health - a survey of the research 6. Music therapy and adult health 7. Music therapy as a resource for the community 8. Music therapy as a synthesis of art and science - Orpheus as emblem.
TL;DR: The authors showed that boundaries of expression domains of members of the eph, forkhead, pax, and wnt gene families correlate with the positions at which these neurons differentiate and extend axons.
TL;DR: Demographic and environmental factors were predictors of total and specific IgE levels in this adult community, and male sex, young age, never having smoked and the season of the year were independent predictors for having one or more of the five specific Ig E antibodies.
Abstract: We studied total and specific serum IgE levels cross-sectionally, potential predictors of obstructive lung disease, in a stratified random sample of 18-73-year-old adults (n = 1512). The attendance rate was 84%. The total IgE level and prevalences of specific IgE antibodies against house dust mite and cat were higher for men than for women. Specific IgE levels decreased by increasing age, while total IgE decreased in women only. Smokers had a higher IgE level than non-smokers, while non-smokers had more often specific IgE antibodies against timothy and birch than smokers. Subjects with occupational dust or gas exposure had a higher total IgE level than unexposed. The general population prevalences were for specific IgE antibodies against timothy 4.5%, house dust mite 3.2%, birch 2.6%, cat dander 1.6% mould 0.2% and against any of these 7.6%. In a multivariate analysis age, occupational dust or gas exposure as well as the interaction terms between sex and age and between smoking and pack-years were independent predictors for total IgE levels. Male sex, young age, never having smoked and the season of the year were independent predictors for having one or more of the five specific IgE antibodies. Subjects with total serum IgE in the highest quintile (> or = 66 kU/l) had an adjusted odds ratio of 37 (95% confidence interval: 11-120) for having one or more of the specific IgE antibodies examined, compared with those in the lowest quintile (< 5 kU/l). Demographic and environmental factors were thus predictors of total and specific IgE levels in this adult community.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: Human microglia have ultrastructural, phenotypic, and functional properties typical for cells of the monocyte lineage, and also have properties in common with dendritic antigen‐presenting cells, which may be of importance for the maintenance of an immunologic response in the CNS.
Abstract: Resting microglia comprise up to 13% of the cells in human central nervous system (CNS) white matter. Their large number and dendritic morphology make them ideally suited to survey the CNS for noxious stimuli. Upon activation microglia gradually lose dendritic processes and transform into typical phagocytic macrophages. Microglia have been implicated as the main antigen presenting cell within the CNS, and appear to be of central importance as effectors and regulators of demyelination. To further characterize the capacity for immune reactivity within the human CNS, we have studied several characteristics of microglia, both in situ and in vitro. We find that human microglia have ultrastructural, phenotypic (CD11c, CD68, acid phosphatase), and functional (FcR and CR mediated phagocytosis) properties typical for cells of the monocyte lineage. Our data indicate that microglia also have properties in common with dendritic antigen-presenting cells. Electron microscopy studies show extended dendritic cell processes on cultured microglia, and microglia are, like dendritic cells, negative for the monocyte markers nonspecific esterase, endogenous peroxidase, CD14, and RFD7. Microglia constitutively express HLA-DR in situ, and express the dendritic cell marker RFD1 upon activation. Coculturing of microglia with CD4+ T cells results in clustering of T cells around microglia and initiation of a mixed lymphocyte reaction, both distinguishing features of dendritic cells. These functional properties of microglia may be of importance for the maintenance of an immunologic response in the CNS, an organ where dendritic cells, in contrast to other organs, have not previously been identified.
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical model of fracture closure is used to investigate the effects of different profile characteristics (D, A and sample size) on the nature of dilation and contact area, using the natural profiles and synthetic fractional Brownian motion profiles.
Abstract: Thirteen natural rock profiles (Barton and Choubey, 1977) are analyzed for their fractal properties. Most of the profiles were found to approximate fractal curves but some also showed features of specific wavelengths and amplitudes superimposed on fractal characteristics. The profiles showed fractal dimensions from 1.1 to 1.5 covering a range of selfsimilar and self-affine curves. The analysis results suggest a negative correlation between fractal dimension,D, and amplitude,A. Joint roughness coefficients (JRC) show a positive correlation with amplitude,A, and a negative correlation with fractal dimension,D. A numerical model of fracture closure is used to investigate the effects of different profile characteristics (D, A and sample size) on the nature of dilation and contact area, using the natural profiles and synthetic fractional Brownian motion profiles. Smooth profiles (low JRC, highD, lowA) display many small contact regions whereas rough fractures (high JRC, lowD, highA) display few large contact areas. The agreement with published experimental data supports the suggested correlations between JRC and the fractal parameters,A andD. It is suggested that observed scale effects in JRC and joint dilation can be explained by small differential strain discontinuities across fractures, which originate at the time of fracture formation.
TL;DR: Strain 7324 may grow in oil reservoirs at 70 to 85 degrees C and contribute to hydrogen sulfide formation in this environment and show that it belongs to the species A. fulgidus.
Abstract: A hyperthermophilic sulfate reducer, strain 7324, was isolated from hot (75 degrees C) oil field waters from an oil production platform in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. It was enriched on a complex medium and isolated on lactate with sulfate. The cells were nonmotile, irregular coccoid to disc shaped, and 0.3 to 1.0 mum wide. The temperature for growth was between 60 and 85 degrees C with an optimum of 76 degrees C. Lactate, pyruvate, and valerate plus H(2) were utilized as carbon and energy sources with sulfate as electron acceptor. Lactate was completely oxidized to CO(2). The cells contained an active carbon monoxide dehydrogenase but no 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity, indicating that lactate was oxidized to CO(2) via the acetyl coenzyme A/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway. The cells produced small amounts of methane simultaneously with sulfate reduction. F(420) was detected in the cells which showed a blue-green fluorescence at 420 nm. On the basis of morphological, physiological, and serological features, the isolate was classified as an Archaeoglobus sp. Strain 7324 showed 100% DNA-DNA homology with A. fulgidus Z, indicating that it belongs to the species A. fulgidus. Archaeoglobus sp. has been selectively enriched and immunomagnetically captured from oil field waters from three different platforms in the North Sea. Our results show that strain 7324 may grow in oil reservoirs at 70 to 85 degrees C and contribute to hydrogen sulfide formation in this environment.
TL;DR: The authors found that learners rely heavily on the familiar, either by choosing words and phrases closely resembling their first language or those learnt early or widely used, or by dividing their English vocabulary structure along Norwegian lines, leading to one-to-one translation equivalents.
Abstract: This article is based on a two-part investigation into the ways Norwegian advanced learners – first year university students and upper sixth-formers – cope with English vocabulary in their written language. The study looked at both ‘wrong words’ found in translation texts and ‘different words’ found by comparing the vocabulary elicited by Norwegian students and English native speaker sixth-formers in response to specific test questions. The principle aims of the investigation were: 1) to establish how learners make wrong lexical choices and what effects these have on the discourse, and 2) to see to what extent Norwegian students use native speaker-like collocations. The findings indicated that these learners depend heavily on the familiar, either by choosing words and phrases closely resembling their first language or those learnt early or widely used, or by dividing their English vocabulary structure along Norwegian lines, leading to one-to-one translation equivalents. This report highlights this learner dependence on ‘lexical teddy bears’ and suggests how it has come about, what effect it has, and how it may be overcome.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed study of paleoclimatic proxy data (stable isotopes, planktonic foraminifers and sedimentological data, carbonate content, and ice-rafted detritus (IRD) in the surface sediments of the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas (GIN-seas) is presented.
Abstract: A detailed study of paleoclimatic proxy data (stable isotopes, planktonic foraminiferal census data, carbonate content, and Ice Rafted Detritus (IRD)) in the surface sediments of the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas (GIN-seas) shows that different proxies are closely related to the surface water masses, to the position of oceanic fronts and to the sea ice extent. Both stable isotopes, foraminifers and sedimentological data differentiate between Polar water with extensive sea ice cover, Arctic water with only seasonal sea ice cover, and warm Atlantic water. The fronts that border these surface water masses are also well defined. Polar water is characterized by lower carbon and oxygen isotope values than Arctic water, and a slightly lower content of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral in the Polar Front region. Carbonate content is low and IRD input is high in Polar waters. Arctic water has highest carbon and oxygen isotope values, and is completely dominated by N. pachyderma sin. The Arctic Front is reflected by a clear isotopic gradient and by a strong switch from N. pachyderma sin. dominance to Globigerina quinqueloba dominance. Atlantic Water is defined by lower carbon and oxygen isotope values and by dominance of N. pachyderma dextral and increased amounts of Globigerina bulloides. The results have implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions of cold environments and point to the possibility of better defining sea ice margins and convective regions as well as frontal positions in past high latitude oceans. Applying these results to the Last Glacial Maximum and the Younger Dryas indicates more dynamic and less sea ice covered surface conditions in the GIN-seas than in earlier reconstructions.
TL;DR: This article presented a summary of the evidence for climatic changes during the last glacial-interglacial transition (14-9 ka BP) in land areas adjacent to the North Atlantic.
Abstract: This paper presents a summary of the evidence for climatic changes during the last glacial-interglacial transition (14-9 ka BP) in land areas adjacent to the North Atlantic. It is a synthesis of the results of the 12 regional summaries compiled by contributors to the North Atlantic Seaboard Programme of IGCP-253 that are published separately in this issue of journal of Quaternary Science. Eighteen palaeotemperature curves are compared and arranged in three transects, one from southern Europe to Spitsbergen, a second from Ireland to Poland, and the third from southern New England to the Labrador-Baffin Shelf area. Ten maps are presented that summarise the synoptic climatic conditions of the region in 500-year time periods. The purpose of the exercise is to examine the extent to which any emerging patterns support the Ruddiman and Mclntyre model of large-scale shifts in the position of the oceanic Polar Front during the last glacial-interglacial transition. Some broad agreement emerges, although the influence of oceanic changes is diminished in areas that lay in close proximity to the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets. Attention is drawn to limitations in the compilations and to the potential for improved models in the future.
TL;DR: Dietary changes in plasma homocysteine will probably not affect the evaluation of vitamin deficiency states associated with moderate to severe hyperhomocysteinemia but may be of concern in the risk assessment of cardiovascular disease in patients with mild hyperHomocysteemia.
Abstract: We investigated total, free and protein-bound plasma homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinylglycine in 13 subjects aged 24-29 y after a breakfast at 0900 h containing 15-18 g of protein and a dinner at 1500 h containing approximately 50 g of protein. Twelve subjects had normal fasting homocysteine (mean +/- SD, 7.6 +/- 1.1 mumol/L) and methionine concentrations (22.7 +/- 3.5 mumol/L) and were included in the statistical analyses. Breakfast caused a small but significant increase in plasma methionine (22.2 +/- 20.6%) and a brief, nonsignificant increase followed by a significant decline in free homocysteine. However, changes in total and bound homocysteine were small. After dinner, there was a marked increase in plasma methionine by 16.7 +/- 8.9 mumol/L (87.9 +/- 49%), which was associated with a rapid and marked increase in free homocysteine (33.7 +/- 19.6%, 4 h after dinner) and a moderate and slow increase in total (13.5 +/- 7.5%, 8 h) and protein-bound (12.6 +/- 9.4%, 8 h) homocysteine. After both meals, cysteine and cysteinylglycine concentrations seemed related to changes in homocysteine, because there were parallel fluctuations in the free:bound ratios of all three thiols. Dietary changes in plasma homocysteine will probably not affect the evaluation of vitamin deficiency states associated with moderate to severe hyperhomocysteinemia but may be of concern in the risk assessment of cardiovascular disease in patients with mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Synchronous fluctuations in the free:bound ratio of the plasma aminothiol compounds indicate that biological effects of homocysteine may be difficult to separate from effects due to associated changes in other aminothiol compounds.
TL;DR: Few studies have been carried out, but viruses appear to have a significant impact on carbon and nutrient flow in microbial food webs and to exert a species specific control of both bacteria and phytoplankton populations in natural waters.
Abstract: The abundance of viral-like particles in marine ecosystems ranges from 10(8) ml(-1). Their distribution in time and space parallels that of other biological parameters such as bacterial abundance and chlorophyll a. There is a lack of consensus between methods used to assess viral activity, i.e., rate of change in viral abundance (increase or decrease). The highest rates, 10-100 days(-1), are observed in experiments with short sampling intervals (0.2-2 h), while lower rates, on the order of 1 day(-1), are observed in experiments with longer sampling intervals (days). Few studies have been carried out, but viruses appear, at least in some cases, to have a significant impact on carbon and nutrient flow in microbial food webs. Viruses have also been demonstrated to exert a species specific control of both bacteria and phytoplankton populations in natural waters.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the B7/BB‐1 molecule plays a functional role in the capacity of microglia to serve as CNS antigen‐presenting cells that can both initiate and perpetuate CD4+ T cell activation.
Abstract: In this study, we have examined the expression and function of B7/BB-1 on individual glial cells, by utilizing surgically resected adult human central nervous system (CNS) tissues, tissues derived from fetal human CNS, and pathology material from cases of multiple sclerosis (MS). Immunofluorescence analysis using enriched adult human derived cultures of microglia and oligodendrocytes, and mixed microglia/astrocyte cultures, demonstrated that B7/BB-1 was expressed on microglia. Adult human-derived oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, and human fetal astrocytes were B7/BB-1 negative under all culture conditions. Flow cytometry studies demonstrated a low basal level of B7/BB-1 expression on microglia that was up-regulated following incubation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Co-culture of purified fresh allogeneic CD4+ T cells with microglia for 24 h resulted in clustering of T cells around microglia and microglial B7/BB-1 expression. Preincubation of microglia with an anti BB-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) prior to microglia: CD4+ T cell co-cultures resulted in partial inhibition of the ability of microglia both to present recall antigen to autologous CD4+ T cells and to present antigen to allogeneic CD4+ T cells in primary mixed lymphocyte reaction (1 degree MLR). The CTLA-4 Ig fusion protein inhibited the ability of microglia to present antigen in both antigen presentation assays to an even greater extent than did the anti BB-1 mAb. The BB-1 antibody also inhibited the ability of microglia to stimulate previously activated T cells in a secondary 2 degrees MLR. In sections of multiple sclerosis brain, B7/BB-1 expression was observed on activated microglia in select parenchymal lesions, and on perivascular cells and infiltrating monocytes. B7/BB-1 immunoreactivity was not found in normal appearing white matter from MS brain or from non-inflammatory brain specimens. Our results indicate that the B7/BB-1 molecule plays a functional role in the capacity of microglia to serve as CNS antigen-presenting cells that can both initiate and perpetuate CD4+ T cell activation.
TL;DR: Results from logistic regression analyses showed that the strongest association found between parental and adolescent health behaviors was for fat intake, and the probability of having a low fat intake was 5 times higher if the mother had a lowfat intake than if she did not.
TL;DR: The FcR on microglia and perivascular macrophages may be of functional importance in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis, and local immunoregulation, and F cR on endothelium May be of importance in binding and transportation of immune complexes into the CNS.
TL;DR: The phytoplankton succession during the experiment was mainly dinoflagellates-diatoms-E.
Abstract: Enclosures containing natural phytoplankton communities were fertilized with nitrate and phosphate in duplicates in three different ratios (16 : 5, 16 : 1, 16 : 0.2) in order to initiate blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay et Mohler under controlled environmental conditions. The development of the phytoplankton community was in addition followed in two unfertilized enclosures and in the surrounding sea water. The phytoplankton succession during the experiment (22 April - 29 May 1992) was mainly dinoflagellates-diatoms-E. huxleyil Phaeocystis sp. in all fertilized enclosures, but the importance of the different species/groups were different in enclosures with different N : P ratio. Diatom numbers decreased when the N : P ratio increased in the nutrient supply. From an initial concentration of 0.09 109 cells m−3 E. huxleyi increased to concentrations between 20 109 cells m−3 and 37 109 cells m−3 in the enclosures supplied with nitrate and phosphate in aN: P ratio of 16 : ...
TL;DR: A rapid serological response was detected with increases in antibody titre detected in the majority of volunteers by 7-8 days postvaccination, which may have a bearing on future vaccination policies of unimmunized 'at risk groups' in times of high influenza activity.