University of Bremen

About: University of Bremen is a education organization based out in Bremen, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 14563 authors who have published 37279 publications receiving 970381 citations. The organization is also known as: Universität Bremen.

Unpacking the Difference between Digital Transformation and IT-enabled Organizational Transformation

Abstract: Although digital transformation offers a number of opportunities for today’s organizations, information systems scholars and practitioners struggle to grasp what digital transformation really is, particularly in terms of how it differs from the well-established concept of information technology (IT)-enabled organizational transformation. By integrating literature from organization science and information systems research with two longitudinal case studies—one on digital transformation, the other on IT-enabled organizational transformation—we develop an empirically grounded conceptualization that sets these two phenomena apart. We find that there are two distinctive differences: (1) digital transformation activities leverage digital technology in (re)defining an organization’s value proposition, while IT-enabled organizational transformation activities leverage digital technology in supporting the value proposition, and (2) digital transformation involves the emergence of a new organizational identity, whereas IT-enabled organizational transformation involves the enhancement of an existing organizational identity. We synthesize these arguments in a process model to distinguish the different types of transformations and propose directions for future research.

Validation of Ozone Monitoring Instrument nitrogen dioxide columns

Abstract: [1] We review the standard nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data product (Version 1.0.), which is based on measurements made in the spectral region 415–465 nm by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the NASA Earth Observing System-Aura satellite. A number of ground- and aircraft-based measurements have been used to validate the data product’s three principal quantities: stratospheric, tropospheric, and total NO2 column densities under nearly or completely cloud-free conditions. The validation of OMI NO2 is complicated by a number of factors, the greatest of which is that the OMI observations effectively average the NO2 over its field of view (minimum 340 km 2 ), while a ground-based instrument samples at a single point. The tropospheric NO2 field is often very inhomogeneous, varying significantly over tens to hundreds of meters, and ranges from 10 16 cm � 2 over urban and industrial areas. Because of OMI’s areal averaging, when validation measurements are made near NO2 sources the OMI measurements are expected to underestimate the ground-based, and this is indeed seen. Further, we use several different instruments, both new and mature, which might give inconsistent NO2 amounts; the correlations between nearby instruments is 0.8–0.9. Finally, many of the validation data sets are quite small and span a very short length of time; this limits the statistical conclusions that can be drawn from them. Despite these factors, good agreement is generally seen between the OMI and ground-based measurements, with OMI stratospheric NO2 underestimated by about 14% and total and tropospheric columns underestimated by 15–30%. Typical correlations between OMI NO2 and ground-based measurements are generally >0.6.

Fe–Ni–Co–O–S Phase Relations in Peridotite–Seawater Interactions

Abstract: Serpentinization of abyssal peridotites is known to produce extremely reducing conditions as a result of dihydrogen (H2,aq) release upon oxidation of ferrous iron in primary phases to ferric iron in secondary minerals by H2O. We have compiled and evaluated thermodynamic data for Fe^Ni^Co^O^S phases and computed phase relations in fO2,g^fS2,g and aH2,aq^aH2S,aq diagrams for temperatures between 150 and 4008C at 50 MPa. We use the relations and compositions of Fe^Ni^Co^O^S phases to trace changes in oxygen and sulfur fugacities during progressive serpentinization and steatitization of peridotites from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the 15820 0 N Fracture Zone area (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 209). Petrographic observations suggest a systematic change from awaruite^magnetite^pentlandite and heazlewoodite^magnetite^pentlandite assemblages forming in the early stages of serpentinization to millerite^pyrite^polydymite-dominated assemblages in steatized rocks. Awaruite is observed in all brucite-bearing partly serpentinized rocks. Apparently, buffering of silica activities to low values by the presence of brucite facilitates the formation of large amounts of hydrogen, which leads to the formation of awaruite. Associated with the prominent desulfurization of pentlandite, sulfide is removed from the rock during the initial stage of serpentinization. In contrast, steatitization indicates increased silica activities and that highsulfur-fugacity sulfides, such as polydymite and pyrite^vaesite solid solution, form as the reducing capacity of the peridotite is exhausted and H2 activities drop. Under these conditions, sulfides will not desulfurize but precipitate and the sulfur content of the rock increases. The co-evolution of fO2,g^fS2,g in the system follows an isopotential of H2S,aq, indicating that H2S in vent fluids is buffered. In contrast, H2 in vent fluids is not buffered by Fe^Ni^Co^O^S phases, which merely monitor the evolution of H2 activities in the fluids in the course of progressive rock alteration.The co-occurrence of pentlandite^awaruite^magnetite indicates H2,aq activities in the interacting fluids near the stability limit of water. The presence of a hydrogen gas phase would add to the catalyzing capacity of awaruite and would facilitate the abiotic formation of organic compounds.

A Review of Environmental Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Wastewater Use for Crop Irrigation with a Focus on Low and High-Income Countries.

Abstract: Population densities and freshwater resources are not evenly distributed worldwide. This has forced farmers to use wastewater for the irrigation of food crops. This practice presents both positive and negative effects with respect to agricultural use, as well as in the context of environmental contamination and toxicology. Although wastewater is an important source of essential nutrients for plants, many environmental, sanitary, and health risks are also associated with the use of wastewater for crop irrigation due to the presence of toxic contaminants and microbes. This review highlights the harmful and beneficial impacts of wastewater irrigation on the physical, biological, and chemical properties of soil (pH, cations and anions, organic matter, microbial activity). We delineate the potentially toxic element (PTEs) build up in the soil and, as such, their transfer into plants and humans. The possible human health risks associated with the use of untreated wastewater for crop irrigation are also predicted and discussed. We compare the current condition of wastewater reuse in agriculture and the associated environmental and health issues between developing and developed countries. In addition, some integrated sustainable solutions and future perspectives are also proposed, keeping in view the regional and global context, as well as the grounded reality of wastewater use for crop production, sanitary and planning issues, remedial techniques, awareness among civil society, and the role of the government and the relevant stakeholders.