Showing papers by "University of Calgary published in 1974"

On the Relationship of Social Evolution and Ecology in Ungulates

Abstract: Much of the social behavior and organization of ungulates can be related to ecological parameters such as fiber content of forage, plant productivity, plant biomass, plant species diversity, productivity gradients, temporal and spatial fluctuations in productivity, habitat stability, food dispersion, three-dimensional structure of habitat, colonization, and predator density and diversity. These ecological variables can be linked via individual natural selection with the species' anti-predator strategies, emphasis on different channels of communication, relative frequency of damaging and non-damaging overt aggression, gregariousness and group structure, juvenile dispersal, home-range traditions, monogamy and polygamy, sexual dimorphism, territoriality, hierarchical rank structure, and plasticity of social structures. The ecological variables have primary manifestations which are behavior or which affect behavior, as well as secondary manifestations affecting behavior. There are logical links between the hypothesis linking ecology and behavior discussed here with some principles from bioenergetics, zoogeography, and paleontology. Although links do exist between ecology and behavior, they nevertheless represent distinct realms of natural selection in which social behavior appears as the more conservative element. The theoretical basis for this is discussed.

The biology of the Psylloidea (Homoptera): a review

Abstract: Psyllids are generally narrowly host specific and are restricted almost exclusively to perennial dicotyledenous plants. Psyllids are known vectors of plant diseases. In addition, the effects of salivary injection can be very severe, causing growth abnormalities in the plant. Psyllid development rates are related to the nutritive status of the host-plant and, as in aphids, the honeydew produced while feeding is low in nitrogen. Psyllids reproduce sexually and pass through five nymphal instars before becoming adult. The immature stages exhibit both morphological and behavioural adaptations to resist desiccation, and the life-cycle is often highly synchronised with host-plant phenology. Adult Psyllids are known to disperse up to eight miles on wind currents, although in general dispersal is less marked than in aphids. The mechanism of host-plant selection is probably chemo-gustatory. Capacity for population increase in Psyllids is more dependent on generation time than on female fecundity. Recorded Psyllid parasites include Diptera of the family Cecidomyiidae and a wide range of Hymenoptera. These parasite species are almost exclusively parasitic on Psyllids although there is little evidence for parasite–host specificity within the Psylloidea. Psyllid species from a wide range of geographical areas have similar predator complexes. Anthocorids, Syrphids, Coccinellids and Neuroptera larvae are the main predators. At high population densities nymphal mortality increases in a density-dependent manner with increasing density, whereas at low densities nymphal survival is enhanced by group feeding. Close parallels exist in the feeding biology of aphids and Psyllids, but aphids appear better adapted for the exploitation of unstable ephemeral food sources.

Bone Foreshafts From a Clovis Burial In Southwestern Montana

Abstract: Formal and functional analyses of bone artifacts from a Clovis burial in southwestern Montana suggest that they were constructed to serve as (detachable or nondetachable) foreshafts for attaching fluted projectile points to lance shafts.

Central Control of Cardiac and Scaphognathite Pacemakers in the Crab, Cancer magister

Abstract: Command fibers located in the circumesophageal connectives which modify scaphognathite and heart rhythms have been mapped and characterized in the crab,Cancer magister. Behavior: Crabs show a variety of responses to external stimuli often including simultaneous cessation of cardiac and scaphognathite “pumping”. Habituation and a return to prestimulus rhythms results from continued stimulation. The response to short stimulus durations, on the other hand, generally outlasts the stimulus indicating the playing-out of a motor program. Neurophysiology: Small bundles of fibers have been isolated from desheathed connectives. Activity in these fibers resulting from stimulation of various anterior sensory receptors was recordeden passant with suction electrodes. When sensory stimulation produced both electrical activity in the nerves under examination and a cardiac and/or scaphognathite response it was assumed such units were involved in inducing this response. This was tested by electrical stimulation delivered through the same electrode. Those units which produced similar responses to natural and artificial stimulation were deemed “command fibers”. It was invariably found that the minimum stimulating frequency needed to mimic naturally induced responses was much greater than the frequency at which the units discharged in response to those stimuli. During mapping experiments, command fibers were characterized with respect to their positions in the connectives and by the responses they produced at different frequencies of stimulation. 68% of the fibers identified affected both cardiac and scaphognathite systems, 29% the scaphognathites alone and 3% the heart alone. The frequency-response profiles of single bivalent command fibers were often different from the heart and scaphognathites. These findings help explain the responses of both systems to natural stimuli and also indicate that the circulatory and respiratory systems not only perform in concert, but are often under common control.

Significance of Layer-Parallel Slip During Folding of Layered Sedimentary Rocks

Abstract: The Greenport Center syncline is an asymmetric fold with a half wave length of about 40 m developed in the Devonian Becraft and Alsen Limestones on Becraft Mountain, New York. Twinning strains have been measured in 19 samples distributed so as to sample all of the structurally significant regions of the fold. The orientation and relative magnitudes of the observed strains are consistent with those expected from the buckling of a thick isotropic layer, but the observed magnitudes are too small by a factor of more than four. Local and nonsystematic variations in strain are much larger than those expected in the buckling of a continuous layer, and the Greenport Center syncline also contains abundant geologic evidence that slip between beds was important. A theoretical model of the folding of a free, anisotropic, linearly viscous layer of appropriate wave length/thickness ratio is analyzed. Although the smoothly distributed bedding-parallel shear of the model does not adequately represent the process of bedding slip in the real fold, it does permit the estimate of the degree of anisotropy necessary to produce observed limb dips with observed bending strains. If the viscosity coefficient for shear parallel to bedding is 0.03 times that for bending, the bending strains are reduced to the observed value; the required bedding slip could be produced by slip surfaces spaced about 30 cm apart if the average displacement on a slip surface were about 23 cm. The model of inherited asymmetry is both appropriate for the Greenport Center syncline and treatable within the present theoretical framework. Inherited asymmetry is shown to be possible for an anisotropic layer though not for an isotropic one.

Respiratory Responses to Long-Term Hypoxic Stress in the Crayfish Orconectes virilis

Abstract: 1. Changes in the rate and force of scaphognathite beating, irrigation volume, oxygen utilization, oxygen consumption and heart rate during acclimation in response to the experimental conditions and in response to long-term hypoxic exposure have been measured in the crayfish Orconectes virilis . 2. Immediately following placement in the experimental chamber the animals exhibited very high levels of respiratory and circulatory performance. These levels decreased slowly and stable minimal performance levels could be measured only after 2-3 days. A 3-day acclimation period under normoxic conditions thus routinely preceded hypoxic experiments to ensure measurement of unmasked hypoxic responses. 3. Two responses to hypoxia were routinely observed: an initial hyperirrigation response maintained oxygen consumption by increased branchial water flow. This response was not maintained, but oxygen consumption remained at pre-hypoxic levels while pumping rates decreased. 4. Possible mechanisms of acclimation to hypoxia are discussed.

Cell envelope morphology of rumen bacteria.

Abstract: The cell walls of three species of rumen bacteria (Bacteroides ruminicola, Bacteroides succinogenes, and Megasphaera elsdenii) were studied by a variety of morphological methods. Although all the cells studied were gram-negative and had typical cytoplasmic membranes and outer membranes, great variation was observed in the thickness of their peptidoglycan layers. Megasphaera elsdenii evidenced a phenomenally thick peptidoglycan layer whose participation in septum formation was very clearly seen. All species studied have cell wall "coats" external to the outer membrane. The coat of Bacteroides ruminicola is composed of large (approximately 20 nm) globules that resemble the protein coats of other organisms, whereas the coat of Bacteroides succinogenes is a thin and irregular carbohydrate coat structure. Megasphaera elsdenii displays a very thick fibrillar carbohydrate coat that varies in thickness with the age of the cells. Because of the universality of extracellular coats among rumen bacteria we conclude that the production of these structures is a protective adaptation to life in this particular, highly competitive, environment.

Behavior-therapy assessment: diagnosis, design and evaluation.

Abstract: Summary.-This pager discusses che development of behavior-therapy assessment as it relates to social learning theory and practice of behavior modification. Characteristic features of behavior-therapy assessment are outlined and discussed. In addition, a framework is provided for considering assessment in terms of initial decision making and selection of target behavior, design of treatment programs, and evaluation of outcome of treatment. Problems concerning reliability, validity and generalizability are discussed in relation to each of the phases in assessmenc. The behavioral assessment issues presented in this paper are the direct outcome of recent and parallel developments in the areas of both personalicy cheory and clinical treatment. With regard to personality theory, changing assessment needs may be atuibuted to eccouncs of personality encompassed under the rubric of social learning. A number of theorists (Bandura, 1969; Mischel, 1968, 1973; Peterson, 1968; Wallace, 1766, 1967) have elaborated on this position, and although there are minor differences among them, che basic tenet of assessment, derived from these theories, is that people should be assessed in terms of whac they do (referring both to behavioral and cognitive events) in relation to those circumstances under which [hey do it. These circumstances may be defined both in terms of their absolute stimulus properties as well as their functional value in controlling behavior. So, for example, comparing social learning and trait approaches to personality, Mischel (1973) states that with che social-learning position, "the focus shifts from describing situation-free people with broad trait adjectives to analyzing the specific interactions between conditions and the cognitions and behaviors of interest" (p. 265). The various terms used to describe assessment procedures derived from the basic social-learning position, for example, Behavioral Personality Assessment (Goldfried & Spraflcin, 1974) and Psychosituational Assessment (Bersoff, 1973) clearly reflect this shifting emphasis toward assessment of whac a person does with regard to the situation or context in which he does ic. In the area of clinical treatment, the behavior modification approaches (i.e.,

Square roots of complex matrices

Abstract: A simple necessary and sufficient condition is given for the existence of a square root of an × complex matrix A. The condition is defined by the dimensions of the nullspaces of Ak, k = 0,1, 2,….

Free-running circadian activity rhythms in free-living beaver (Castor canadensis)

Abstract: The members of a beaver family studied under natural conditions in SW Alberta, Canada (115 °03′ W, 51 °02′ N) displayed a free-running circadian rhythm of activity with a period length of about 27 hours in winter, at a time when they were living under ice and had no access to land (Fig. 1, A and C). In summer, the period length of their activity rhythm was close to 24 hours (Fig. 1, B).

Ubiquitous trisulphur radical ion S 3

Abstract: THE colour of blue ultramarine and the deep blue colour of alkali polysulphides in electron pair donor solvents have been attributed to the disulphur radical ion, S2−· (ref. 1). That assignment is erroneous and I here establish the correct identity of the species, emphasise the variety of situations in which it is encountered and point out its possible role as an intermediate, in transformations involving elemental sulphur, or sulphide ions.

The architectural development of the early mammalian heart.

Abstract: The period 8–10 days post-coitum represents a most critical one in the development of the heart of the mouse; a necessary prerequisite in the concomitant development of the entire embryo. During this period the four chambers which ultimately form the mature heart become defined, as does the bulbus arteriosus. The development observed in the atria and bulbus is less than that in the ventricles. It has been found that, following the establishment of a thin muscular wall to the chambers, the main muscular development in the ventricles and bulbus at this stage is trabecular in form, and the myofibrillar organization in the trabeculae is in general more advanced than in the primitive myocardial wall. Thus it appears that at this stage most of the pumping force is supplied by the trabecular musculature.

Response of soil Testacea to soil moisture fluctuations

Abstract: Experiments illustrated that, as soil moisture increased in a Rocky Mountain aspen woodland soil-litter system, all species of Testacea recorded showed a significant increase in number of active individuals and a proportionate significant decrease in the number of cysts. The trends were less evident in the A0L layer because of low variation in moisture content compared to the A0F and A0H layers. At higher soil moisture the larger species present (> 60μm) tended to retain a larger proportion of living individuals as cysts than did the smaller forms (⩽ 60μm) which numerically dominated the population.

Effects of experimental soil moisture fluctuations on turnover rates of testacea

Abstract: Experiments designed to obtain data on the quantitative effects of an artificial increase in soil moisture content during a seasonal dry period on numbers of soil Testacea were carried out in a welldrained aspen woodland soil in the Rocky Mountains of Canada. The general effect of the addition of water to the soil was to increase significantly the number of active Testacea and decrease the number of encysted forms. Numbers of active Testacea and of total living Testacea (active plus encysted forms) showed significant, positive correlation with soil moisture content. A method for the estimation of standing crop turnover and secondary production is discussed. Generation times were shorter and secondary production higher in the watered plots.

Three-phase equilibria using equations of state

Abstract: The University of Calgary Dept. of Chemical Engineering demonstrates that a single equation of state can be used to describe all 3 phases in liquid-liquid-vapor equilibrium commonly found in the production and processing of natural gas and petroleum. This was achieved by using a new computation scheme to show that Wilson's version of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state can help predict the phase behavior in 3-phase systems which exhibit many of the characteristics of the experimental system. The computation scheme is based on free energy minimization, is reliable nd easily programmed, and may be extended to equilibrium computations with more than 3 phases. Results obtained by the application of this method to the methane-n-butane-water system ageeed sufficiently well with the experimental data reported by J. J. McKetta, Jr., and D. L. Katz for use in proposed design procedures. The general approach described can be applied to other equations of state and other kinds of mixtures.

Phosphoinositide metabolism in rat superior cervical ganglion, vagus and phrenic nerve: effects of electrical stimulation and various blocking agents.

Abstract: — Paired vagus nerves, phrenic nerves or superior cervical ganglia from rats were incubated at 37 C for various times in a simple salt solution containing glucose and 32Pi. One of the pair was usually stimulated electrically for 30 or 60 min. Stimulation of vagus nerve for 30 min increased phosphate incorporation into all the phospholipids studied but the increase was significant only in the case of triphos-phoinositide and diphosphoinositide. This increase was not accompanied by increased labelling of the nucleotide labile phosphate pool. Tetrodotoxin at concentrations sufficient to block transmission had no effect upon phospholipid labelling in vagus or phrenic nerve. Ouabain at blocking concentration did not affect polyphosphoinositide metabolism in vagus nerve but increased [32P]labelling of the other phospholipids. Hemicholinium-3 increased the labelling of all three phosphoinositides in the sympathetic ganglia but the increase in phosphatidylinositol labelling due to electrical stimulation was not seen in the presence of this inhibitor.

Sampling for Computer Protection of Transmission Lines

Abstract: This paper examines some of the possible orthogonal sampling techniques for determining instantaneous values of current and voltage to facilitate digital protection of transmission lines. The relative merits of each technique are examined by comparison of their frequency spectra. Tests to verify the results of the analytical analysis are described.

Carbohydrate Availability and Shoot Formation in Tobacco Callus Cultures

Abstract: Tobacco callus grown on a shoot-forming medium containing sorbitol or no carbon source survived, but did not produce shoots. Transfer of tissue from a sucrose medium to carbohydrate-deficient media and vice versa suggested that the growth of the tissue was a function of a total period in contact with available carbohydrate. Both starch and free sugars in the tissue were utilized during shoot initiation. Furthermore, it appeared that the continuous availability of carbohydrate was required for shoot primordium growth and/or their development into leafy vegetative shoots in dark-grown cultures.

Entropies of probabilistic grammars

Abstract: The usual concepts from information theory are defined and related to probabilistic grammars. The entropies of a derivation, a sentence and the average terminal symbol in a stream of sentences are calculated. How to maximize the information rate is shown, and the maximum is related to the classical notion of the capacity of a language.

Air-Oil Slug Flow In an Upward-Inclined Pipe - I: Slug Velocity, Holdup And Pressure Gradient

Abstract: Experiments were performed with the co-current flow of two-phase \"mixtures of air and a light oil in a transparent 1-inch-diameter\" pipe at angles of inclination varying from 0 to 10 degrees above the horizontal. Visual observation and numerical data were obtained for in-situ. liquid 'Volume fractions, slug velocities, bubble rise velocity in stagnant oil and pressure drop. These data were used to generate expressions for V the slug translational velocity, and E , the -in-situ liquid volume fraction, and to develop a pressure gradient prediction scheme. A new and reliable method for measuring V is described, based on the simultaneous 'recording of traces from two capacitance-type volume fraction sensors. Introduction WITH CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES and oil and gas field gathering lines, purely horizontal orientations are rare. Most of the grades encountered are relatively shallow, however and the pipe is inclined only slightly to the horizontal. For example, in a pipeline test section studied by Flanigan , the steepest angle was 8 ? degrees from the horizontal. In downhill sections, a two-phase (gas and liquid) mixture will usually adopt the stratified flow configuration whereas in uphill sections the slug flow 1'egime predominates. The in-situ liquid volume fractions and pressure drop characteristics of these two flow patterns are quite different. The most important consequence of this, from an economic point of view, is that, unlike single-phase liquid flow, the hydrostatic component of the pressure drop in the uphill section of the pipeline is not recovered in the following downhill portion. Thus, considering only the net change in elevation between the inlet and outlet of the pipeline in calculating a hydrostatic head term for a pressure-drop prediction is not valid. In the prediction of over-all pressure losses for two-phase flow in cross-country pipelines, the hydrostatic head component in the pressure-drop equations is usually the major contributor to the total pressure loss. This term depe.nds directly on the mixture density, which in turn depends on the insitu liquid volume fraction or holdup, With the constant need for improvement in pipeline design techniques and prediction methods, there has been an increase in the development and use of mechanistic models. These models are generally more amenable to extrapolation and variation in fluid properties than the earlier and generally less reliable correlation methods. Testing these mechanistic models over a wide range of conditions is often hampered by a lack of reliable data regarding in-situ liquid volume fractions, slug velocities and pressure gradient for a variety of flow rate ranges. The presentation of some new data and a modified pressure-drop calculation for two-phase slug flow in an uphill pipe are the subjects of this paper. Previous Work Two-phase flow in horizontal and vertical pipes has been studied extensively, as evidenced in, for example. the recent book by Govier and Aziz . This is not the case for such flows in inclined pipes. Very few studies have been published; most are briefly summarized in the following paragraphs. Flanigan suggested that the total pressure drop consists of two principal contributions: b L b