Showing papers by "University of California published in 1968"

Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players Part II. Bayesian Equilibrium Points

Abstract: Part I of this paper has described a new theory for the analysis of games with incomplete information. It has been shown that, if the various players' subjective probability distributions satisfy a certain mutual-consistency requirement, then any given game with incomplete information will be equivalent to a certain game with complete information, called the “Bayes-equivalent” of the original game, or briefly a “Bayesian game.” Part II of the paper will now show that any Nash equilibrium point of this Bayesian game yields a “Bayesian equilibrium point” for the original game and conversely. This result will then be illustrated by numerical examples, representing two-person zero-sum games with incomplete information. We shall also show how our theory enables us to analyze the problem of exploiting the opponent's erroneous beliefs. However, apart from its indubitable usefulness in locating Bayesian equilibrium points, we shall show it on a numerical example the Bayes-equivalent of a two-person cooperative game that the normal form of a Bayesian game is in many cases a highly unsatisfactory representation of the game situation and has to be replaced by other representations e.g., by the semi-normal form. We shall argue that this rather unexpected result is due to the fact that Bayesian games must be interpreted as games with “delayed commitment” whereas the normal-form representation always envisages a game with “immediate commitment.”

The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives

Abstract: Most people who study politics are in general agreement, it seems to me, on at least two propositions. First, we agree that for a political system to be viable, for it to succeed in performing tasks of authoritative resource allocation, problem solving, conflict settlement, and so on, in behalf of a population of any substantial size, it must be institutionalized. That is to say, organizations must be created and sustained that are specialized to political activity.1 Otherwise, the political system is likely to be unstable, weak, and incapable of servicing the demands or protecting the interests of its constituent groups. Secondly, it is generally agreed that for a political system to be in some sense free and democratic, means must be found for institutionalizing representativeness with all the diversity that this implies, and for legitimizing yet at the same time containing political opposition within the system.2 Our growing interest in both of these propositions, and in the problems to which they point, can begin to suggest the importance of studying one of the very few extant examples of a highly specialized political institution which over the long run has succeeded in representing a large number of diverse constituents, and in legitimizing, expressing, and containing political opposition within a complex political system—namely, the U.S. House of Representatives. The focus of my attention here will be first of all descriptive, drawing together disparate strands—some of which already exist in the literature3—in an attempt to show in what sense we may regard the House as an institutionalized organ of government. Not all the necessary work has been done on this rather difficult descriptive problem, as I shall indicate. Secondly, I shall offer a number of speculative observations about causes, consequences, and possible lessons to be draw from the institutionalization of the House.

Utterer’s Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word-Meaning

Abstract: My aim in this paper is to throw light on the connection between (a) a notion of meaning which I want to regard as basic, viz. that notion which is involved in saying of someone that by (when) doing such-and-such he meant that so-and-so (in what I have called a non-natural sense of the word ‘meant’), and (b) the notions of meaning involved in saying (i) that a given sentence means ‘so-and-so’ (ii) that a given word or phrase means ‘so-and-so’. What I have to say on these topics should be looked upon as an attempt to provide a sketch of what might, I hope, prove to be a viable theory, rather than as an attempt to provide any part of a finally acceptable theory. The account which I shall offer of the (for me) basic notion of meaning is one which I shall not today seek to defend; I should like its approximate correctness to be assumed, so that attention may be focused on its utility, if correct, in the explication of other and (I hope) derivative notions of meaning. This enterprise forms part of a wider programme which I shall in a moment delineate, though its later stages lie beyond the limits which I have set for this paper.

The geometry and structure of isotropy irreducible homogeneous spaces

Abstract: Professors McKenzie Wang and Wolfgang Ziller pointed out to me that Theorem 4.1 omits the spaces Sp (n)/Sp (1) x SO (n) and SO (4n)/Sp (1) x Sp (n), which are isotropy irreducible for n> 1. The gap in the proof is in the argument of Case 2 on page 69, where it is assumed that the representation ql is nontrivial, which is the case only for p l> 1. Since Sp (2)/Sp (1)xSO (2)=Sp (2)/U(2), which is hermitian symmetric, the correct statement is:

Finite amplitude convection with changing mean temperature. Part 1. Theory

Abstract: When a horizontal layer of fluid is heated from below and cooled from above with the mean temperature and physical parameters of the fluid constant, the two-dimensional roll is known to be the stable solution near the critical Rayleigh number. In this study, with the mean temperature changing steadily at a rate η, the Rayleigh number and the velocity and temperature fields governed by the Boussinesq equations are expanded in two parameters: η, and the amplitude e. Hexagons are shown to be the stable solution near the critical Rayleigh number. The direction of the motion depends upon the sign of η. A finite amplitude instability is possible with an associated hysteresis in the heat flux as the critical Rayleigh number is approached from below or from above.

Lingually induced inhibition of masseteric motoneurones

Abstract: Elektrische Reizung afferenter Fasern niedriger Reizschwelle im Nervus lingualis induzierte in den motorischen Neuronen des Nervus massetericus: (1) IPSPs von kurzer Latenz mittels einer bisynaptischen Bahn, deren Zwischenneurone im Gebiet der supratrigeminalen Nuclei liegen; (2) eine Erregungsphase, die teilweise von einer fruh auftretenden Hemmung verdeckt ist; (3) eine Hemmung von langer Latenz mittels einer polysynaptischen Bahn, die sich kaudalwarts vom motorischen Ursprungskern des Nervus trigeminus erstreckt.

Evolutionary Implications of Sexual Behavior in Drosophila

Abstract: Investigations by biologists studying diverse groups of animals have unequivocally shown that the behavior of organisms displays a structure which can be utilized for comparative analysis in a manner comparable to that which morphological structure provides. This is not surprising since behavior is the action of structure responding to stimuli, either internal or external, that have been received, perceived, and processed by the organism. Comparative behavior can thus serve as an effective tool for the analysis of the evolution of animals, particularly related groups of species.

Regulation of the Enzymes of the β‐Ketoadipate Pathway in Moraxella calcoacetica

Abstract: The inducible enzymes responsible for the dissimilation of aromatic compounds through the β-ketoadipate pathway by Moraxella calcoacetica are subject to a high degree of coordinate control. The five enzymes which catalyze the conversion of protocatechuate to β-ketoadipyl-CoA are coordinately synthesized, the probable inducer being protocatechuate. In the conversion of catechol to β-ketoadipyl-CoA, there are two separate inductive events, though both are mediated by one metabolite-inducer, cis,cis-muconate. One is the induction of catechol oxygenase; the other is the coordinate induction of the four enzymes that catalyze conversion of cic,cis-muconate to β-ketoadipyl-CoA.

The behavioral ecology and breeding biology of the andean sparrow, Zonotrichia Capensis

Abstract: La ecologia de comportamiento y la biologia de la reproduccion de los Gorriones Andinos "copetones" (Zonotrichia capensis) fueron estudiadas a lo largo de un ano en una poblacion ubicada a 2.000 metros de altura en la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia. Se capturaron cerca de 170 individuos, y para hacer posible su identificacion en el campo se marcaron convenientemente. En varias ocasiones se Iogro la recaptura de muchos de estos con el objeto de estudiar los cambios de plumaje y ciclos reproductivos a lo largo del ano. La condicion reproductiva de muchos individuos fue evaluada gracias a repetidas laparotomias. Se describen nueve tipos diferentes de vocalizaciones y se discute sus funciones. Se establece la existencia de comunicacion entre estas aves por medio de variacion del plumaje, posturas y movimientos. Solo las hembras construyen nidos, los cuales se colocan ya sea en el suelo o sobre arbustos, pero en ningun caso a mas de un metro de altura sobre el suelo. La puesta usual es de dos huevos en dos dias consecutivos y en las primeras horas de la manana. La hembra efectua la incubacion que dura de once a doce dias. Los polluelos estan listos a abandonar el nido en 10 0 12 dias mas. Los machos y hembras jovenes alcanzan madurez reproductiva entre los 12 y 11 meses de edad. Muchas hembras vuelven a anidar si han perdido el nido con huevos o los polluelos tiernos. Algunas hembras anidan por segunda vez inmediatamente despues de haber criado polluelos. Los machos se establecen en territorios claramente definidos y los mantienen a traves de nidadas sucesivas. Los lazos de union entre los miembros de una pareja duran de una nidada a la siguiente, aun a traves de periodos sin reproduccion. Los territorios observados tenian tipicamente cerca de 30 x 20 metros. La mayor parte de la alimentacion parecia provenir del area definida, aunque ocasionalmente pueden abandonarla. Alguna vez una pareja fue vista a 150 metros de su territorio. Del total de "copetones" adultos establecidos en territorios delimitados a comienzos del estudio, solo un 71% Iogro sobrevivir todo el ano. Un 13% de los jovenes sin territorio pudo ser contado al fin del ano. Los vacios que aparecieron en el grupo local de adultos se llenaron con jovenes, y cerca de la mitad de estos provenia de areas cercanas. Rara vez consiguen los padres criar mas de un polluelo por nido. Dos y probablemente hasta tres jovenes pueden ser alimentados facilmente en el nido mientras permanecen en el, pero depredaciones o alguna otra limitacion en el cuidado paternal (y no deficiencia en la alimentacion proporcionada en la etapa post-nidal) parecen ser los principales factores negativos respecto a una mayor produccion de individuos. El regimen climatico y la falta de estaciones favorecen la nidificacion en cualquier epoca del ano; por lo tanto, la ventaja selectiva para la especie consiste en la capacidad de efectuar muchas nidadas y no en la puesta de mas huevos por nido.

Preliminary Evaluation of a Granulosis Virus for Control of the Codling Moth

Abstract: A granulosis virus propagated in larvae of Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) reared on a semisynthetic diet caused heavy larval mortality in a field population of codling moth when sprayed on apple trees during a 2-year study period. A small percentage of the larvae succumbed to the virus before entering the fruits, while the majority perished soon after feeding on the epidermis of virus-sprayed fruits. Of the small percentage of larvae that succeeded in boring deeply into the fruits the majority died within the apples and a few succumbed as mature larvae or pupae in cocooning sites. Results indicated considerable potential for the use of this virus against codling moth in integrated-control and sterile-male-release programs.

Bioclimatic studies of the aphid parasite praon exsoletum: i. effects of temperature on the functional response of females to varying host densities

Abstract: Using bioclimatic chambers to provide diurnally fluctuating temperature and humidity conditions, the relationship between fecundity of females of the aphid parasite, Praon exsoletum (Nees), and different host densities, was examined over a wide range of mean temperatures. At each temperature level the number of eggs laid by females was found to vary with host density in accordance with the functional response curve (disc equation) of Holling. Superparasitism was common at all temperature levels studied, and, irrespective of host density, eggs were found laid at random with respect to hosts present. The functional response equation was thus modified so that number of hosts attacked was determined by both number of hosts present and number of eggs laid. Using this modified disc equation, the bioclimatic characteristics of parasite oviposition were examined from rhc standpoint of varying temperature levels. Oviposition was limited to mean temperatures between 8° and 29°C; near these limits the maximum number of eggs laid and the maximum number of hosts attacked were low. At medial mean temperatures (13°–24°) the number of eggs laid per parasite was high, averaging between 70 and 110 each 12-hour day. At these same medial temperatures, according to the modified disc equation, the average "handling" time per oviposition attack was shortest, and the parasite effective searching rate fastest. Averaged over a 12-hour day (this parasite does not oviposit in darkness), females of P. exsoletum were capable of laying from seven to nine eggs per hour at temperatures between 15° and 24° respectively. In all cases, the number of hosts attacked varied with numbers of eggs laid in accordance with Thompson’s superparasitism formula.

Receptive fields of cells in the human visual cortex.

Abstract: Des microelectrodes implantees dans le cortex humain visuel donnent des champs receptifs de formes rectangulaires et circulaires qui ont des reponses d'excitation achromatiques, non influencees par les efforts mentaux volontaires ou par d'autres modalites sensorielles. Il y a inhibition quand les paupieres sont fermees.

Stability and Oscillations

Abstract: The pupil reflex to light falls into the category of control devices called servomechanisms. The feedback pathway which characterizes servosystems necessitates a system analysis in order to elucidate its physiology. By this is meant that there are certain properties such as stability and oscillations which cannot be attributed to any individual component of this system, but are properties of the entire system [34, 36]. In the particular example to which this study is devoted, the nature of “induced pupillary hippus”becomes comprehensible when considered as the sustained oscillations in a pupil servosystem made unstable experimentally by greatly increasing the gain of the loop. Further, the nature of the servo approach permits the design of quantitative experiments to test predictions based on these concepts. The experiments to be described are of this type.

Ozone Needle Mottle of Pine in Southern California

Abstract: The specific type of chlorotic mottling in ponderosa pine needles, as reported by various workers,1,8,9 justifies the assumption that X-diesase, needle dieback, chlorotic decline, and ozone needle mottle in various pine species described in this paper are one and the same disease. Experimental production of chlorotic needle mottling in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) with ozone-polluted ambient air and with synthesized ozone by Miller8 further justifies this basic assumption. Controlled fumigation studies (1959 and 1960 at the Citrus Research and Agricultural Experiment Station, Riverside, Calif.)15 confirm needle mottle of pine as a distinctive physiogenic disease, and atmopheric ozone as the prime etiological factor. Basic experimental research together with the wide range of field studies and observations by the present authors10,15 have clarified the type and sequence in symptom expression essential for diagnosis, and have greatly extended the range of pine species visibly susceptible to atmosph...

On the resonant interaction of neutral disturbances in two inviscid shear flows

Abstract: The second-order resonant interaction of two disturbances which are neutrally stable on a linear basis is investigated for cases when the mean flow is, first, an inviscid, homogeneous jet and, secondly, a stably stratified, antisymmetric shear layer for which the linear eigen-solutions are regular. For the former case, the periodic nature of the neutral disturbances is unaffected by the interaction. For the latter, the interaction can lead to an O(e½) temporal growth rate of one disturbance, where e is a characteristic disturbance amplitude.

The electronic structures of pyridine-N-oxide and related compounds

Abstract: The electronic structures of pyridinen-oxide, 2- and 4-methoxypyridinen-oxide, their conjugate acids, and 2- and 4-pyridone are calculated using the Pariser-Parr-Pople SCF-CI approximation. The results indicate that the1B1←1A1 transition of pyridinen-oxide lies in the same energy region as the transition previously assigned as beingn -π*. The strong electronic transitions in the 250–280 mμ region of pyridine-n-oxide, 4-methoxypyridinen-oxide, and 4-pyridone are assigned as being1A1←1A1.

The Mammary Tumor Virus (MTV)

Abstract: During the early decades of this century, three factors were found to play major roles in the genesis of mammary tumors in mice: the genetic constitution of the mouse, hormonal stimulation, and the milk-transmitted mammary tumor agent or virus (Bittner, 1939b, 1939d, 1942c). The fact that mouse strains with a high incidence of mammary tumors as well as strains with a very low incidence could be developed by inbreeding and selection suggested the importance of the genotype of the mouse. The observation that tumors appeared only in females indicated the role of hormonal stimulation, which was established by experiments involving castration and exogenous hormone administration. Reciprocal crosses between strains revealed the presence of an extrachromosomal maternal influence, which was soon identified as a milk-transmitted virus.

Decision Costs in Coalition Formation

Abstract: Choices made in coalition formation are costly to participants, complex, and difficult to measure with precision because observable coalitions are multi-person, non-zero-sum games. At least eight decision costs are included in the process. The purpose of this paper is to identify them and to examine their usefulness in explaining coalition formation. Decisions include: (1) information costs, (2) responsibility costs, (3) intergame costs, (4) costs of division of payoffs, (5) dissonance costs (6) inertia costs, (7) time costs, and (8) persuasion costs. Coalition building is an essential aspect of decision making within any political system. Whether one is studying the behavior of a municipal planning commission, a committee or sub-committee of a legislative body, the United Nations Security Council, or any other decision-making institution in which more than one person is involved in reaching a decision, the essential problem is often one of establishing a winning coalition within the entire group membership. A winning coalition is any portion of the group that can decide to do or not to do something that is on the agenda of the group and over which it has competent authority. The requirements of what constitutes a winning coalition are determined by the formal and informal rules of the game. Most commonly, one of the rules is that a winning coalition must consist of one-half the members of the group plus one and this assumption is made for purposes of this paper. The size of the coalition needed is important for individual and coalition strategies, but it is not important conceptually. That is, the problems involved in securing a winning coalition on the United States Supreme Court when only four votes are needed in order to agree to hear a case affects the strategy of the members of the court, but is of no theoretical importance to coalition formation.

Very Long-Term Global Integration of the Primitive Equations of Atmospheric Motion : AN Experiment in Climate Simulation

Abstract: The primitive equations of atmospheric motion, with the heating and friction terms retained, are integrated numerically over a long period of time from an initial state that is isothermal and motionless. The domain covers the entire earth, with the underlying oceans and continents having different thermal properties and the continents having the shape of the large-scale mountain systems. The results of the integration are shown on climatological and synoptic charts and comparisons are made with the real atmosphere.

Are Autoimmune Diseases Immunologic Deficiency States

Abstract: Until now we have been “grasping at straws” in our efforts to develop therapeutic approaches to autoimmune diseases. Such efforts, it is suggested, have been hampered by the assumption that these diseases are sequelae of immunologic hyperactivity. The fifth article of the immunology series presents evidence that autoimmunity in fact results from either selective or generalized immunologic deficiency.

A Comparison of Season-Long Cotton-Pest-Control Programs in California During 1966

Abstract: Five season-long insecticidal control programs were compared for their impact on pest and beneficial insects in a 240-acre cotton field. The pest species encountered were Lygus Hesperus Knight; the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner); and the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). The beneficial insects assessed were a minute pirate bug, Orius tristicolor (White); a big-eyed bug, Gcoeoris pallnes Stal; a collops beetle, Gollops vittatus (Say); a damsel bug, Nabis americoferus Carayon; and a green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea Stephens. L. hespems was suppressed most effectively by 5 applications of toxaphene-malathion, 4 applications of Bidrin® (3-hydroxy- N, N -dimethyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate), and 5 applications of toxaphene-DDT, All chemicals were applied when an average of 2 or more L. hesperus per 50 net sweeps was encountered. In another toxaphene-DDT program, 3 treatments applied each time an average of 10 L. hesperus per 50 net sweeps was found resulted in moderate reduction of this species. The abundance of L. hesperus in the control exceeded the recommended treatment level of 10 bugs per 50 net sweeps in 7 out of 13 weekly samples taken from June 6 to August 30. During the period of L. hesperus control, predator abundance was severely reduced in the toxaphene-malathion and the 2 Bidrin programs. It was moderately reduced where 5 applications of toxaphene-DDT were made and less severely so in the limited toxaphene-DDT program (3 applications). In August, an outbreak of cabbage looper occurred in all the chemical programs. By contrast, the control which had retained its predator populations suffered the lowest infestation and the least damage. One of the Bidrin programs was not treated and was extensively defoliated by cabbage looper. The other Bidrin program was treated at weekly intervals with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and was not seriously damaged. Two applications of toxaphene-DDT gave the most effective chemical control of cabbage looper. In late August and September, bollworm was significantly reduced in the programs receiving I and 3 applications of toxaphene-DDT, but unaffected by 3 applications of toxaphene-carbaryl and 4 of B. thuringiensis . The Bidrin program, which had been heavily defoliated by cabbage looper, was not treated for bollworm, yet the bollworm infestation remained below that found in the control. Four evaluations of boll set made during the season at periodic intervals showed no significant differences between any of the chemical programs and the control. However, in the final boll count made following the period of bollworm infestation the degree of bollworm damage was lowest in the 2 toxaphene-DDT programs followed by the Bidrin program, which had not been treated for bollworm. Correspondingly, at harvest, the highest yields were produced in the 2 toxaphene-DDT programs followed by the latter Bidrin program. But, only the toxaphene-DDT program which had received the least number of applications produced a significantly greater amount of cotton than the control.

Atypical cilia in human endometrium.

Abstract: T. HANDO, D. M. OKADA, and L. ZAMBONI. From tim Division of Reproductive Biology, Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor General Hospital, Torrance, California 90509, and the University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. 900~4. Dr. Hando's present address is the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan

Histochemical studies of pollen: storage pockets in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Abstract: The pollen grain of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was examined histochemically at the light and electron microscope level. The cytoplasm of the pollen contains an unusual storage unit which consists of a pocket of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) containing lipid droplets and dictyosome vesicles. The ER pockets are large enough to be seen with the light microscope if thin enough sections are used (0.3–1.5μ). The results of the histochemical analyses show that the dictysome vesicles are rich in carbohydrate and contain protein and lipid as well. The ER contains large amounts of protein which may be arginine rich. Some carbohydrates may also be present in the ER. The ER is covered with ribosomes so that the pockets are unusually rich storage units containing abundant protein, carbohydrate, lipid and RNA. The light microscope localization of carbohydrates was confirmed by the periodic acid-silver method. Other storage units in the cytoplasm were also studied. A new method for the embedding of plant tissue for thin sectioning for light microscopy is presented.

Dual effects of a second-order conditioned stimulus: Excitation and inhibition

Abstract: On alternate days during Sidman avoidance training, four groups of four Ss each were conditioned in a separate chamber. Group 1 received 10 forward first-order (CS1-US) and 20 forward second-order (CS2-CS1) conditioning trials until 100 of the former and 200 of the latter were completed. For Group 2 second-order trials involved a random contingency. Only the CS1 was presented Group 3 on the first 180 of the 200 second-order trials. Group 4 was like Group 3 except that the last 20 CS2-CS1 trials involved a random contingency. During extinction of the avoidance response onset of CS1 occasioned accelerated response rates for all groups. CS1 offset produced below-baseline response depression. The CS2 accelerated responding for Group 3, depressed performance for Group 1, and left basically unchanged Groups 2 and 4.

Evoked responses and neuronal activity in the lateral geniculate

Abstract: Il a paru interessant de preciser les relations de temps et de phase entre la reponse evoquee massive et la reponse des neurones du corps genouille lateral. Des microelectrodes ont ete implantees dans le corps genouille lateral du chat et des reponses ont ete evoquees par stimulation visuelle. On a pu demontrer que la probabilite aussi bien que la frequence de la decharge neuronique varient en raison de la premiere derivee de la reponse massive a ondes lentes.

Remembering pictures vs remembering descriptions

Abstract: Subjects heard descriptions of pictures and were given a recognition test in which the pictures themselves were presented, each picture identical or different with respect to its description. Other Ss had the reverse order, seeing pictures and being tested with changed or unchanged descriptions. With adequate presentation time, recognition accuracy was equally good in either order. In a second experiment, free recall was better for pictures than for descriptions, but both were forgotten at equal rates. These results suggest that more information is taken in from pictures than from descriptions, but that both are equally well retained.