Showing papers by "University of California published in 1976"

Stress response syndromes

Abstract: The signs and symptoms of response to a stressful life event are expressed in two predominant phases: the intrusive state, characterized by unbidden ideas and feelings and even compulsive actions, and the denial state, characterized by emotional numbing and constriction of ideation. In this review of stress-response syndromes, I will outline those phases, discuss the DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) diagnoses for stressresponse disorders, and consider the mutual etiologic effects of stressful life events, psychiatric disorders, and preexisting conflicts or functional deficits. Guidelines for brief dynamic psychotherapy for patients who need more than transient support are presented.

A classification of illocutionary acts

Abstract: There are at least a dozen linguistically significant dimensions of differences between illocutionary acts. Of these, the most important are illocutionary point, direction of fit, and expressed psychological state. These three form the basis of a taxonomy of the fundamental classes of illocutionary acts. The five basic kinds of illocutionary acts are: representatives (or assertives), directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. Each of these notions is defined. An earlier attempt at constructing a taxonomy by Austin is defective for several reasons, especially in its lack of clear criteria for distinguishing one kind of illocutionary force from another. Paradigm performative verbs in each of the five categories exhibit different syntactical properties. These are explained. (Speech acts, Austin's taxonomy, functions of speech, implications for ethnography and ethnology; English.)

State Power and the Structure of International Trade

Abstract: The structure of international trade, identified by the degree of openness for the movement of goods, can best be explained by a state-power theory of international political economy. This theory begins with the assumption that the nature of international economic movements is determined by states acting to maximize national goals. Four goals—aggregate national income, political power, social stability, and economic growth—can be systematically related to the degree of openness in the international trading system for states of different relative sizes and levels of development. This analysis leads to the conclusion that openness is most likely to exist when there is a hegemonic distribution of potential economic power. Time-series data on tariff levels, trade proportions, regional concentration, per capita income, national income, share of world trade, and share of world investment are then presented. The first three are used to describe the degree of openness in the trading system; the last four, the distribution of state power. The data suggest that the state-power theory should be amended to take into consideration domestic political constraints on state action.

SLIC (Simple Line Interface Calculation)

Abstract: SLIC is an alternating-direction method for the geometric approximation of fluid interfaces. It may be used in one, two, or three space dimensions, and it is characterized by the following features: (1) Fluid surfaces are represented locally for each mixed- fluid zone, and these surfaces are defined as a composition of one space dimensional components, one for each coordinate direction. (2) These onedimensional components are composed entirely of straight lines, either perpendicular to or parallel to that coordinate direction. (3) The one-dimensional surface approximations for a mixed fluid cell are completely determined by testing whether or not the various fluids in the mixed cell are present or absent in the zone just to the left and to the right in the coordinate direction under consideration. (4) Because of the completely one-dimensional nature of the SLIC interface description, it is relatively easy to advance the fluid surfaces correctly in time. With the SLIC fluid-surface definitions, it should be possible to incorporate any one space dimensional method for advancing contact discontinuities. This makes SLIC very practical for the numerical solution of fluid dynamical problems.

Analysis of Tetrapod Gaits: General Considerations and Symmetrical Gaits

Abstract: The relative timing of the cyclic contacts that the feet of tetrapods make with the ground in terrestrial locomotion determines the gaits of the animals. This chapter reports on a comprehensive and integrative study that establishes a system for analyzing gaits. The model facilitates description, identifies all possible gaits, permits the simultaneous study of hundreds of locomotor performances, and helps to interpret the selection of gaits by the various animals.

Electronic structure of a metal-semiconductor interface

Abstract: The electronic structure of a jellium-Si interface is calculated using a jellium density corresponding to Al and self-consistent Si pseudopotentials. Local densities of states and charge densities are used to study states near the interface. At the Si surface, a high density of extra states is found in the energy range of the Si fundamental gap. These states are bulklike in jellium and decay into Si with a high concentration of charge in the dangling-bond free-surface-like Si state. Truly localized interface states are also found but at lower energies. The calculated barrier height is in excellent agreement with recent experimental results.

Molecular Systematics of the Primates

Abstract: A large body of comparative macromolecular data bearing on primate systematics is now available. There does not exist, however, any consensus as to just what that bearing is or what it should be. We hope that this chapter can contribute toward such a consensus.

Descriptive Statistics for Nonparametric Models. III. Dispersion

Abstract: Measures of dispersion are defined as functionals satisfying certain equivariance and order conditions. In the main part of the paper attention is restricted to symmetric distributions. Different measures are compared in terms of asymptotic relative efficiency, i.e., the inverse ratio of their standardized variances. The efficiency of a trimmed to the untrimmed standard deviation turns out not to have a positive lower bound even over the family of Tukey models. Positive lower bounds for the efficiency (over the family of all symmetric distributions for which the measures are defined) exist if the trimmed standard deviations are replaced by pth power deviations. However, these latter measures are no longer robust, although for p <2 they are more robust than the standard deviation. The results of the paper suggest that a positive bound to the efficiency may be incompatible with robustness but that trimmed standard deviations and pth power deviations for p = 1 or 1.5 are quite satisfactory in practice.

Contemporary humanism in geography

Abstract: Geographers emphasizing an existential phenomenological perspectiv in their research have referred to their work as humanistic grography. Some humanist geographers argue that their approach offers an alternative to, or a presuppositionless basis, for, scientific geography. A review of the philosophies espoused by humanist geographers and an examination of their interpretations of these philosophies suggests that humanistic geography is best understood as a form of criticism.

Relationships among goodness-of-example, category norms, and word frequency

Abstract: The relationship between two indices of the internal structure of natural-language categories, goodness-of-example (as measured by subjects’ ratings), and item dominance (as assessed by category-norm data) was assessed by correlational analysis. For all eight categories examined, the two variables are significantly positively correlated. Item dominance also bears some positive relationship to word frequency, while goodness-of-example does not.

A generalized conjugate gradient method for nonsymmetric systems of linear equations

Abstract: We consider a generalized conjugate gradient method for solving systems of linear equations having nonsymmetric coefficient matrices with positive-definite symmetric part. The method is based on splitting the matrix into its symmetric and skew-symmetric parts, and then accelerating the associated iteration using conjugate gradients, which simplifies in this case, as only one of the two usual parameters is required. The method is most effective for cases in which the symmetric part of the matrix corresponds to an easily solvable system of equations. Convergence properties are discussed, as well as an application to the numerical solution of elliptic partial differential equations.

Asymptotic Expansions for the Power of Distributionfree Tests in the Two-Sample Problem

Abstract: Asymptotic expansions are established for the power of distributionfree tests in the two-sample problem. These expansions are then used to obtain deficiencies in the sense of Hodges and Lehmann for distributionfree tests with respect to their parametric competitors and for the estimators of shift associated with these tests.

Modeling social insect populations II: Optimal reproductive strategies in annual eusocial insect colonies

Abstract: We examined the optimal reproductive strategies for eusocial insects with an annual life cycle. A model is constructed for the growth of workers and reproductives as a function of the resources allocated to each. We then compute the allocation schedule which yields the maximum number of reproductives by season's end. Field observations appear to confirm the prediction of our model: the optimal strategy is to invest in colony growth until approximately one generation before the season's end, whereupon worker production ceases and reproductive effort is switched entirely to producing queens and males. Similar all-or-none strategies are observed in other biological contexts, and their optimality is proven here. Finally, we calculate the fraction of the total season's resources allocated to reproductives from which we can estimate the ergonomic efficiency of the colony with respect to reproductive success.

Milkweed Cardenolides and Their Comparative Processing by Monarch Butterflies ( Danaus plexippus L.)

Abstract: The milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae) comprises some 200 genera and 2500 species of perennial shrubs, herbs and vines distributed throughout the tropics and extending to temperate areas of the world. They include some highly prized ornamentals and economically significant weeds, and are generally characterized to the layman by the milky latex they exude when a leaf or other organ is ruptured. Chemical interest in the milkweeds has been stimulated by the use of some plants in medicinal preparations to treat cancers, tumors, and warts (Refs. in 54), as emetics, to treat bronchitis (Refs. in 64), and as a source of digitalislike therapeutic agents (Refs. in 44). They are also known for their poisonous nature, which has found advantageous use in the preparation of arrow poisons, and also causes occasional but extensive poisoning episodes among grazing sheep and cattle in milkweed-infested rangelands52,58.

Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Cardiac Failure

Abstract: Cardiac failure is often associated with disturbances in cardiac output, autonomic nervous system activity, central and systemic venous pressures, and sodium and water metabolism. These disturbances influence the extent and pattern of tissue perfusion, may lead to tissue hypoxia and visceral congestion, and may alter gastrointestinal motility. By these mechanisms, cardiac failure potentially affects absorption and disposition characteristics of drugs, which may necessitate adjustment in dosage regimen for optimum therapy. Lignocaine is the drug which has been studied most extensively in cardiac failure. Volumes of distribution and clearance are decreased. As a drug whose metabolism is largely limited by liver blood flow, decreased blood flow to the liver accounts for some of the change in clearance, but impaired hepatic metabolism appears also to play a role in some patients. Accumulation of active metabolites of lignocaine and procainamide in patients with cardiac failure can influence therapeutic and toxic effects. Theophylline metabolism, which is largely independent of blood flow, appears to be reduced significantly in patients with severe cardiac failure and necessitates reduction of dosage. In the presence of severe cardiac failure, digoxin clearance may be less than anticipated on the basis of estimates of renal function. Quinidine plasma levels may be higher after single doses due to reduced volume of distribution. Quinidine metabolites are believed not to be pharmacologically active but may create confusion with nonspecific assays. Specific assays are recommended in cardiac failure, especially complicated by renal insufficiency. Data are lacking relating pharmacokinetic alterations to haemodynamic measurements in patients with cardiac failure. Whereas the direction of change in pharmacokinetic parameters may be predicted, variability in the magnitude of change is so great that determination of drug concentration in blood remains an essential adjunct to therapy.

Comparison of Russell's Resolution of the Semantical Antinomies with that of Tarski

Abstract: In this paper we treat the ramified type theory of Russell [6], afterwards adopted by Whitehead and Russell in Principia mathematica [12], so that we may compare Russell's resolution of the semantical antinomies by ramified type theory with the now widely accepted resolution of them by the method of Tarski in [7], [8], [9].To avoid impredicativity the essential restriction is that quantification over any domain (type) must not be allowed to add new members to the domain, as it is held that adding new members changes the meaning of quantification over the domain in such a way that a vicious circle results. As Whitehead and Russell point out, there is no one particular form of the doctrine of types that is indispensable to accomplishing this restriction, and they have themselves offered two different versions of the ramified hierarchy in the first edition of Principia (see Preface, p. vii). The version in §§58–59 of the writer's [1], which will be followed in this paper, is still slightly different.To distinguish Russellian types or types in the sense of the ramified hierarchy from types in the sense of the simple theory of types, let us call the former r-types.There is an r-type i to which the individual variables belong. If β1, β2, …, βm are any given r-types, m ≧ 0, there is an r-type (β1, β2, …, βm)/n to which there belong m-ary functional variables of level n, n ≧ 1. The r-type (α1, α2, …, αm)/k is said to be directly lower than the r-type (β1, β2, …, βm)/n if α1 = β1, α2 = β2, …, αm = βm, k < n.

The application of brain capillary permeability coefficient measurements to pathological conditions and the selection of agents which cross the blood-brain barrier

Abstract: Capillary permeability was analyzed in both normal rat brain and intracerebral 9L gliosarcoma tumor and in rhesus monkey brain using a newly derived formula for the capillary permeability coefficient (P).The Pvalue for isotopic urea and sodium was less in monkey brain than in rat brain. The Pvalue for tumor was 1 log unit higher in tumor for all but the most rapidly transported drugs. Amphotericin B increased the normal brain Pvalue for galactitol but not for urea. Glucocorticoids did not alter brain Pvalues for sucrose or urea. Using P,drugs can be categorized in terms of blood-brain barrier (BBB) exclusion, slow BBB passage, moderate BBB passage, and rapid BBB passage. The technique described in this article is applicable to the study of regional differences in brain capillary permeability associated with disease states.

On the Critique of Scientific Reason

Abstract: The historical studies which have been carried out and are being carried out with the help of the methodology of research programmes define two types of relation between research programmes and the evidence. Let me call these types type A and type L respectively. They examine episodes where one research programme R″ replaces another research programme, R′ (or fails to be replaced by it), i.e. R′ is made the basis of research, argument, metaphysical speculation by the great majority of competent scientists. The authors find that the relation of R″ to the evidence is usually of type L while that of R′ to the evidence is of type A (other circumstances being present when this is not the case). Assuming their historical analysis to be correct this is an interesting sociological law. The authors do not present their results in such terms, however. Making A and L part of a normative methodology they claims to have shown that the acceptance of R″ was rational while the continued defence of R′ would have been irrational, and they express this belief of theirs by calling research programmes exhibiting relation L to the evidence progressive while research programmes which stand in relation A to the evidence are called degenerating. They also claim that such judgements are objective, independent of the whims and subjective convictions of the thinkers who make them. Using such a normative interpretation of their sociological results they also claim to possess arguments for and against well known research programmes. For example, they would say that today most versions of environmentalism degenerate and that it is irrational to continue working on them. Fortunately this puritanical superstructure of the otherwise excellent sociological studies need not be taken seriously. The reason is that the superstructure is arbitrary, or ‘subjective’ in at least five different ways. (1) the basic philosophy behind the normative apprisals makes modern science the source of the standards without giving reasons for the choice; (2) despite all its praise for modern science the methodology of research programmes uses a streamlined version of it without (a) making the principles of streamlining explicit and without (b) arguing for them; (3) the standards that are obtained via the arbitrary steps (1) and (2) are not strong enough to praise any action as ‘rational’ or condemn it as ‘irrational’ which means that such judgements are without support from the arbitrarily selected standards; (4) in some of the studies research programmes are selected in an idiosyncratic manner, the purpose being to make the general philosophy appear true (not that such truth would be of much use — see (3)); (5) the attempt to show that competent scientists always acted ‘rationally’ is not applied to all scientists but only to those whose actions seem to fit into the general methodology (for ‘seem’ see again item (3)). The superstructure of rationality which is subjective in the five ways just enumerated is supposed to guide scientists while the case studies are to show that the guide has substance — he is not merely a philosopher indulging in abstract dreams of law and order. The alleged substantiality is moonshine and one can reject the standards just as arbitrarily as they have been introduced. In sum: in the case studies we have (a) the discussion of certain sociological regularities; (b) the proposal of arbitrary standards which have no practical force; (c) the insinuation that the regularities are not merely factual, but are features of rationality, that they lend support to the standards and are justified by them, (a) may be accepted with the caution we extend to any new ‘discovery’ in sociology, (c) must be rejected (and with it the tendentious terminology used in all the case studies), (b) may be accepted, or rejected, depending on mood, the weather etc. Environmentalists, however, may continue on their path, for no argument has been raised against their enterprise.

The Effect of Subglacial Chemical Processes on Glacier Sliding

Abstract: The glacier sliding theory of Nye is modified to include the effect of solutes in subglacial regelation waters on the sliding process Motivation for this development stems from studies of subglacially formed chemical deposits that appear to be widespread on rock surfaces recently exposed by retreating temperate glaciers These deposits indicate clearly that considerable local concentration of solutes commonly occurs subglacially as a result of the selective rejection of solutes into the melt during the freezing associated with regelation sliding Because solutes accumulate where regelation waters refreeze, they tend to lower the temperature there and hence inhibit the heat transport away from these areas that is essential for regelation sliding For a simple sinusoidal bed and solute distribution in the regelation water film, the modified theory shows that a maximum excess of solutes of, for example, several millimoles/1 of dissolved CaCO3 along lee surfaces relative to stoss surfaces impedes basal sliding significantly, especially if the bed roughness wavelength does not exceed about one meter

Retrograde amnesia following electroconvulsive therapy

Abstract: AMNESIC agents, such as electroconvulsive stimulation, can cause loss of memory for events that occurred before treatment1. Usually as the interval between learning and convulsive treatment is increased, the resulting retrograde amnesia is diminished1–3. This temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia can sometimes cover several years4. Clinical descriptions of the amnesic syndrome suggest that information about the temporal sequence of events can be more severely impaired than other aspects of memory5,6. Thus, an amnesic patient may describe a past event accurately but be unable to report when the event occurred. We have administered a new remote memory test based on former one-season television programmes to psychiatric patients receiving bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and report here that memory for temporal order is markedly affected by ECT. ECT caused retrograde amnesia for order information about programmes broadcast from 1 to ∼7 yr before treatment, but not for programmes broadcast from 8–;17 yr before treatment.

The fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical delineation

Abstract: A pattern of altered growth and morphogenesis referred to as the fetal alcohol syndrome has now been described in 16 children, all of whom were born to women who were severe chronic alcoholics and who continued to drink heavily throughout their pregnancy.!-3 Since the initial reports of this disorder, we have seen an additional 31 cases, and numerous others have been called to our attention by investigators throughout the world. The mothers of all affected individuals have satisfied the criteria for alcoholism as published in 1972 by the Criteria Committee, National Council on Alcoh01is.m.~ The principal features shared by the initial I 1 children ascertained are outlined in TABLE I . The prenatal growth deficiency was more severe with respect to birth length than to birth weight. This finding is in direct contrast to most studies of generalized maternal undernutrition, in which the newborn infants are underweight for their length. The immutable nature of the prenatal effect on growth rate is best demonstrated by the severity and consistency of postnatal growth deficiency in this disorder. In children who have been followed past 1 year of age, the average linear growth rate was 65% of normal, and the average rate of weight gain was only 38% of normal, despite the fact that several of these children were hospitalized on numerous occasions during the first year of life for failure to thrive, during which time adequate caloric intake was well documented, and despite the fact that three of them were in excellent foster care placement. The most striking degree of postnatal growth deficiency that we have seen in this disorder was in a n American Indian child who at 7 months had a height and weight in the 50th percentile for 35 weeks’ gestation. Intelligence quotient ranged from below 50 to a high of 83, with a n average IQ of 63. With respect to the microcephaly, head circumference was below the third percentile for gestational age at birth in 10 of 1 1 children, and in all except one of those followed past 1 year of age, head circumference was not only below the third percentile for chronologic age but was also below the third percentile for height age. The short palpebral fissures were initially thought to be secondary to decreased growth of the eyes. This disorder has now been seen in two newborn infants, both of whom had frank micropthalmia, tending to give credence to our initital hypothesis. Other features commonly seen in this disorder are epicanthal fold, maxillary hypoplasia, cleft palate, and micrognathia. The joint anomalies were variable. Four of the children had congenital hip dislocations, four exhibited inability to completely extend their elbows, three had camptodactyly, three had clinodactyly of the toes, and three exhibited inability to completely extend the metacarpal-phalangeal joints. The altered palmar crease patterns varied from rudimentary palmar creases, to aberrant alignment of the palmar creases, to a single upper palmar crease. The cardiac anomalies consisted of a n atrial septal defect in one patient, a patent ductus arteriosis in one patient, and six of the children had cardiac murmurs interpreted as representing ventricular septal defects. The anomalies of the external genitalia consisted of hyploplastic labia majora in three patients and a septate vagina in one. The fine

Climatology for geographers

Abstract: Climatology is reviewed and redefined in terms of relevance to geography, and a programmatic statement for future research is presented Instead of enumerating substantive areas, physical geography is defined and ranked according to five levels of methodology and attendant philosophy The essence of geographical climatology is the analysis and description of process-response systems of importance to mankind occurring within the planetary boundary layer, interface, and substrates The future of a climatology useful to geographers appears to lie in the numerical modeling of such systems

The Improvement of Program Behavior

Abstract: The practical objective of program behavior studies is to enhance program and system performance. On the one hand, the knowledge resulting from these studies may be useful in designing new programs and new virtual memory systems that are capable of levels of performance higher than those currently achievable. On the other hand, such knowledge may often be employed to increase the performance of existing programs and systems.

Pulsed resonance spectroscopy applied to turbulent combustion flows

Abstract: The application of pulsed resonance spectroscopy to the measurement of species concentrations in chemically reacting turbulent flows is discussed. The theory of such measurements is developed. An uncertainty analysis is performed and the results applied to typical combustion conditions. Experimental aspects are discussed. The method shows a significant theoretical improvement in accuracy over Raman and Rayleigh scattering techniques, and no significant barriers appear to block its development.

Well-quasi-orderings and sets of finite sequences

Abstract: Section 1 contains a list of the facts about well-quasi-orderings (wqo's) which were established in (1), (4), (7), (10), and (13), with proofs given except for the last three theorems. The theory of well-quasi-orderings is a precursor to Nash–Williams' theory of better-quasi-orderings (10, 11, 12, 6, 7). Section 1 of this paper may be viewed as a beginning to Section 1 of a forthcoming paper, in which an explication of bqo theory is given.

Forest to Pastura: development or destruction?

Abstract: The expansion of artifical or planted pastures (repasto) at the expense of both natural forest and cropland has brought major changes to the landscape and economy of Central America in recent years. On the pioneer fronts at the forest margin agriculture is commonly a transitory stage between forest felling and the establishment of permanent pasture. In the past 15 years the area in planted pasture and the total numbers of beef cattle have nearly doubled in several Central American countries while the per capita consumption of beef has actually declined. The "grassland revolution" that is occuring in Central America and Panama has been based almost exclusively on grass species of African origin which have in most cases been introduced into Central America only in this century. Of these jaragua, guinea, pangola, and kikuyu are the most important. The ecologic consequences of the conversion of forest to pasture are little understood. Intensive management practices, including the application of high-cost and scarce fertilizers and carefully-manged rotational grazing, will probably be necessary to sustain the productivity of these lands under conditions of tropical climate.

Chemical kinetics and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Abstract: The dynamics of macromolecules, the subject of this symposium, are most directly studied by simply looking through a microscope and observing the molecular motion. With a microscope, we can resolve the size and shape of large particles, as well as monitor dynamic motion. For smaller particles, particularly single macromolecules, we cannot resolve the size or shape; but it is still possible to observe the motion, if we can make the particles appear as bright points of light sprinkled dilutely over a dark background. Siedentopf & Zsigmondy (1903) demonstrated this fact with a device which came to be called the ultramicroscope.

Standing to Sue: Interest Group Conflict in the Federal Courts*

Abstract: The law of standing—rules by which judges find whether a party may bring suit—has been liberalized in the federal courts to permit interest group disputes not ordinarily possible. Following an historical pattern of conflict containment within judicial-style processes, consumer and environmental groups contest corporate business decisions by challenging the legality of their regulatory or legislative authorization. The vagueness and substantive emphasis of the new rules give groups more influence in determining when courts will intervene in the affairs of the other branches; and the doctrine's recognition of noneconomic injuries logically forces judges to consider whether they may find standing for some “public interest” beyond a specific plaintiff. Changes in standing equalize social power; but the entanglement of courts in the puzzles of interest representation may restrict protections for strictly private litigants, and may further remove the political system from the Rule of Law.

Observations on the role of mollusks and planarians in the transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection to man in New Caledonia.

Abstract: Observations from October 1965 to May 1967, on the role played by mollusks and other invertebrates in the transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection to man on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia revealed that various snails, slugs and a planarian, ocurring in gardens supplying considerable amounts of edible green vegetation to local markets, were commonly infected with third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis . The veronicellid slugs, Vaginulus plebeius and Laevicaulus alte , were the most frequently and intensively infected mollusks and they probably serve as the chief reservoir of infection for feral rats. The high level of infection in these slugs not only results in maintaining a large population of infected rats but is of importance in the dispersal of infective larvae into planarians serving as paratenic hosts for the parasite. There is no apparent seasonal diference in the rate and level of infection among the slugs, although they have a dormant period during the cooler months (July to September) of the year. It is suggested that planarians are probably the single most important source of human infection in New Caledonia. The planarians show a marked seasonal occurrence, reaching their peak during the cool months of the year, which corresponds to the peak vegetable growing season. Their highly carnivorous habits in their attacking of both snails and slugs results in a high level of infection although individual planarians harbor relatively low numbers of larvae, usually less than 10. Their small size, their ability to fragment easily, and their rapid dehydration to form inconspicuous black masses contaminating lettuce and other vegetables make them an ideal vehicle for the transmission of A. cantonensis to man.

The Personality Research Paradigm in Environmental Psychology

Abstract: The personality research paradigm, one of several strands of normal science that have been usefully engaged by the challenge of man-environment relations, is briefly described in this paper. Two extensions of the scope of personality research are reviewed: (1) the development of new techniques for assessing environmental dispositions, and (2) the use of personality assessment in predicting a range of environmental behaviors and outcomes. Application of the personality paradigm in environmental psychology may facilitate the paradigm’s further articulation and refinement. Two illustrations of this possibility are discussed: (1) analyses of the concept of personal disposition, and (2) investigations of the interplay between persons and environments.