Showing papers by "University of California published in 1988"

Whether We Agree or Not: A Comparative Syntax of English and Japanese

Abstract: English has visible wh-movement; Japanese doesn’t. Japanese scrambles and word order is free; English doesn’t scramble and has an orderly word order. The topic is prominent in Japanese; it is not in English. Japanese has double or multiple subject structures; English does not. Such are the major typological differences between English and Japanese, and some linguists entertain the idea that parametric differences concerning Deep Structure exist between English and Japanese which are responsible for these differences. It has been proposed that English is configurational while Japanese is nonconfigurational; cf: Hale (1980), Chomsky (1981), among others. Or it has been suggested that Japanese clauses are Max(V), while English ones are Max(I); for example, Chomsky in a lecture at UCSD, 1985. I would like to sketch in this paper a claim to the contrary that there is no parametric difference between English and Japanese that results in essentially different deep structure configurations. Instead, the parametric difference between English and Japanese consists simply of the following: Agreement is forced in English, it is not in Japanese. 1

The articulation of project work: an organizational process

Abstract: This article offers a theoretical framework or model for understanding how work within projects is articulated A distinction is drawn between articulation of work and a more inclusive organizational process, termed the “articulation process” The theoretical model includes several related concepts that pertain to numerous interlocking and sequential elements of the total work These include work processes, types of work, and interactional processes The model avoids assuming a tightly integrated organization of work; rather, it represents an extension of the negotiated order approach to organizations A discussion of variations in projects revolves around two important dimensions of projects The article closes with a discussion of extreme disruptions in project work flow, as well as some general considerations about the importance of focusing on articulation in organizations

Hydrodynamic and Acoustic Field Detection

Abstract: Fishes have an impressive complement of hydrodynamic and acoustic sensors, commonly referred to as the lateral-line and inner-ear sense organs The basic receptor elements are the hair cells, which detect the minute displacements imparted to their apical ciliary bundles (Fig 41a) The directional sensitivity of the individual receptor cells is indicated by the asymmetric position of the single kinocilium relative to the several rows of stereocilia Morphologically, the hair cells of the various sensory clusters are strikingly uniform Their diversity in function is determined mainly by the peripheral structures coupling the ciliary bundles to the physical world that the animals inhabit

Spin-bag mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity.

Abstract: In oxide superconductors the local suppression of antiferromagnetic correlations in the vicinity of a hole lowers the energy of the system. This quasi two-dimensional bag of weakened spin order follows the hole in its motion. In addition, holes prefer to share a bag, leading to a strong pairing attraction and a high T c superconductivity. There are many experimental consequences of this mechanism for both the superconducting and normal phases.

Perfusion balloon catheter

Abstract: A balloon catheter utilizing a perfusion balloon at one end thereof is described. The perfusion balloon has a donut shaped cross section having a central opening formed therethrough. The central opening provides a blood flow passage even when the balloon is fully inflated. When inflated, the perfusion balloon is used to dilate a stenotic region of a blood vessel or heart valve to restore blood flow. After deflation, if the blood vessel collapses, the balloon catheter of the present invention can be reinflated and kept in place while the patient is prepared for surgery. In this manner, acceptable blood flow is provided regardless of the length of time required for surgical preparation. In an alternate embodiment, a one-way valve is formed integrally with the perfusion balloon so that the present invention may be better applied to valvuloplasty. In this application, the balloon is inflated at a stenotic region of a heart valve to expand the valve and restore acceptable blood flow. The one-way valve of the perfusion balloon takes the place of the coronary valve so that normal operation of the heart can be maintained during the valvuloplasty process.

Cationized antibodies for delivery through the blood-brain barrier

Abstract: The rate of trancytosis of antibodies across the blood-brain barrier is increased by cationizing the antibodies to provide cationized antibodies having an isoelectric point of between about 8.0 to 11.0. The increased rates of transport across the blood-brain barrier makes such cationized antibodies useful for both neurodiagnostic and neuropharmaceutical purposes. Methods for preparing such cationized antibodies are disclosed.

The advanced unified defect model for Schottky barrier formation

Abstract: The advanced unified defect model (AUDM) for GaAs proposed in this paper can be looked upon as a refinement of the unified defect model (UDM) proposed in 1979 to explain Fermi level pinning on 3–5 compounds due to metals or nonmetals. The refinement lies in identifying the defect producing pinning at 0.75 and 0.5 eV above the valence band maximum as the AsGaantisite. Since the AsGaantisite is a double donor, a minority compensating acceptor is necessary. This is tentatively identified as the GaAsantisite. The concentration of As excess or deficiency due to processing or reactions at interfaces is particularly emphasized in this model. A wide range of experimental data is discussed in terms of this model and found to be in agreement with it. This includes the original data on which the UDM was based as well as more recent data including Fermi level pinning on the free-GaAs(100) molecular-beam epitaxy surface, Schottky barrier height for thick (∼ 1000 A) Ga films on GaAs, and the LaB6Schottky barrier height on GaAs(including thermal annealing effects). Of particular importance is the ability of this model to explain the changes in Schottky barrier height for Al and Au on GaAs due to thermal annealing and to relate these changes to interfacial chemistry.

Dynamics of Interactions between Bacteria and Virulent Bacteriophage

Abstract: The interactions of bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophage) are, by and large, ones of trophic exploitation. In fact, “phage” is derived from the Greek word for “devour.” Using the criterion of relative size, the interactions can be defined as parasitism (Bull and Slater, 1982). Because replication by most virulent phage necessarily results in bacterial death, these interactions could also be called predation. Certain interactions could even be termed mutualistic, as some temperate phage encode phenotypic characteristics that are of direct benefit to their hosts. Semantics aside, the fundamental ecological question that I will attempt to address in this chapter is: What role do bacteriophage infections play in limiting the abundance of bacteria?

Critical Review of Henry’s Law Constants for Pesticides

Abstract: Pesticides play an important role in maintaining agricultural productivity, but they may also be causes of contamination of air, water, soil, and food, with possible adverse effects on human and animal health. The proper use of pesticide chemicals must be based on an understanding of the behavior of the chemicals as they interact with air, water, soil, and biota, react or degrade, and migrate. This behavior is strongly influenced by the chemicals’ physical-chemical properties of solubility in water, vapor pressure or volatility, and tendency to sorb to organic and mineral matter in the soil.

Comparing Location Experiments

Abstract: In Sections 1–3, the classical theory of the comparison of two experiments is reviewed with particular reference to the comparison of two location experiments. It is shown that the requirement of domination of one experiment by another for all decision problems is too strong to provide a reasonable basis for comparison. For one-parameter problems with monotone likelihood ratio, it is therefore proposed to restrict the comparison to decision problems that are monotone in the sense of Karlin and Rubin (1956). Application of this weaker definition to the location problem is shown to give satisfactory results. A scale-free comparison of this type leads to a new tail-ordering of distributions, and this is explored in Section 6.

Causal Modeling via Structural Equation Systems

Abstract: Causal modeling is an informal name attached to a class of methods of multivariate analysis concerned with testing structural theories of a phenomenon. In most cases, these structural theories are intended to represent “causal” processes that give rise to observations on multivariate variables. Of course, establishment of proof regarding causality is quite likely to be beyond the capabilities of any single research study, especially those based on nonexperimental observations such as are often obtained by behavioral researchers. Thus, the name “causal modeling” is, in the strict sense, a misnomer, but the phrase adequately captures the intent of the research methodology: to hypothesize and specify in detail the process of interrelated effects operating among variables under appropriate conditions, and to test whether a relevant set of observed data is consistent with the proposed theoretical process hypothesis. Causal modeling is thus a confirmatory method, aimed at evaluating proposed theories, rather than an exploratory method, aimed at discovering theories via multivariate methods.

The Marine Layer off Northern California: An Example of Supercritical Channel Flow

Abstract: During the spring and summer, northerly winds driven by the North Pacific high pressure system are prevalent over the Northern California continental shelf, only interrupted for periods of a few days, when weak or southerly winds occur. In the course of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE), fixed station and observations were made to describe the temporal and spatial structure of the lower atmosphere, and their relation to the strong upwelling of coastal waters in a region extending up to 40 km offshore and 100 km along the coast. These observations suggest that atmospheric conditions during the spring and summer usually fall into one of three categories: the surface wind can be everywhere weak (Pattern 1), it can blow at large speeds in a uniform pattern (Pattern 2), or finally the structure of the northerly surface wind can be complex, with large changes in the wind speed and corresponding changes in the surface pressure over short spatial scales (Pattern 3), The latter pattern, which o...

Stable Carbon- and Nitrogen-Isotope Ratios of Bone Collagen Used to Study Coral-Reef and Terrestrial Components of Prehistoric Bahamian Diet

Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope ratios of bone collagen can be used to distinguish marine and terrestrial components of prehistoric human diet. However, when this method was first applied to prehistoric Bahamians, their bone-collagen nitrogen-isotope ratios were found to be outside the ranges observed for other coastal populations that ate substantial quantities of marine foods. This study examines in detail the distributions of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in Bahamian food chains. Our results indicate that the unique isotopic signature in bone collagen of prehistoric Bahamians reflects the enrichment of 13C and the depletion of 15N in seagrass and coral-reef communities relative to other oceanic environments. The results also demonstrate that bone-collagen 13C/12C ratios can be used to distinguish marine from terrestrial contributions in the prehistoric Lucayan Taino diet, and that 15N/14N ratios serve to identify the use of certain marine food groups. This approach should prove useful for the study of consumption practices in other tropical coral-reef environments and as a method for evaluating theoretically predicted optimal diets.

Arguable Assumptions Underlying the Regular Education Initiative

Abstract: Many suggestions of advocates of the Regular Education Initiative (REI) find broad support among educators. Several basic assumptions underlying the REI, however, are arguable. Contrary to advocates of the REI, we argue the following: (1) Students are not overidentified for special education, and the gap between regular and special education is not widening. (2) Student failure should not be attributed solely to shortcomings of teachers. (3) Teachers who are more competent do not necessarily have more positive attitudes toward handicapped or difficult-to-teach students being placed in their classrooms, nor does school reform/school improvement necessarily mean that difficult-to-teach or handicapped students will be instructed more effectively. (4) Variability in student performance will increase, not decrease, when the most effective instruction is provided for all students, such that low performing students will become more rather than less obvious, and their stigma will not be avoided. (5) Teachers are ...

The Role of Shellfish in Prehistoric Economies: A Protein Perspective

Abstract: In many prehistoric economies where plant foods supplied a majority of caloric requirements, shellfish may have served as a protein staple, at least on a seasonal basis. This hypothesis is supported with an archaeological example from coastal California, experimental data on shellfish protein yields in southeast Alaska, and review of two previous studies of the economics of shellfish exploitation (Osborn 1977; Parmalee and Klippel 1974). Evaluating the dietary role of shellfish from a protein perspective may have a profound effect on the reconstruction of settlement and subsistence strategies for coastal, riverine, or lacustrine economies, including both hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists.

Implantable nerve stimulation device

Abstract: An electro-acupuncture system comprises a transmitter for emitting high frequency magnetic energy pulses and a receiver, sealed within an implantable "thumb-tack" shaped device, for receiving and converting such pulses into stimulating pulses of current. The device comprises a head having an exposed ring-electrode (anode) secured therein and a needle-like electrode (cathode) having a proximal end secured in the head and a distal end adapted to pierce body tissue. The latter electrode comprises a metallic tube secured in the head and a metallic wire inserted through the tube to position and fix an exposed tip of the wire at a preselected location and depth in the body tissue, in accordance with method steps taught herein.

Encoder for measuring the absolute position of moving elements

Abstract: An optical encoding system for determining the absolute position of a movable member relative to a stationary member. For example, a bar-code scanner may be supported by a stationary member for scanning bar-code symbols in its field of view. An encoding band may be supported by the movable member so that a portion of the band is scanned by the bar-code scanner. Affixed to or otherwise marked on the band is a sequential series of bar-code symbols, each symbol encoding the absolute position of its location on the band. A bar-code decoding system, actuated by the signals produced by the bar-code scanner, decodes the bar-code symbol scanned by the scanner, and determines the absolute position of a movable member relative to the stationary member.

Detection of Weak Electric Fields

Abstract: Electric fields in natural waters present a wealth of sensory information. Bioelectric fields direct electrosensitive fishes to their prey, environmental fields provide important orientational cues, and the fields induced by the animals’ motion through the earth’s magnetic field offer oceanic species complete compass data. Particularly sensitive to electric fields are the marine sharks, skates, and rays, but the weakly electric fishes, the common catfishes, and several of the more primitive fishes are also known for their keen electric sense.

Home Country Political Risk and Foreign Direct Investment in the United States

Abstract: This study investigates the proposition that home country political risk factors influence outward foreign direct investment. Investment data from the U.S. Department of Commerce is used to model investment activity in the United States from various industrialized source countries. Foreign direct investment is regressed on home country domestic and international economic and political risk measures for the Western industrial countries. Results indicate that investment activity from the ICs in the U.S. is dependent on home country economic and political conditions.

Social cognitions about adult male victims of female sexual assault

Abstract: Although men are far less likely than women to be victims of heterosexual assault, such cases have been reported with increasing frequency in recent years. We compared social judgments about male and female victims of heterosexual and homosexual rape and tested hypotheses concerning social cognitions that are assumed to underlie a male rape mythology. In a 2 × 2 × 2 design, 77 male and 89 female subjects made a series of judgments about a sexual assault case in which sex of victim and sex of assailants were manipulated. Consistent with the hypotheses, the male victim of sexual assault by females was judged more likely to have initiated or encouraged the sex acts, and more enjoyment and less stress were attributed to him. This pattern of results was more pronounced among male subjects. The results are discussed in relation to stereotypic beliefs concerning male sex roles, sexual motivation, and sexual functioning that are likely to affect the social cognitions of both observers and male victims of heterosexual assault.

Expanders, randomness, or time versus space

Abstract: Let EH be the hypothesis that a certain type of expander graph has an explicit construction. Let io-SPACE(T(n)) be the class of problems solvable by algorithms which for infinitely many inputs use at most space t(n). Then the following holds:

Nursing epistemology: traditions, insights, questions.

Abstract: Epistemology is the study of what human beings know, how they come to know what they think they know and what the criteria are for evaluating knowledge claims Nursing epistemology is the study of knowledge shared among the members of the discipline, the patterns of knowing and knowledge that develops from them, and the criteria for accepting knowledge claims Three types of knowledge specific to nursing as a discipline are described here: clinical knowledge, conceptual knowledge and empirical knowledge Different criteria for evaluating each type are suggested

Developments in anionic polymerization — A critical review

Abstract: After a short introduction reviewing the different living polymerization systems described in the earlier and recent litterature and a brief discussion of the concept of living polymers and its implications, the authors turn to the survey of the recent progresses in anionic polymerization. Thus the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate, particularly in polar medium, and of some other methacrylic esters is reviewed. Earlier data on the anionic polymerization of styrene and its derivatives as well as some recent ones are critically and mechanistically discussed. Anionic polymerization involving bivalent cations is considered depending on whether the living polymer chain is endowed with one or two active end-groups. Controversies in the modes of association of dienes are discussed in terms of a tetramer-dimer equilibrium and the results of viscometric measurements are critically examined. Furthermore a survey is given of the recent findings on the stereochemistry of polydienes. Other topics included are some aspects of initiation among which the validity of the seeding technique and some problems related with copolymerization. Finally the influence of coordinated agents on the anionic polymerization is reviewed and a mechanism for the propagation step is formulated.

Contact and Cooperation

Abstract: Although the social-science-based justification for the Brown decision of 1954 was framed primarily in terms of its effect on the achievement and self-esteem of minority children, it is generally agreed that a major societal goal of desegregation is improved intergroup relations (Stephan, 1978). Presumably, what we mean by this is not simply that we can create conditions in which members of different ethnic groups coexist temporarily without conflict. What most of us have in mind when we think of improving intergroup relations is that any positive effects of contact will extend beyond the contact situation to reduce intergroup conflict and prejudice in general.

The Visual System in Teleost Fishes: Morphological Patterns and Trends

Abstract: Information on the organization of the nervous system in vertebrates has increased tremendously during the past twenty years, primarily spurred by new experimental techniques for tracing pathways (Nauta and Ebbesson 1970; Cowan and Cuenod 1975; Heimer and RoBards 1981). One focus of this experimental flurry has been the visual system of teleost fishes (Table 21.1). However, most of these studies have focused on cypriniform teleosts, specifically the common goldfish, Carassius auratus, whose visual system has been adopted as a model in the analysis of general problems of development and plasticity. Alternatively, one or another species has been the focus of an opportunistic analysis, in which some particularly well-developed visual character facilitates recognition of its biological role. Phyletic analyses, representing a third approach, have been infrequent and usually lack rigor. Such analyses should include the following steps: (1) an examination of the characters in a number of taxa; (2) recognition of the patterns of character distribution; (3) determination of the polarity of character transformations (i.e., recognizing homologous characters and determining which are primitive—plesiomorphic—and which are derived—apomorphic); (4) formulation and testing of hypotheses regarding these transformations and their underlying mechanisms. The theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics (Hennig 1966; Eldredge and Cracraft 1980; Wiley 1981; Northcutt 1984a, 1985) appear to provide the most rigorous criteria for such analyses.

Adverse Effects of Retinoids

Abstract: Oral retinoids, synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, have been used in the treatment of various dermatoses over the last decade. The most useful drugs have been isotretinoin (13- cisretinoic acid) for nodulocystic acne and etretinate for psoriasis vulgaris. Retinoids are also effective in the treatment of papulosquamous dermatoses other than psoriasis (i.e. inherited disorders of keratinisation), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and in chemotherapy and chemoprevention of cancer. However, systemic administration of these compounds is frequently associated with mucocutaneous side effects, liver toxicity and abnormalities of serum lipid profiles, which might be related to an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Of particular concern is the teratogenic effect of all retinoids, which limits their use in women of child-bearing potential Chronic toxicities from long term therapy with retinoids may result in skeletal abnormalities, usually mimicking diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis syndrome. Futhermore, the chronic use of retinoids in children may inhibit their growth due to premature epiphyseal closure. In contrast to other side effects of retinoids which are dose dependent and reversible upon withdrawal of the drug, it seems unlikely that bone abnormalities will resolve after discontinuation of the medication.

Centrifuge modeling of transport processes for pollutants in soils

Abstract: The physico-chemical processes of advection, dispersion, adsorption, and degradation that control pollutant transport processes in groundwater are described. Dimensional analysis is presented, and the scaling requirements for centrifuge modeling of these processes is developed. The validity of these scaling laws is examined by conducting modeling of models tests using several types of soils in idealized models of one-dimensional flow situations. The importance of scaling gravity (by using a centrifuge) is highlighted. The centrifuge permits simulation of prototype stress levels and thus makes it possible to obtain identical soil properties such as permeability in a small-scale model as compared to a full-scale soil deposit. Simulation of capillary effects and a phreatic surface is also possible in a centrifuge model, but not in a 1-g scale model. It is concluded that the scaling laws are valid for adsorption and advection in the reported model tests, but in coarse-grained soils where the Peclet number is often greater than one, the dispersion process cannot be directly scaled from model to prototype. Even if direct scaling is not possible, the centrifuge is a useful tool for providing data to test or verify numerical models, since full-scale test data are not abundant, and the full-scale boundary and site conditions are poorly defined.