University of California

About: University of California is a education organization based out in Oakland, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Layer (electronics). The organization has 55175 authors who have published 52933 publications receiving 1491169 citations. The organization is also known as: UC & University of California System.

Factors associated with the lumbar spine and proximal femur bone mineral density in older men

Abstract: Bone mass is a major determinant of fracture, but there have been few comprehensive studies of the correlates of bone mineral density (BMD) in older men. The objective of the current cross-sectional analysis was to determine the factors associated with BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur in a large population-based sample of older men enrolled in The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, "Mr.OS." We enrolled 5,995 men 65 years of age or older, 89% Caucasian, in Mr.OS at six US clinical centers. Demographic, medical and family history and lifestyle information was obtained by interview and physical function and anthropometric data by examination. Spine and hip BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptimetry. The multivariable linear regression models predicted 19 and 10% of the overall variance in BMD of the femoral neck and spine, respectively. African-American men had 6 to 11% higher BMD than Caucasian men independent of multiple factors. Hip BMD declined with advancing age, while spine BMD increased. Body weight (per 10 kg) and self report of diabetes were each associated with 2 to 4% higher BMD, while history of a non-trauma fracture and current use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, but not other antidepressants, were associated with at least 4% lower BMD. Both maternal and paternal histories of fracture were associated with 1.4-1.7% lower BMD. Osteoarthritis, physical activity, grip strength, alcohol intake, and dietary calcium were positively related to BMD, while a history of chronic lung disease, prostate cancer, and kidney stones was associated with lower BMD. Smoking, caffeine intake, and thiazide diuretics were not related to BMD in older men. A number of lifestyle and behavioral characteristics and medical conditions were associated with BMD in older men. Identification of these correlates could improve methods to identify men at risk for fracture and improve our understanding of fracture etiology.

Ergodic theory of Axiom A flows

Abstract: where E is the one-dimensional bundle tangent to the flow, and there are constants c, 2 > 0 so that (a) IlTf'(v)ll =O and (b) IlZf-'(v)lI O. We can choose t o > 0 and change 2 so that the above conditions hold with c = 1 when t > t o. We can also assume that, for such t, T f t (resp. Tf -t) expands E at a smaller rate than it expands any element of E u (resp. E~). It is then said that the metric is adapted (see [-14]) to f,o. We will always assume that t o < l t h i s can be achieved by a rescaling of t (t-~ t' = t/to) which does not affect our main results. A closed invariant set A is a basic hyperbolic set if (a) A contains no fixed points and is hyperbolic; (b) the periodic orbits of f~lA are dense in A; (c) f t lA is a topologically transitive flow; and (d) there is an open set U ~ A with A = ~ f~ U. tE~ These sets are the building blocks of the Axiom A flows of Smale [27]. We will especially be interested in attractors, basic hyperbolic sets A for which the U in (d) can be found satisfying f f U c U for all t > T O (T O fixed) and hence A = N f ' U. t>__0 This paper will study the average asymptotic behavior of orbits of points in the neighborhood U of a C2-attractor. Precisely we will find an ergodic probabili ty m e a s u r e / ~ on a C 2 attractor A so that for almost all x e U w.r.t. Lebesgue measure and all continuous g: U ~ R one has T lim 1 ! g ( f f x) d t = S g d ~ (1) T~ot~ T

Digital Image Processing and Analysis

Abstract: New discoveries in the life sciences are often linked to the development of unique optical tools that allow experimental material to be examined in new ways. We as microscopists are constantly searching for new techniques for extracting even more optical information from the material we work with, as the subject of this book aptly demonstrates. It is not surprising then that microscopists have begun to turn to computer technology in order to squeeze more information from their experimental images. Computer processing can be used to obtain numerical information from the microscope image that is more accurate, less time-consuming, and more reproducible than the same operations performed by other methods. Computer processing can be used to enhance the appearance of the microscope image, for example to increase contrast or to reduce noise, in ways that are difficult to duplicate using photographic or video techniques alone. When used to their fullest power, digital image-processing techniques can be used to produce information about the optical image that cannot be obtained in any other way.

Social theory and globalization: The rise of a transnational state

Abstract: Globalization is a relatively new concept in the social sciences. What this concept exactly means, the nature, extent, and importance of the changes bound up with the process, is hotly debated.1 But few would doubt that it is acquiring a critical importance for the academic as well as the political agenda of the twenty-first century, or that it poses a distinctive challenge to theoretical work in the social sciences. The historic limitations of social theory, insofar as it has been informed by the study of "national" societies and the nation-state, are brought into focus by the universalizing tendencies and transnational structural transformations bound up with globalization. To what extent is the nation-state a historically specific form of world social organization now in the process of becoming transcended by capitalist globalization? This is the question that underlies the present essay, although the matter I intend to address is more circumscribed.