University of California

About: University of California is a education organization based out in Oakland, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Layer (electronics). The organization has 55175 authors who have published 52933 publications receiving 1491169 citations. The organization is also known as: UC & University of California System.

Coarsening at Random: Characterizations, Conjectures, Counter-Examples

Abstract: The notion of coarsening at random (CAR) was introduced by Heitjan and Rubin (1991) to describe the most general form of randomly grouped, censored, or missing data, for which the coarsening mechanism can be ignored when making likelihood-based inference about the parameters of the distribution of the variable of interest. The CAR assumption is popular, and applications abound. However the full implications of the assumption have not been realized. Moreover a satisfactory theory of CAR for continuously distributed data—which is needed in many applications, particularly in survival analysis—hardly exists as yet. This paper gives a detailed study of CAR. We show that grouped data from a finite sample space always fit a CAR model: a nonparametric model for the variable of interest together with the assumption of an arbitrary CAR mechanism puts no restriction at all on the distribution of the observed data. In a slogan, CAR is everything. We describe what would seem to be the most general way CAR data could occur in practice, a sequential procedure called randomized monotone coarsening. We show that CAR mechanisms exist which are not of this type. Such a coarsening mechanism uses information about the underlying data which is not revealed to the observer, without this affecting the observer’s conclusions. In a second slogan, CAR is more than it seems. This implies that if the analyst can argue from subject-matter considerations that coarsened data is CAR, he or she has knowledge about the structure of the coarsening mechanism which can be put to good use in non-likelihood-based inference procedures. We argue that this is a valuable option in multivariate survival analysis. We give a new definition of CAR in general sample spaces, criticising earlier proposals, and we establish parallel results to the discrete case. The new definition focusses on the distribution rather than the density of the data. It allows us to generalise the theory of CAR to the important situation where coarsening variables (e.g., censoring times) are partially observed as well as the variables of interest.

The Collateral Effects of Joint Attention Training on Social Initiations, Positive Affect, Imitation, and Spontaneous Speech for Young Children with Autism

Abstract: Joint attention may be a core deficit in autism which underlies the abnormal development of later emerging social-communication behaviors. Given this theory, researchers have suggested that teaching young children with autism to engage in joint attention may lead to collateral increases in other non-targeted social-communication behaviors. In this study, children with autism participated in a 10-week joint attention training program and collateral changes in non-targeted behaviors were assessed. Following participation in the intervention, positive collateral changes were observed in social initiations, positive affect, imitation, play, and spontaneous speech. Results support the hypothesis that teaching joint attention skills leads to improvement in a variety of related skills and have implications for the treatment of young children with autism.

Chemical amplification based on fluid partitioning

Abstract: A system for nucleic acid amplification of a sample comprises partitioning the sample into partitioned sections and performing PCR on the partitioned sections of the sample. Another embodiment of the invention provides a system for nucleic acid amplification and detection of a sample comprising partitioning the sample into partitioned sections, performing PCR on the partitioned sections of the sample, and detecting and analyzing the partitioned sections of the sample.

Coding properties of two classes of afferent nerve fibers: high-frequency electroreceptors in the electric fish, Eigenmannia.

Abstract: THE PROPOSITION THAT neurons can encode information about the intensity of stimuli in other ways than by the familiar gradation of intervals between impulses has been put forward (5, 6, 12). Perkel and Bullock (23) catalog the known and the candidate codes by which neurons can represent information in streams of nerve impulses. For none of these, other than the familiar frequency coders, is a quantitative characterization available of the behavior of the impulse train as a function of intensity.

The Morality of Knowledge in Conversation

Abstract: Introduction 1. Knowledge, morality and affiliation in social interaction Tanya Stivers, Lorenza Mondada and Jakob Steensig Part I. Affiliational Consequences of Managing Epistemic Asymmetries: 2. The management of knowledge discrepancies and of epistemic changes in institutional interactions Lorenza Mondada 3. Giving support to the claim of epistemic primacy: yo-marked assessments in Japanese Kaoru Hayano 4. Morality and question design: 'of course' as contesting a presupposition of askability Tanya Stivers 5. Addressing epistemic incongruence in question-answer sequences through the use of epistemic adverbs Trine Heinemann, Anna Lindstrom and Jakob Steensig 6. The epistemics of make-believe Jack Sidnell Part II. Epistemic Resources for Managing Affiliation and Alignment: 7. Territories of knowledge, territories of experience: empathic moments in interaction John Heritage 8. The terms of not knowing and social affiliation Leelo Keevallik 9. Proposing shared knowledge as a means of pursuing agreement Birte Asmuss 10. Ways of agreeing with negative stance taking Auli Hakulinen and Marja-Leena Sorjonen 11. Epistemics and embodiment in the interactions of very young children Mardi Kidwell Part III. Toward a Theory: 12. Sources of asymmetry in human interaction: enchrony, status, knowledge and agency N. J. Enfield.