University of California

About: University of California is a education organization based out in Oakland, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Layer (electronics). The organization has 55175 authors who have published 52933 publications receiving 1491169 citations. The organization is also known as: UC & University of California System.

Drought- and salt-tolerant plants result from overexpression of the AVP1 H+-pump

Abstract: Transgenic plants overexpressing the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase are much more resistant to high concentrations of NaCl and to water deprivation than the isogenic wild-type strains. These transgenic plants accumulate more Na+ and K+ in their leaf tissue than the wild type. Moreover, direct measurements on isolated vacuolar membrane vesicles derived from the AVP1 transgenic plants and from wild type demonstrate that the vesicles from the transgenic plants have enhanced cation uptake. The phenotypes of the AVP1 transgenic plants suggest that increasing the vacuolar proton gradient results in increased solute accumulation and water retention. Presumably, sequestration of cations in the vacuole reduces their toxic effects. Genetically engineered drought- and salt-tolerant plants could provide an avenue to the reclamation of farmlands lost to agriculture because of salinity and a lack of rainfall.

Comparing the input, output, and validation maps for several models of land change

Abstract: This paper applies methods of multiple resolution map comparison to quantify characteristics for 13 applications of 9 different popular peer-reviewed land change models. Each modeling application simulates change of land categories in raster maps from an initial time to a subsequent time. For each modeling application, the statistical methods compare: (1) a reference map of the initial time, (2) a reference map of the subsequent time, and (3) a prediction map of the subsequent time. The three possible two-map comparisons for each application characterize: (1) the dynamics of the landscape, (2) the behavior of the model, and (3) the accuracy of the prediction. The three-map comparison for each application specifies the amount of the prediction’s accuracy that is attributable to land persistence versus land change. Results show that the amount of error is larger than the amount of correctly predicted change for 12 of the 13 applications at the resolution of the raw data. The applications are summarized and compared using two statistics: the null resolution and the figure of merit. According to the figure of merit, the more accurate applications are the ones where the amount of observed net change in the reference maps is larger. This paper facilitates communication among land change modelers, because it illustrates the range of results for a variety of models using scientifically rigorous, generally applicable, and intellectually accessible statistical techniques.

The Ergodic Theory of Axiom A Flows.

Abstract: Let M be a compact (Riemann) manifold and (f t ): M → M a differentiable flow A closed (f t )-invariant set ∧ ⊂ M containing no fixed points is hyperbolic if the tangent bundle restricted to ∧ can be written as the Whitney sum of three (Tf t )-invariant continuous subbundles $${T_\Lambda }M = E + {E^s} + {E^u}$$ where E is the one-dimensional bundle tangent to the flow, and there are constants c λ>0 so that $$(a)||T{f^t}(v)||\underset{\raise03em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{ \leqslant } c{e^{ - \lambda t}}||v||forv \in {E^s},t\underset{\raise03em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{ \geqslant } 0and$$ $$(b)||T{f^{ - 1}}(v)||\underset{\raise03em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{ \leqslant } c{e^{ - \lambda t}}||v||forv \in {E^u},t\underset{\raise03em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{ \geqslant } 0$$

Explicating Open Innovation: Clarifying an Emerging Paradigm for Understanding Innovation

Abstract: We explore the growth, scope and impact of the academic literature that has arisen since the publication of Open Innovation back in 2003. Moreover, we further clarify and develop the conceptualization of open innovation, which we define as a distributed innovation process based on purposively managed knowledge flows across organizational boundaries, using pecuniary and non-pecuniary mechanisms in line with the organization's business model. On this basis, we then discuss divergent views on open innovation and we call for greater consistency in future research. Next, we address some of the critiques on the notion and development of open innovation as they have emerged in the literature so far. Finally, we consider the progress open innovation research has made, relative to the research agenda identified in Chesbrough, Vanhaverbeke, and West (2006), and extend the possible research subjects and units of analysis.

Substrate-free gas-phase synthesis of graphene sheets

Abstract: A substrate-free gas-phase synthesis apparatus and method that is capable of rapidly and continuously producing graphene in ambient conditions without the use of graphite or substrates is provided. Graphene sheets are continuously synthesized in fractions of a second by sending an aerosol consisting of argon gas and liquid ethanol droplets into an atmospheric-pressure microwave-generated argon plasma field. The ethanol droplets are evaporated and dissociated in the plasma, forming graphene sheets that are collected. The apparatus can be scaled for the large-scale production of clean and highly ordered graphene and its many applications. The graphene that is produced is clean and highly ordered with few lattice imperfections and oxygen functionalities and therefore has improved characteristics over graphene produced by current methods in the art. The graphene that is produced by the apparatus and methods was shown to be particularly useful as a support substrate that enabled direct atomic resolution imaging of organic molecules and interfaces with nanoparticles at a level previously unachievable.