Institution
University of California
Education•Oakland, California, United States•
About: University of California is a education organization based out in Oakland, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Layer (electronics). The organization has 55175 authors who have published 52933 publications receiving 1491169 citations. The organization is also known as: UC & University of California System.
Topics: Population, Layer (electronics), Nucleic acid, Laser, Cancer
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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University of Edinburgh1, University of California2, University of Sheffield3, University of Virginia4, Aarhus University5, University of California, Davis6, University of Barcelona7, Northern Arizona University8, University of Alaska Fairbanks9, Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research10, University of Oslo11, University of Bergen12, VU University Amsterdam13, University of Exeter14, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research15, University of Lapland16, Grand Valley State University17, University of Zurich18, Colgate University19, University of Oxford20, Open University21, Umeå University22, University of Stirling23, Lund University24, University of Tromsø25, University of Alaska Anchorage26, University of Texas at El Paso27, University of Greifswald28, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research29, University of Aberdeen30
TL;DR: In this paper, a consensus is emerging that the underlying causes and future dynamics of so-called Arctic greening and browning trends are more complex, variable and inherently scale-dependent than previously thought.
Abstract: As the Arctic warms, vegetation is responding, and satellite measures indicate widespread greening at high latitudes. This ‘greening of the Arctic’ is among the world’s most important large-scale ecological responses to global climate change. However, a consensus is emerging that the underlying causes and future dynamics of so-called Arctic greening and browning trends are more complex, variable and inherently scale-dependent than previously thought. Here we summarize the complexities of observing and interpreting high-latitude greening to identify priorities for future research. Incorporating satellite and proximal remote sensing with in-situ data, while accounting for uncertainties and scale issues, will advance the study of past, present and future Arctic vegetation change.
407 citations
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the first systematic study of the costs of cyber-crime in the UK and the world as a whole, focusing on the direct costs, indirect costs and defence costs.
Abstract: This chapter documents what we believe to be the first systematic study of the costs of cybercrime. The initial workshop paper was prepared in response to a request from the UK Ministry of Defence following scepticism that previous studies had hyped the problem. For each of the main categories of cybercrime we set out what is and is not known of the direct costs, indirect costs and defence costs – both to the UK and to the world as a whole. We distinguish carefully between traditional crimes that are now “cyber” because they are conducted online (such as tax and welfare fraud); transitional crimes whose modus operandi has changed substantially as a result of the move online (such as credit card fraud); new crimes that owe their existence to the Internet; and what we might call platform crimes such as the provision of botnets which facilitate other crimes rather than being used to extract money from victims directly. As far as direct costs are concerned, we find that traditional offences such as tax and welfare fraud cost the typical citizen in the low hundreds of pounds/euros/dollars a year; transitional frauds cost a few pounds/euros/dollars; while the new computer crimes cost in the tens of pence/cents. However, the indirect costs and defence costs are much higher for transitional and new crimes. For the former they may be roughly comparable to what the criminals earn, while for the latter they may be an order of magnitude more. As a striking example, the botnet behind a third of the spam sent in 2010 earned its owners around $2.7 million, while worldwide expenditures on spam prevention probably exceeded a billion dollars. We are extremely inefficient at fighting cybercrime; or to put it another way, cyber-crooks are like terrorists or metal thieves in that their activities impose disproportionate costs on society. Some of the reasons for this are well-known: cybercrimes are global and have strong externalities, while traditional crimes such as burglary and car theft are local, and the associated equilibria have emerged after many years of optimisation. As for the more direct question of what should be done, our figures suggest that we should spend less in anticipation of cybercrime (on antivirus, firewalls, etc.) and more in response – that is, on the prosaic business of hunting down cyber-criminals and throwing them in jail.
407 citations
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22 Jun 1997TL;DR: HyTech is a symbolic model checker for linear hybrid automata, an expressive, yet automatically analyzable, subclass of hybrids, and a key feature of HyTech is its ability to perform parametric analysis, i.e. to determine the values of design parameters for which alinear hybrid automaton satisfies a temporal requirement.
Abstract: A hybrid system consists of a collection of digital programs that interact with each other and with an analog environment. Examples of hybrid systems include medical equipment, manufacturing controllers, automotive controllers, and robots. The formal analysis of the mixed digital-analog nature of these systems requires a model that incorporates the discrete behavior of computer programs with the continuous behavior of environment variables, such as temperature and pressure. Hybrid automata capture both types of behavior by combining finite automata with differential inclusions (i.e. differential inequalities). HyTech is a symbolic model checker for linear hybrid automata, an expressive, yet automatically analyzable, subclass of hybrid automata. A key feature of HyTech is its ability to perform parametric analysis, i.e. to determine the values of design parameters for which a linear hybrid automaton satisfies a temporal requirement.
407 citations
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02 May 1989TL;DR: In this paper, a method to obtain selected individual peptides or families thereof which have a target property and optionally to determine the amino acid sequence of a selected peptide or peptides to permit synthesis in practical quantities is disclosed.
Abstract: A method to obtain selected individual peptides or families thereof which have a target property and optionally to determine the amino acid sequence of a selected peptide or peptides to permit synthesis in practical quantities is disclosed. In general outline, the method of the invention comprises synthesizing a mixture of randomly or deliberately generated peptides using standard synthesis techniques, but adjusting the individual concentrations of the components of a mixture of sequentially added amino acids according to the coupling constants for each amino acid/amino acid coupling. The subgroup of peptides having the target property can then be selected, and either each peptide isolated and sequenced, or analysis performed on the mixture to permit its composition to be reproduced. Also included in the invention is an efficient method to determine the relevant coupling constants.
406 citations
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01 Jul 1989406 citations
Authors
Showing all 55232 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Meir J. Stampfer | 277 | 1414 | 283776 |
George M. Whitesides | 240 | 1739 | 269833 |
Michael Karin | 236 | 704 | 226485 |
Fred H. Gage | 216 | 967 | 185732 |
Rob Knight | 201 | 1061 | 253207 |
Martin White | 196 | 2038 | 232387 |
Simon D. M. White | 189 | 795 | 231645 |
Scott M. Grundy | 187 | 841 | 231821 |
Peidong Yang | 183 | 562 | 144351 |
Patrick O. Brown | 183 | 755 | 200985 |
Michael G. Rosenfeld | 178 | 504 | 107707 |
George M. Church | 172 | 900 | 120514 |
David Haussler | 172 | 488 | 224960 |
Yang Yang | 171 | 2644 | 153049 |
Alan J. Heeger | 171 | 913 | 147492 |