Showing papers by "University of California, San Diego published in 1983"
TL;DR: The approach described here permits the application of recombinant DNA technology to analyses of complex neurobiological systems in the absence of prior structural or biological information.
Abstract: Alternative processing of the RNA transcribed from the calcitonin gene appears to result in the production of a messenger RNA in neural tissue distinct from that in thyroidal 'C' cells The thyroid mRNA encodes a precursor to the hormone calcitonin whereas that in neural tissues generates a novel neuropeptide, referred to as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) The distribution of CGRP-producing cells and pathways in the brain and other tissues suggests functions for the peptide in nociception, ingestive behaviour and modulation of the autonomic and endocrine systems The approach described here permits the application of recombinant DNA technology to analyses of complex neurobiological systems in the absence of prior structural or biological information
2,243 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: For instance, the authors argues that people's views of the world, of themselves, of their own capabilities, and of the tasks that they are asked to perform, or topics they are being asked to learn, depend heavily on the conceptualizations that they bring to the task.
Abstract: One function of this chapter is to belabor the obvious; people’s views of the
world, of themselves, of their own capabilities, and of the tasks that they are
asked to perform, or topics they are asked to learn, depend heavily on the
conceptualizations that they bring to the task. In interacting with the environ
ment, with others, and with the artifacts of technology, people form internal,
mental models of themselves and of the things with which they are interacting.
These models provide predictive and explanatory power for understanding the
interaction. These statements hardly need be said, for they are consistent with all
that we have learned about cognitive processes and, within this book, represent
the major underlying conceptual theme. Nonetheless, it does not hurt to repeat
them and amplify them, for the scope of the implications of this view is larger
than one might think.
1,675 citations
TL;DR: The demonstrating of extensive sequence similarity between the transforming protein derived from the simian sarcoma virus onc gene, v-sis, and a human platelet-derived growth factor shows that this protein could be a factor active transiently during normal cell growth.
Abstract: The transforming protein of a primate sarcoma virus and a platelet-derived growth factor are derived from the same or closely related cellular genes. This conclusion is based on the demonstration of extensive sequence similarity between the transforming protein derived from the simian sarcoma virus onc gene, v-sis, and a human platelet-derived growth factor. The mechanism by which v-sis transforms cells could involve the constitutive expression of a protein with functions similar or identical to those of a factor active transiently during normal cell growth.
1,415 citations
TL;DR: A 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor macromolecule was detected in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes from normal humans and was present in established lines of malignant B, T, and non-B, non-T human lymphocytes, as well as in T and B lymphocytes obtained fromnormal humans and activated in vitro.
Abstract: A 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor macromolecule was detected in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes from normal humans. This macromolecule was found to be present in monocytes but absent from normal resting peripheral B and T lymphocytes. However, it was present in established lines of malignant B, T, and non-B, non-T human lymphocytes, as well as in T and B lymphocytes obtained from normal humans and activated in vitro.
1,022 citations
TL;DR: The reversible "medical ovariectomy" attained with this agonist suggests that it may be an effective and rational treatment for this distressing syndrome in the short term.
Abstract: In a crossover study conducted over a six-month period in eight patients with well-characterized premenstrual syndrome, physical and behavioral symptoms were relieved by daily administration of an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The reversible "medical ovariectomy" attained with this agonist suggests that it may be an effective and rational treatment for this distressing syndrome in the short term. Whether prolonged therapy would be safe and effective, or even necessary, remains to be determined. (N Engl J Med 1984; 311:1345–9.)
834 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that a minor population of high-affinity EGF receptors may be involved in stimulation of A431 cell proliferation, and indicate different mechanisms of growth inhibition of A430 cells by EGF and 528 IgG.
Abstract: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) at 3 nM maximally inhibits the proliferation of A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. We show that at lower concentrations, in the range of 3-100 pM, EGF has a mitogenic effect on A431 cells. In the presence of 100 nM anti-EGF-receptor monoclonal IgG (designated 528), which inhibits A431 cell proliferation and blocks greater than 95% of EGF binding, EGF becomes mitogenic for A431 cells at concentrations up to 3 nM. These results suggest that a minor population of high-affinity EGF receptors may be involved in stimulation of A431 cell proliferation. Saturation binding assays with 125I-labeled EGF indicate that approximately equal to 0.1-0.2% of receptors for EGF are high-affinity receptors that bind EGF with an estimated Kd of 7 X 10(-11) M. This affinity is nearly 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the remaining EGF receptors. Although A431 cell proliferation is maximally inhibited by nonsaturating amounts of EGF (3 nM), maximal inhibition by 528 IgG (approximately equal to 70% of maximal inhibition by EGF) requires saturating concentrations of antibody (approximately equal to 15 nM). Unlike EGF, rapid down-regulation is not observed with 528 IgG. These results indicate different mechanisms of growth inhibition of A431 cells by EGF and 528 IgG.
788 citations
TL;DR: An optimization model provides insights into the interactions between a basic behavioural process, i.e. dominance, and ecological contexts in determining aspects of population structure such as group size, dispersal pattern, group composition, and fitness bias within groups.
718 citations
TL;DR: The information available to date on the solubilization of phospholipids, which constitute the lipid skeleton of biomembranes, by the common detergents is discussed in this review, both with respect to the kinetics of this process and the structure of the variousospholipid-detergent mixed micelles formed.
659 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that ligaments are more metabolically active than tendons, having more plump cellular nuclei, higher DNA content, larger amounts of reducible cross‐links, and the presence of more type III collagen, as compared with tendons.
592 citations
TL;DR: Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates a chemically produced, mass-independent isotopic fractionation of oxygen, thought to result from self-shielding by the major isotopic species 16O2, but other possible mechanisms cannot be ruled out.
Abstract: Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates a chemically produced, mass-independent isotopic fractionation of oxygen. The effect is thought to result from self-shielding by the major isotopic species 16O2, but other possible mechanisms such as molecular symmetry cannot be ruled out. In a three-isotope plot, the experimentally produced fractionation line is essentially equal in slope to the observed carbonaceous chondrite mixing line. The implications for the early history of the solar system are discussed.
587 citations
TL;DR: Event-related brain potentials were recorded while subjects silently read several prose passages, presented one word at a time, adding to the evidence that the N400 wave is more closely related to semantic than to grammatical processing.
Abstract: Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects silently read several prose passages, presented one word at a time. Semantic anomalies and various grammatical errors had been inserted unpredictably at different serial positions within some of the sentences. The semantically inappropriate words elicited a large N400 component in the ERP, whereas the grammatical errors were associated with smaller and less consistent components that had scalp distributions different from that of the N400. This result adds to the evidence that the N400 wave is more closely related to semantic than to grammatical processing. Additional analyses revealed that different ERP configurations were elicited by open-class (“content”) and closed-class (“function”) words in these prose passages.
TL;DR: There emerges an integrative theory of the principles governing the neostriatal control of voluntary movement, developed by reference to a variety of converging lines of empirical evidence and used to interpret the effects of various pharmacologic strategies which have been employed to achieve symptom management in disorders ofuntary movement.
TL;DR: The data provide a relatively precise picture of the hormonal changes preceding the onset of the gonadotropin surge and the temporal relationship between the multiphasic P4 rise and pituitary-ovarian function.
Abstract: The dynamics of ovarian and pituitary hormone changes during the midcycle period were evaluated. Changes in hormone levels were determined at 2-h intervals for 5 consecutive days during the periovulatory phase of the cycle in five women. During the 50 h preceding the onset of the surge, the rates of increments for estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and LH were similar, with doubling times of 57-61 h. The onset of LH and FSH surges was found to occur abruptly (LH doubled within 2 h). They were temporally associated with the attainment of peak E2 levels and occurred 12 h after the initiation of a rapid rise of P4. The mean duration of the surge was 48 h, with a rapidly ascending limb (doubling time, 5.2 h) lasting 14 h accompanied by a rapid decline of E2 and a continued rise of P4. The surge was followed by a peak plateau of gonadotropin levels lasting for 14 h and a transient leveling of P4. The longer descending limb (half-time, 9.6 h), lasting for 20 h, was associated with a second rapid rise of P4, beginning 36 h after surge onset or 12 h before termination of the surge. By using the onset of the LH surge as a reference point, our data provide a relatively precise picture of the hormonal changes preceding the onset of the gonadotropin surge and the temporal relationship between the multiphasic P4 rise and pituitary-ovarian function.
TL;DR: The spatial‐temporal progress of peripheral nerve regeneration across a 10‐mmgap within a silicone chamber was examined and the parameters of a morphologic assay for regeneration in this chamber model can be used to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the success of peripheral nerves regeneration.
Abstract: The spatial-temporal progress of peripheral nerve regeneration across a 10-mm gap within a silicone chamber was examined with the light and electron microscope at 2-mm intervals. A coaxial, fibrin matrix was observed at 1 week with a proximal-distal narrowing that extended beyond the midpoint of the chamber. At 2 weeks, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells had migrated into the matrix from both nerve stumps. There was a delay of 7-14 days after nerve transection and chamber implantation before regenerating axons appeared in the chamber. At 2 weeks, nonmyelinated axons were seen only in the proximal 1-5 mm of the chamber in association with Schwann cells. Axons reached the distal stump by 3 weeks and a proximal-distal gradient of myelination was observed. These observations define the parameters of a morphologic assay for regeneration in this chamber model which can be used to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the success of peripheral nerve regeneration.
01 Aug 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the origins of the waters of some of the major basins of the world ocean are examined. And the authors show that the major component of the World Ocean does not derive directly from the abyssal Antarctic but from the shallower Circumpolar Water (CPW).
Abstract: The abyssal characteristics of the World Ocean, including not only temperature but salinity, density, oxygen, and silica, are displayed on both maps and vertical sections to examine the origins of the waters of some of the major basins. Although the coldest waters that appear at the bottom in each of the oceans have long been known to have come from the Southern Ocean, the characteristics indicate that the major component of the abyssal waters of the World Ocean does not derive directly from the abyssal Antarctic but from the shallower Circumpolar Water (CPW). The CPW is a mixture of Antarctic waters with the warm, saline, oxygen-rich, and nutrient-poor deep waters from the North Atlantic. As the CPW extends northward it is modified by mixing with the overlying waters, which in the North Atlantic and North Indian oceans are more saline and in the North Pacific less saline. Except for the Antarctic area, the northern North Atlantic Ocean is the major source of oxygen to the deep-ocean waters. The abyssal waters of the Northeast Pacific are farthest from regions of ventilation and are the most nearly uniform and may be the oldest of the abyssal waters.
TL;DR: A three-dimensional stress-strain relationship derived from a strain energy function of the exponential form is proposed for the arterial wall to show that such a procedure is feasible and practical and to call attention to the very large variations in stresses and strains across the vessel wall.
Abstract: A three-dimensional stress-strain relationship derived from a strain energy function of the exponential form is proposed for the arterial wall. The material constants are identified from experimental data on rabbit arteries subjected to inflation and longitudinal stretch in the physiological range. The objectives are: 1) to show that such a procedure is feasible and practical, and 2) to call attention to the very large variations in stresses and strains across the vessel wall under the assumptions that the tissue is incompressible and stress-free when all external load is removed.
TL;DR: This paper demonstrates some of principles of system design principles through the analysis of one class of errors: slips of action, defined to be situations in which the user's intention was proper, but the results did not conform to that intention.
Abstract: By analyzing the classes of errors that people make with systems, it is possible to develop principles of system design that minimize both the occurrence of error and the effects. This paper demonstrates some of these principles through the analysis of one class of errors: slips of action. Slips are defined to be situations in which the user's intention was proper, but the results did not conform to that intention. Many properties of existing systems are conducive to slips; from the classification of these errors, some procedures to minimize the occurrence of slips are developed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a general approach to the formulation and estimation of dynamic unobserved component models, and two methods for estimating the unknown parameters are presented, one based on the method of scoring and the other based on a derivative-free method.
TL;DR: The time history of the Monsoon System over the Indian Ocean has been developed from ship observations and merged with the Wyrtki-Meyers Pacific Trade Wind field by a rather new empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis capable of detecting propagating features in wind systems as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The time history of the Monsoon System over the Indian Ocean has been developed from ship observations and merged with the Wyrtki-Meyers Pacific Trade Wind field. The interaction of these two massive wind systems has been studied by a rather new empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis capable of detecting propagating features in the wind systems. The current study (Part I) was confined to variations within ±10° of the equator. Results show the two wind systems are strongly coupled at interannual time scales. The coupling is effected through cyclostationary pulsations and longitudinal shifts of the huge surface convergence over Indonesia. The interaction may also he thought of as the spatial expansion/contraction of the wind systems. These changes can be viewed as the transition of the Monsoon/Trade Winds between two preferred climate states. One sub-element of this apparent bimodality in the wind fields is the El Nino phenomenon. The zonal component of the combined wind fields seems to insti...
TL;DR: It is reported here that CGRP acts in the central nervous system to stimulate selectively noradrenergic sympathetic outflow and is identified immunocytochemically throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Abstract: Alternative splicing of RNA transcripts from the calcitonin gene produces mRNAs that encode different polypeptides. While the mRNA encoding calcitonin predominates in thyroidal 'C' cells, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mRNA appears to be the major mRNA component in non-thyroid tissue, including brain. The predicted peptide arising from translation of CGRP mRNA has now been identified immunocytochemically throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. CGRP, a 37-residue peptide, is distributed in brain pathways subserving sensory, motor and autonomic functions. We report here that CGRP acts in the central nervous system to stimulate selectively noradrenergic sympathetic outflow.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors relax a number of the assumptions of the previous paper and admit the possibility that the nonlinear regression functions may depend on lagged dependent variables, and they do not require that the error terms be normally distributed.
TL;DR: Matrix Gla protein this article is a 15,000 dalton protein whose amino acid composition includes a single disulfide bond and is not a precursor to bone Gla.
TL;DR: The ligament "scar" was found to be structur ally abnormal chemically and mechanically even at long- term followup, suggesting that the scar may never approach normal ligament characteristics (without treatment).
Abstract: Medial collateral ligament healing without treatment has been studied in a rabbit model. Complete midsubstance gaps were found to heal by distinct scar formation over time. This healing process was fast since the gap was bridged quickly; however, more subtle changes in appearance of the healing tissue continued for many months. The ligament "scar" was found to be structurally abnormal chemically and mechanically even at long-term followup. A plateau in its improvement suggests that the scar may never approach normal ligament characteristics (without treatment). A baseline of ligament healing by scar formation has been established.
TL;DR: Simultaneous adjustment for age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, physical health status, smoking history, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, weight status, use of health services, social networks, and life satisfaction reduced the relative mortality risk associated with sleeping patterns to 1.3.
Abstract: The mortality risk associated with different sleeping patterns was assessed by use of the 1965 Human Population Laboratory survey of a random sample of 6928 adults in Alameda County, CA and a subsequent 9-year mortality follow-up. The analysis indicates that mortality rates from ischemic heart disease, cancer, stroke, and all causes combined were lowest for individuals sleeping 7 or 8 h per night. Men sleeping 6 h or less or 9 h or more had 1.7 times the total age-adjusted death rate of men sleeping 7 or 8 h per night. The comparable relative risk for women was 1.6. The association between sleeping patterns and all causes of mortality was found to be independent of self-reported trouble sleeping and self-reported physical health status at the time of the 1965 survey. Simultaneous adjustment for age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, physical health status, smoking history, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, weight status, use of health services, social networks, and life satisfaction reduced the relative mortality risk associated with sleeping patterns to 1.3 (p less than or equal to 0.04).
TL;DR: In this article, the homogenization of a passive tracer in a flow with closed mean streamlines is studied, where the initial values of the tracer are replaced by their (generalized) average about a streamline.
Abstract: The homogenization of a passive ‘tracer’ in a flow with closed mean streamlines occurs in two stages: first, a rapid phase dominated by shear-augmented diffusion over a time ≈P1/3(L/U), where the Peclet number P=LU/κ (L,U and κ are lengthscale, velocity scale and diffusivity), in which initial values of the tracer are replaced by their (generalized) average about a streamline; second, a slow phase requiring the full diffusion time ≈ L2/κ. The diffusion problem for the second phase, where tracer isopleths are held to streamlines by shear diffusion, involves a generalized diffusivity which is proportional to κ, but exceeds it if the streamlines are not circular. Expressions are also given for flow fields that are oscillatory rather than steady.
TL;DR: In this article, a functional-integral formulation of interacting fermion systems on a lattice such as the Anderson or Hubbard models is discussed, where the fermions-fermions interaction is eliminated by introducing auxiliary Ising variables.
Abstract: We discuss a new functional-integral formulation of interacting fermion systems on a lattice such as the Anderson or Hubbard models: the fermion-fermion interaction is eliminated by introducing auxiliary Ising variables. The resulting model for a $d$-dimensional quantum system is a ($d+1$)-dimensional Ising model with complicated interactions. The new transformation is particularly useful for performing numerical studies of these models using Monte Carlo techniques. We study its convergence properties and compare it with the usual Gaussian formulation for the case of the Hubbard model.
01 Aug 1983
TL;DR: The pilot phase of the National Traumatic Coma Data Bank provides data germane to questions of interest to neurosurgeons and to the lay public about severe non-penetrating traumatic head injury.
Abstract: This paper describes the pilot phase of the National Traumatic Coma Data Bank, a cooperative effort of six clinical head-injury centers in the United States. Data were collected on 581 hospitalized patients with severe non-penetrating traumatic head injury. Severe head injury was defined on the basis of a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8 or less following nonsurgical resuscitation or deterioration to a GCS score of 8 or less within 48 hours after head injury. A common data collection protocol, definitions, and data collection instruments were developed and put into use by all centers commencing in June, 1979. Extensive information was collected on pre-hospital, emergency room, intensive care, and recovery phases of patient care. Data were obtained on all patients from the time of injury until the end of the pilot study. The pilot phase of the Data Bank provides data germane to questions of interest to neurosurgeons and to the lay public. Questions are as diverse as: what is the prognosis of severe brain injury; what is the impact of emergency care; and what is the role of rehabilitation in the recovery of the severely head-injured patient?
TL;DR: Observations provide direct evidence that anaphylatoxin formation during hemodialysis is a transient phenomenon and indicate that the biocompatibility of dialysis membranes, as reflected by their complement activating potential, may be significantly different.
TL;DR: Twenty cases of an unusual tumor of the lung are described, which is a peculiar sclerosing tumor of endothelial cell origin that presents with multiple small, slowly growing pulmonary nodules.
Abstract: Twenty cases of an unusual tumor of the lung are described. This tumor usually presents with multiple small, slowly growing pulmonary nodules. Many cases are detected incidentally. Eighty percent are women, and 50% are less than 40 years of age. Survival with tumor can be quite long. However, one half the patients have died, usually of progressive pulmonary insufficiency. This is a peculiar sclerosing tumor of endothelial cell origin.
TL;DR: In this article, the evolution of unsheared grid-generated turbulence in a stably stratified fluid was investigated in a closed-loop salt-stratified water channel, where simultaneous single point measurements of the horizontal and vertical velocity and density fluctuations were obtained, including turbulent mass fluxes central in understanding the energetics of the fluctuating motion.
Abstract: The evolution of unsheared grid-generated turbulence in a stably stratified fluid was investigated in a closed-loop salt-stratified water channel. Simultaneous single-point measurements of the horizontal and vertical velocity and density fluctuations were obtained, including turbulent mass fluxes central in understanding the energetics of the fluctuating motion. When the buoyancy lengthscale was initially substantially larger than the largest turbulent scales, the initial behaviour of the velocity and density fields was similar to that in the non-stratified case. With further downstream development, the buoyancy lengthscale decreased while the turbulence scale grew. Deviations from neutral behaviour occurred when these two lengthscales became of the same order, after the initially larger inertial forces associated with the initial kinetic energy had become weaker and buoyancy forces became important.Buoyancy forces produced anisotropy in the largest scales first, preventing them from overturning, while smaller-scale isotropic turbulent motions remained embedded within the larger-scale wave motions. These small-scale motions exhibited classical turbulent behaviour and scaled universally with Kolmogorov length and velocity scales. Eventually even the smallest scales of the decaying turbulence were affected by buoyancy, all isotropic motions disappeared, and Kolmogorov scaling failed. The turbulent vertical mass flux decreased to zero for this condition, indicating that the original turbulent field had been completely converted to random internal wave motions.The transition from a fully turbulent state to one of internal waves occurred rapidly in a time less than the characteristic time of the turbulence based on the largest-scale eddies found in the flow at transition. The dissipation rate for complete transition to a wave field was found to be of the order of et = 24.5νN2, where ν is the kinematic viscosity and N the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. This is in fairly good agreement with the value 30νN2 predicted by Gibson (1980, 1981).The present experiments have determined quantitative limits on the range of active turbulent scales in homogeneous stratified turbulence, in terms of an upper limit near the buoyancy lengthscale and a lower limit determined by viscosity in the usual way. This description has been used here to help explain and assimilate the results from the earlier stratified grid-turbulence experiments of Lin & Veenhuizen (1975) and Dickey & Mellor (1980). While some of the features of the present observations may be qualitatively seen in the numerical simulations of the problem of Riley, Metcalfe & Weissman (1981), there are fundamental differences, probably due in part to large differences in initial lengthscale ratios and in the limited range of scales attainable in numerical simulations. The present experiments may serve as a useful test case for future modelling and interpretation of the behaviour of turbulence in stratified flows observed in the oceans and atmosphere.