Showing papers by "University of California, Santa Barbara published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this article, the grain-size dependence of parameters with coercive force as high as 2,000 Oe in x = 0.6 titanomagnetite was found.
2,657 citations
TL;DR: Zimmerman as discussed by the authors presented an ethnographic study on which this paper draws was funded by Grant 70-039, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, United States Department of Justice, USA.
Abstract: AUTHORS’ NOTE: The ethnographic study on which this paper draws was funded by Grant 70-039, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, United States Department of Justice. The findings and interpretations presented in this paper do not necessarily reflect the policies or offical position of the funding agency. An earlier version of this paper was delivered at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting in New Orleans, August 1972. DON H. ZIMMERMAN is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His most recent publications include &dquo;Sex-Roles, Interruptions and Silences in Conversation&dquo; (with Candace West) which appeared in the 1975 volume, Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance, edited by B. Thorne and N. Henle; and &dquo;A Reply to Professor Coser&dquo; in The
433 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the choice of an optimal procedure for deciding when to leave a patch must be based on a stochastic model, and its complexity suggests some objections to standard optimality arguments, and some possible alternatives.
387 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977TL;DR: In this article, the philosophy of selecting and ordering populations has been studied in the context of normal distribution models, and the main focus of this paper is on the following: 1. Selecting the one best population for Normal Distributions with Common Known Variance (CKV) 2.
Abstract: 1. The Philosophy of Selecting and Ordering Populations 2. Selecting the One Best Population for Normal Distributions with Common Known Variance 3. Selecting the One Best Population for Other Normal Distribution Models 4. Selecting the One Best Population Bionomial (or Bernoulli) Distributions 5. Selecting the One Normal Population with the Smallest Variance 6. Selecting the One Best Category for the Multinomial Distribution 7. Nonparametric Selection Procedures 8. Selection Procedures for a Design with Paired Comparisons 9. Selecting the Normal Population with the Best Regression Value 10. Selecting Normal Populations Better than a Control 11. Selecting the t Best Out of k Populations 12. Complete Ordering of k Populations 13. Subset Selection (or Elimination) Procedures 14. Selecting the Best Gamma Population 15. Selection Procedures for Multivariate Normal Distributions Appendix A. Tables for Normal Means Selection Problems Appendix B. Figures for Normal Means Selection Problems Appendix C. Table of the Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution F(z) Appendix D. Table of Critical Values for the Chi-Square Distribution Appendix E. Tables for Binomial Selection Problems Appendix F. Figures for Binomial Selection Problems Appendix G. Tables for Normal Variances Selection Problems Appendix H. Tables for Multinomial Selection Problems Appendix I. Curtailment Tables for the Multinomial Selection Problem Appendix J. Tables of the Incomplete Beta Function Appendix K. Tables for Nonparametric Selection Problems Appendix L. Tables for Paired-Comparison Selection Problems Appendix M. Tables for Selecting from k Normal Populations Those Better Than a Control Appendix N. Tables for Selecting the t Best Normal Populations Appendix O. Table of Critical Values of Fisher's F Distribution Appendix P. Tables for Complete Ordering Problems Appendix Q. Tables for Subset Selection Problems Appendix R. Tables for Gamma Distribution Problems Appendix S. Tables for Multivariate Selection Problems Appendix T. Excerpt of Table of Random Numbers Appendix U. Table of Squares and Square Roots Bibliography References for Applications Index for Data and Examples Name Index Subject Index.
357 citations
TL;DR: This article found that tone acquisition is accomplished within a relatively short period of time, mastery of tones occurs well in advance of mastery of seg-mentals, and the Mandarin high-level and falling tones are acquired before the rising and dipping tones.
Abstract: Until now, although there has been research on the acquisition of intonation and stress, there has been no systematic study of the acquisition of lexical tone. Based on data collected during eight months of field work with 17 children of Mandarin-speaking families in Taipei, we have found that (1) tone acquisition is accomplished within a relatively short period of time; (2) mastery of tones occurs well in advance of mastery of seg-mentals; (3) the Mandarin high-level and falling tones are acquired before the rising and dipping tones; (4) the rising and dipping tones are substituted for each other throughout the tone acquisition process; (5) unstressed syllables are treated as if they were stressed, the tone assigned to them being an approximation of the phonetically conditioned pitch which they carry; (6) the tone sandhi phenomena associated with the dipping tone in Mandarin are acquired with very little error as soon as propositional utterances begin to be created. Explanations for these facts can be given in terms of the relative ease of learning to control glottal pitch as opposed to articulatory mechanisms, the relative difficulty of rising pitch, and the relative salience of tone in Mandarin.
260 citations
TL;DR: Hydrogen peroxide activates this enzymatic reaction in cell-free extracts prepared from abalone eggs, and this effect appears to reveal a fundamental property of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthesis.
Abstract: Addition of hydrogen peroxide to seawater causes synchronous spawning in gravid male and female abalones, and certain other mollusks as well. This effect is blocked by exposure of the animals to aspirin, an inhibitor of the enzyme catalyzing oxidative synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide. Hydrogen peroxide activates this enzymatic reaction in cell-free extracts prepared from abalone eggs (a very rich source of the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase); this effect appears to reveal a fundamental property of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthesis. Applicability of these findings to both mariculture and medical purposes is suggested.
257 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a refined model for the prediction of the energy-band lineup at an abrupt semiconductor heterojunction, which is independent of the crystallographic orientation of the semiconductor.
Abstract: We present a refined model for the prediction of the energy-band lineup at an abrupt semiconductor heterojunction. The position of the energy bands with respect to the electrostatic potential is calculated by a self-consistent pseudopotential,for the bulk semiconductors. The lineup of the electrostatic potentials is then calculated from an ionic model in which the ionic charges are determined by the electronegativities of the atomic species. The resulting band lineups are independent of the crystallographic orientation of the heterojunction. They are also generally consistent with experimental data.
245 citations
TL;DR: No statistically significant difference between flowchart and nonflowchart groups has been shown, thereby calling into question the utility of detailed flowcharting.
Abstract: This paper describes previous research on flowcharts and a series of controlled experiments to test the utility of detailed flowcharts as an aid to program composition, comprehension, debugging, and modification. No statistically significant difference between flowchart and nonflowchart groups has been shown, thereby calling into question the utility of detailed flowcharting. A program of further research is suggested.
226 citations
TL;DR: A detailed study of the structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge median valley and rift mountains near lat 37°N (FAMOUS) was conducted using a deep-tow instrument package.
Abstract: A detailed study of the structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge median valley and rift mountains near lat 37°N (FAMOUS) was conducted using a deep-tow instrument package. The median valley may have either a very narrow inner floor (1 to 4 km) and well-developed terraces or a wide inner floor (10 to 14 km) and narrow or no terraces. The terraces appear to be non–steady-state features of the rift valley. The entire depth and gross morphology of the median valley may be accounted for by normal faulting, while volcanic relief contributes to the short-wavelength topography (<2 km). Most faults dip toward the valley axis an average of 50°, and the blocks are tilted back 2° to 3°. Fault dip is asymmetric about the valley axis. Active crustal extension in the inner floor and inner walls has the same sense of asymmetry as the local spreading rates, reaching a maximum of 18 percent. Thus, asymmetric spreading appears to be accomplished by asymmetric crustal extension on a fine scale as well as by asymmetric crustal accretion. Spreading is 17° oblique to the transform faults and shows no indication of readjusting to an orthogonal system, even on a fine scale. Eighty percent of the decay or transformation of median-valley relief into rift-mountain topography is accomplished by normal faults that dip away from the valley axis. Most of the outward-facing faulting occurs near the median-valley–rift-mountain boundary. Tilting of crustal blocks accounts for only 20 percent of the decay of median-valley relief. Most long-wavelength topography in the rift mountains has a faulted origin. As in the median valley, volcanic relief is short wavelength (<2 km) and appears to be fossil, originating in the median-valley inner floor. Bending of large faulted blocks toward nearby fracture zones suggests that spreading-center tectonics is affected by fracture-zone tectonics throughout the length of the rift in the FAMOUS area. Both the crustal accretion zone and transform fault zone are narrow, only 1 to 2 km wide, over short periods of time. In the course of millions of years, however, they apparently migrate over a zone 10 to 20 km wide.
218 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that much of the zooplankton over coral reefs actually lives on the reef itself and that previous studies using standard net sampling techniques have greatly underestimated plankton abundance over coral coral reefs.
Abstract: Demersal zooplankton, those plankton which hide within reef sediments during the day but emerge to swim freely over the reef at night, were sampled quantitatively using emergence traps planced over the substrate at Lizard Island Lagoon, Great Barrier Reef. Densities of zooplankton emerging at night from 6 substrate types (fine, medium, and coarse sand, rubble, living coral and reef rock) and from 5 reef zones (seaward face, reef flat, lagoon, back reef, and sand flat) were determined. A large population of nocturnal plankton including cumaceans, mysids, ostracods, shrimp, isopods, amphipods, crustacean larvae, polychaetes, foraminiferans and copepods are resident members of the reef community at Lizard Island. The mean density of plankton emerging throughout the reef was 2510±388 (standard error) zooplankton/m2 of substrate. Biomass averaged 66.2±5.4 mg ash-free dry weight/m2 of substrate. Demersal zooplankton exhibited significant preferences for substrate types and reef zones. The highest mean density of zooplankton emerged from coral (11,264±1952 zooplankton/m2) while the lowest emerged from reef rock (840±106 zooplankton/m2). The density of demersal plankton was six times greater on the face than in any other zone, averaging 7900±1501 zooplankton/m2. Copepods dominated samples collected over living coral and rubble while foraminiferans, ostracods and decapod larvae were most abundant from sand. Plankton collected with nets at night correlated only qualitatively with plankton collected in emergence traps from the same location. Although abundant, demersal plankton were not numerous enough to meet the metabolic needs of all corals at Lizard Island Lagoon. Demersal plankton appear especially adapted to avoid fish predation. The predator-avoidance strategies of demersal plankton and maintenance of position on the reef are discussed. Our results indicate that much of the zooplankton over coral reefs actually lives on the reef itself and that previous studies using standard net sampling techniques have greatly underestimated plankton abundance over coral reefs.
212 citations
TL;DR: Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy (IETS) as discussed by the authors is a new technique for measuring the vibrational spectrum of minute quantities of organic compounds, and its sensitivity is its key advantage over the conventional techniques of infrared and Raman spectroscopy.
TL;DR: In this article, the strength profile of an ideal crystal is determined by calculating the domain of homogeneous deformation in which the crystal is classically stable. But this approach is implemented in a less restricted manner than previously: first, by admitting generalized coordinates to specify the strain; second, by assessing the stability in an arbitrary load environment.
Abstract: It is current practice to determine the "strength" profile of an ideal crystal by calculating the domain of homogeneous deformation in which the crystal is classically stable. This approach is here implemented in a less restricted manner than previously: first, by admitting any generalized coordinates to specify the strain; second, by assessing the stability in an arbitrary load environment. From this standpoint the intrinsic subjectivity of the usual concept of strength appears clearly. In illustration divergent estimates of uniaxial strength in the literature are compared within a common framework. With a view to rationalizing the whole approach, the present analysis gives prominence to the objective notion of coordinate invariance. Special "failure" modes, associated with path branchings at a domain perimeter, are also examined in this light. Finally, the stability of purely volumetric deformation is examined in detail.
TL;DR: The dominant morphotypes of the Gunflint microbiota appear to be cosmopolitan and the striking similarity of the three assemblages may strengthen the potential of ancient microbiotas for use in Precambrian biostratigraphy.
TL;DR: The results suggest that regulation of photosynthesis by the biological clock of Gonyaulax may be mediated through the membrane-bound light reactions and a partial explanation of the underlying mechanism is proposed.
Abstract: Using data from light-dark cultures of Gonyaulax polyedra entrained to a 24-hour cycle, whole cell absorption curves and photosynthesis-irradiance curves were constructed for various circadian times. While whole cell absorbance and half-saturation constants of photosynthesis showed no statistical difference that could be directly related to the photosynthetic rhythm, the initial slope of the photosynthesis-irradiance curve was a time-dependent parameter which altered in direct proportion to the change in photosynthetic capacity. The results indicated a temporal change in the relative quantum yield of photosynthesis, and the circadian rhythmicity of light-limited photosynthesis was established under constant conditions. Circadian rhythmicity was detected in room temperature chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Low temperature fluorescence kinetics also showed fluctuations. The results suggest that regulation of photosynthesis by the biological clock of Gonyaulax may be mediated through the membrane-bound light reactions and a partial explanation of the underlying mechanism is proposed.
TL;DR: The results showed that four autistic children could learn a conditional discrimination requiring them to discriminate a multiple-cue complex from each of its two component cues, however, the autistic children did not learn this discrimination in the same manner as normal children.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied thin films driven out of equilibrium under spatially uniform steady-state conditions by thermal phonon injection, microwave and optical irradiations, and quasiparticle tunneling injection.
Abstract: We have studied thin films driven out of equilibrium under spatially uniform steady-state conditions by thermal phonon injection, microwave and optical irradiations, and quasiparticle tunneling injection. The linearized coupled kinetic equations for the quasiparticle and phonon distributions were solved numerically. Results for the change in the energy distributions of quasiparticles and phonons are given for a variety of nonequilibrium situations. Using these distributions, the changes in the ultrasonic attenuation, electrical conductivity and the superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunneling $I(V)$ characteristic in various nonequilibrium states are obtained.
TL;DR: The verbal and manual responses (distance indices) differed greatly, but were found to be related by a constant transform, and the range of target distances had no effect on either index.
Abstract: Subjects made verbal reports of the perceived distance of near visual targets and indicated their distances by pointing at them with an unseen hand. The targets were presented under three stimulus conditions: monocular, binocular, and multicue. Two ranges of target distance were studied in separate experiments: 11–39 cm and 21–33 cm. When reciprocals of both response distance and target distance were plotted, all functions were approximately linear. The verbal and manual responses (distance indices) differed greatly, but were found to be related by a constant transform. The range of target distances had no effect on either index. The standard deviation of the manual response was about half that of the verbal response. Stimulus condition had a large effect, with the multicue condition producing the greatest change in indicated distance, and the monocular condition the least. The results are discussed with reference to the definition of perceived distance, and hypotheses concerning the integration of distan...
TL;DR: The degree of density dependence of the functional response becomes a useful measure of a predator's short-term stabilizing effect on a prey species, and the model demonstrates how spatial heterogeneity can be stabilizing.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the maximal resolution for the Aotus monkey is about 10 c/deg, and in comparison to the human observer, this monkey shows poorer spatial resolution at moderate light levels but better resolution when the target is very dim.
TL;DR: A battery of short tests was administered to 30 young drivers who reported being involved in three or more accidents during the past three years and to 30 drivers who had no accident history but were matched for age, sex and exposure to driving as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the origin of U-shaped channels and their formation by volcanic base surges and found that their development is a function of velocity and the concentration of particles must increase gradually from the edges of the lobes to their central part, where the boundary effects are least and forward velocity is greatest.
Abstract: Small U-shaped channels eroded by volcanic base surges occur on the steep outer slopes of some tuff cones but rarely on the gentle outer slopes of tuff rings. This suggests that their development is a function of velocity. Corroborating evidence from the 1952 phreatomagmatic eruption of Barcena Volcano is as follows: U-shaped furrows were cut by volcanic density currents on the steep slopes of the volcano, but at the base of the volcano, where the velocity decreased, dunes were deposited with long axes perpendicular to the furrows. These dunes were similar to those deposited by base surges on the low slopes surrounding Taal Volcano, Philippines, during its 1965 eruption. To be preserved, U-shaped base-surge channels must be quickly buried by deposits from penecontemporaneous eruptions; otherwise, as ready-made avenues for run-off, stream action soon destroys them. Even if preserved on the steep sides of a volcano, however, exposures in cross section are rare because (1) the channels are filled with pyroclastic deposits or (2) later stream dissection parallels them without revealing the cross-sectional profile or else completely destroys them. An explanation of the origin of U-shaped channels stems from (1) the parameters of base-surge flow deduced from descriptions of historic base surges and their deposits, (2) descriptions of prehistoric base-surge deposits, (3) the development of U-shaped furrows by base surges at Barcena Volcano, Mexico, and (4) descriptions herein of prehistoric U-shaped channels and their depositional fill at Koko Crater, Hawaii. Fortunate circumstances of erosion on the side of Koko Crater provide excellent cross-sectional exposures along a short stretch of the shoreline. U-shaped channels eroded by base surges superficially resemble equilibrium semicircular channels cut by streams and mud-flows, but the profiles develop by a different mechanism. The fronts of advancing volcanic base surges develop a cleft and lobe pattern; the lobes appear to be individual turbulent cells that splay outward from the source. To carve a smooth U-shaped profile, the concentration of particles must increase gradually (perhaps exponentially) from the edges of the lobes to their central part, where the boundary effects are least and forward velocity is greatest. Small channels that are cut into erodible material by turbidity currents also have rounded cross-sectional profiles and may be cut by a mechanism similar to that ascribed here to base-surge flow.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the research literature on defensive attribution of responsibility within the framework of a nonmotivational information processing model which proposes that attributed responsibility is a function of the difference between the perceived contingent probability (congruence) of an outcome, given a perpertrator's behavior, and the noncontingent probability (prior expectancy) of that outcome.
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that the between-to-within speaker variance ratio was significantly increased by performing long-term averaging of the parameter sets, and the reflection coefficient averages for k 2 and k 6 were shown to produce the highest variance ratios.
Abstract: The potential benefits of long-term parameter averaging for speaker recognition were investigated. Parameters studied were pitch, gain, and reflection coefficients. Parameter variability was computed over various averaging lengths from one frame averaging (in effect, no averaging) to 1000 frame averaging (about 70 s of speech). It was demonstrated that the between-to-within speaker variance ratio, measured over several speakers, was significantly increased by performing long-term averaging of the parameter sets. The reflection coefficient averages for k 2 and k 6 , respectively, were shown to produce the highest variance ratios.
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the origin of the Ninetyeast Ridge, the Broken Ridge-Naturaliste Plateau, and the Kerguelen Plateau in the eastern Indian Ocean is presented.
Abstract: We have devised a model for the origin of the Ninetyeast Ridge, the Broken Ridge–Naturaliste Plateau, and the Kerguelen Plateau in the eastern Indian Ocean which demonstrates that they were created by fixed hot spots now beneath the Amsterdam–St. Paul and Kerguelen Islands. The model employs reconstructions constrained by relative motions between plates; the model was deduced from sea-floor data and by paleolatitudes from Australian paleomagnetic pole data. Paleolongitudes were constrained by holding the Ninetyeast Ridge over the Amsterdam–St. Paul spot. Predicted age gradients and trajectories result, and these agree very well with geologic observations on the aseismic ridges. The Ninetyeast Ridge was laid down mainly from the Amsterdam–St. Paul hot spot, but also from the spot now under Kerguelen. The ridge is predicted to be from about 90 to 20 m.y. old. Broken Ridge–Naturaliste Plateau and the Kerguelen Plateau were both formed from the Kerguelen Islands hot spot and were joined prior to the Australia-Antarctic rift about 55 m.y. B.P. Broken Ridge–Naturaliste Plateau is predicted to be from more than 100 to about 80 m.y. old. Kerguelen Plateau should be from more than 100 to 0 m.y. old, but several volcanic hiatuses are predicted.
TL;DR: There was sufficient similarity between the circadian rhythms of these three dinoflagellates to suggest the mechanism of regulation may be the same for each of them.
Abstract: Circadian rhythms in photosynthesis were defined for the first time in the dinoflagellates Glenodinium sp. (M. Bernard strain) and Ceratium furca Ehrenberg (B. Meeson strain) and compared with that in Gonyaulax polyedra Stein. All three phytoplankton species had photosynthetic rhythms with daily amplitudes ranging from 3 to 5 and maxima displayed about midday. The photosynthetic pigment content and absorption properties of the cells were constant over the circadian cycle. Diurnal periodicities in respiration never accounted for more than 30% of the photosynthetic rhythm and did not persist under constant conditions. There was sufficient similarity between the circadian rhythms of these three dinoflagellates to suggest the mechanism of regulation may be the same for each of them.
TL;DR: Comparison with the most detailed transitional VGP path records presently available gives some indication of the above behavior as predicted by the Parker-Levy model.
Abstract: The Parker-Levy approach to reversals of the geomagnetic field predicts meridional transitional paths of the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) which pass either through the site of observation or through its antipode, depending upon the site location and the sense of the polarity transition. Comparison with the most detailed transitional VGP path records presently available gives some indication of the above behavior as predicted by the Parker-Levy model. Discrepancies may be due to complexities in the distribution of cyclonic convection cells in the core not considered in the formal mathematical treatment. The predicted variation in transitional field intensity experienced at any given site also is compatible with several reported transition records.
TL;DR: A predicted relation between depth and oxygen consumption by this species off California, USA, is presented, which shows a higher oxygen-consumption rate at the nighttime depths and a much lower, partially anaerobic metabolism at the daytime depths.
Abstract: Gaussia princeps is shown to be a diurnal vertical migrator which spends its days below 400 m in the oxygen minimum layer and migrates to shallower depths (200 to 300 m) at night. This species consumption was measured at 3.5°, 7° and 10°C and 1, 14, 28, 61, 121 and 181 atm of hydrostatic pressure (1 atm corresponds to approximately 10 m of depth). The Q10 of the oxygen consumption is shown to be higher at lower temperatures and higher pressures. Hydrostatic pressure is shown to have significant effects on the oxygen-consumption rate at pressures as low as 28 atm. At all temperature and pressure combinations, G. princeps displays a very low metabolic rate compared to shallow-living copepods. The critical oxygen partial pressure for this species is shown to be about 10 to 13 mm Hg O2 at 10°, 7° and 5.5°C. Based on these data, a predicted relation between depth and oxygen consumption by this species off California, USA, is presented. This shows a higher oxygen-consumption rate at the nighttime depths and a much lower, partially anaerobic metabolism at the daytime depths.
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that sensory reinforcers can profitably be used in behavior therapy with autistic children.