Showing papers by "University of Chicago published in 1976"
Book•
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take up the concepts of altruistic and selfish behaviour; the genetical definition of selfish interest; the evolution of aggressive behaviour; kinship theory; sex ratio theory; reciprocal altruism; deceit; and the natural selection of sex differences.
Abstract: Science need not be dull and bogged down by jargon, as Richard Dawkins proves in this entertaining look at evolution. The themes he takes up are the concepts of altruistic and selfish behaviour; the genetical definition of selfish interest; the evolution of aggressive behaviour; kinship theory; sex ratio theory; reciprocal altruism; deceit; and the natural selection of sex differences. Readership: general; students of biology, zoology, animal behaviour, psychology.
10,880 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976TL;DR: A good writer is a good reader at once as mentioned in this paper... You can define how you write depending on what books to read and this human characteristics and school learning can help you to solve the problem.
Abstract: When writing can change your life, when writing can enrich you by offering much money, why don't you try it? Are you still very confused of where getting the ideas? Do you still have no idea with what you are going to write? Now, you will need reading. A good writer is a good reader at once. You can define how you write depending on what books to read. This human characteristics and school learning can help you to solve the problem. It can be one of the right sources to develop your writing skill.
2,012 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an approach to the study of critical phenomena in quantum-mechanical systems at zero or low temperatures, where classical free-energy functionals of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson sort are not valid.
Abstract: This paper proposes an approach to the study of critical phenomena in quantum-mechanical systems at zero or low temperatures, where classical free-energy functionals of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson sort are not valid The functional integral transformations first proposed by Stratonovich and Hubbard allow one to construct a quantum-mechanical generalization of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson functional in which the order-parameter field depends on (imaginary) time as well as space Since the time variable lies in the finite interval [$0,\ensuremath{-}i\ensuremath{\beta}$], where $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is the inverse temperature, the resulting description of a $d$-dimensional system shares some features with that of a ($d+1$)-dimensional classical system which has finite extent in one dimension However, the analogy is not complete, in general, since time and space do not necessarily enter the generalized free-energy functional in the same way The Wilson renormalization group is used here to investigate the critical behavior of several systems for which these generalized functionals can be constructed simply Of these, the itinerant ferromagnet is studied in greater detail The principal results of this investigation are (i) at zero temperature, in situations where the ordering is brought about by changing a coupling constant, the dimensionality which separates classical from nonclassical critical-exponent behavior is not 4, as is usually the case in classical statistics, but $4\ensuremath{-}z$ dimensions, where $z$ depends on the way the frequency enters the generalized free-energy functional When it does so in the same way that the wave vector does, as happens in the case of interacting magnetic excitons, the effective dimensionality is simply increased by 1; $z=1$ It need not appear in this fashion, however, and in the examples of itinerant antiferromagnetism and clean and dirty itinerant ferromagnetism, one finds $z=2, 3, \mathrm{and} 4$, respectively (ii) At finite temperatures, one finds that a classical statistical-mechanical description holds (and nonclassical exponents, for $dl4$) very close to the critical value of the coupling ${U}_{c}$, when $\frac{(U\ensuremath{-}{U}_{c})}{{U}_{c}}\ensuremath{\ll}{(\frac{T}{{U}_{c}})}^{\frac{2}{z}}$ $\frac{z}{2}$ is therefore the quantum-to-classical crossover exponent
1,738 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a combined capital asset pricing model and option pricing model is considered and then applied to the derivation of equity's value and its systematic risk and the effects of these properties on the securityholders of firms with less than perfect "me first" rules.
1,341 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of expectations in exchange rate determination and a direct observable measure of expectations is proposed, based on the information that is contained in data from the forward market for foreign exchange.
Abstract: This paper deals with the determinants of the exchange rate and develops a monetary view (or more generally, an asset view) of exchange rate determination. The first part traces some of the doctrinal origins of approaches to the analysis of equilibrium exchange rates. The second part examines some of the empirical hypotheses of the monetary approach as well as some features of the efficiency of the foreign exchange markets. Special emphasis is given to the role of expectations in exchange rate determination and a direct observable measure of expectations is proposed. The direct measure of expectations builds on the information that is contained in data from the forward market for foreign exchange. The empirical results are shown to be consistent with the hypotheses of the monetary approach.
1,281 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the structure and properties of active centers in lone-pair semiconductors, based on the possibility of unique bonding configurations which can arise from the presence of nonbonding orbitals, is presented.
Abstract: A model is presented for the structure and properties of active centers in lone-pair semiconductors, based on the possibility of unique bonding configurations which can arise from the presence of nonbonding orbitals. It is shown that the lowest-energy neutral center is unstable towards the creation of different positively and negatively charged centers, thus resulting in a negative effective correlation energy. These centers yield gap states which explain the unusual properties of lone-pair semiconductors.
1,088 citations
840 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This article showed that the costs of using the political process limit not only the size of the dominant group but also their gains, which is at one level, a detail which is the way Stigler treated it, but a detail with some important implications for entry into regulation and for the price-output structure that emerges from regulation.
Abstract: In previous literature, George Stigler asserts a law of diminishing returns to group size in politics: Beyond some point it becomes counterproductive to dilute the per capita transfer. Since the total transfer is endogenous, there is a corollary that dirninishing returns apply to the transfer as well, due both to the opposition provoked by the transfer and to the demand this opposition exerts on resources to quiet it. Stigler does not himself formalize this model, and my first task will be to do just this. My simplified formal version of his model produces a result to which Stigler gave only passing recognition, namely that the costs of using the political process limit not only the size of the dominant group but also their gains. This is at one level, a detail, which is the way Stigler treated it, but a detail with some important implications -- for entry into regulation, and for the price-output structure that emerges from regulation. The main task of the paper is to derive these implications from a generalization of Stigler's model.
745 citations
TL;DR: It appears that the deleterious effects of low temperatures during growth negate the advantages of possessing the C4 pathway in cooler habitats, and high minimum temperatures during the growing season have the strongest correlation with the relative abundance of C4 grass species in a regional flora.
Abstract: A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used in an attempt to correlate statistically the geographic patterns in the abundance of C4 grasses with patterns in climatic variables. The percent of grasses having the C4 pathway was computed for the total grass flora in twenty-seven widely spaced regions of North America. From long-term climatic records seasonal and annual values for solar irradiance, water supply, heat availability, and combinations of these variables were assigned to each of the twentyseven regions. The results of the analysis suggest that high minimum temperatures during the growing season have the strongest correlation with the relative abundance of C4 grass species in a regional flora. It appears that the deleterious effects of low temperatures during growth negate the advantages of possessing the C4 pathway in cooler habitats.
737 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that under very general circumstances coefficients in multiple regression models can be replaced with equal weights with almost no loss in accuracy on the original data sample, and that these equal weights will have greater robustness than least squares regression coefficients.
Abstract: It is proved that under very general circumstances coefficients in multiple regression models can be replaced with equal weights with almost no loss in accuracy on the original data sample. It is then shown that these equal weights will have greater robustness than least squares regression coefficients. The implications for problems of prediction are discussed. In the two decades since Meehl's (1954) book on the respective accuracy of clinical versus clerical prediction, little practical consequence has been observed. Diagnoses are still made by clinicians, not by clerks; college admissions are still done by committee, not by computer. This is true despite the considerable strength of Meehl's argument that humans are very poor at combining information optimally and that regression models evidently combine information rather well. These points were underlined in some recent work by Dawes and Corrigan (1974), in which they found again that human predictors do poorly when compared with regression models. Strikingly, they found that for some reason, linear models with random regression weights also do better than do humans. Even more striking, when all regression weights were set equal to one another they found still higher correlation with criterion on a validating sample. The obvious question here is Why? Is it because humans are so terrible at combining information that almost any rule works better, or is it some artifact of linear regression?
636 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a Galerkin method based on C0-piecewise-polynomial spaces was proposed and analyzed for elliptic and parabolic equations, where a penalty on the jump in the normal derivative across the interior edges of elements can produce an apparent stiffness intermediate between C0 and C1.
Abstract: Standard Galerkin methods based on C0-piecewise-polynomial spaces often can lead to unsatisfactory approximations of solutions of problems having dominant transport terms. A penalty on the jump in the normal derivative across the interior edges of elements can produce an apparent stiffness intermediate between C0 and C1, and such a method is proposed and analyzed for elliptic and parabolic equations.
TL;DR: The SPG method retains the high specific sensitivity for monoamines previously described in the original technique but is, in addition, more rapid and simple and is easily accessible as a research tool to investigators inexperienced in histofluorescence techniques.
Abstract: A modified approach of the glyoxylic acid (GA) condensation reaction for the visualization of biogenic amines in tissue is described. Cryostat sections are used from brain or extracerebral tissue in dog, monkey, rat and mouse and exposed for 3 s to a room temperature solution containing sucrose-potassium phosphate-glyoxylic acid (SPG). The tissues are air dried and heated in an oven for 5 min. The complete precessing time from fresh tissue to microscopic examineation takes 18 min. Morphologically sharp and brightly fluorescent monoamine-containing neurons, pre- and terminal axons are seen against a dark parenchymal background without drug pre-treatment. The SPG method retains the high specific sensitivity for monoamines previously described in the original technique but is, in addition, more rapid and simple and is easily accissible as a research tool to investigators inexperienced in histofluoresecence techniques.
TL;DR: Evidence has been obtained that a specific isomer of a diol epoxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene, (+/-)-7 beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo( a)pyene, is an intermediate in the binding of benzos(a).pyrene to RNA in cultured bovine bronchial mucosa.
Abstract: Evidence has been obtained that a specific isomer of a diol epoxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene, (+/-)-7 beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, is an intermediate in the binding of benzo(a)pyrene to RNA in cultured bovine bronchial mucosa. An adduct is formed between position 10 of this derivative and the 2-amino group of guanine.
TL;DR: In this article, a set of renormalization group recursion formulas which were proposed by Migdal are re-derived, reinterpreted, and critically analyzed, and a new interpretation which arises from these derivations indicates that Midgal's formulas are best understood as referring to systems in which the couplings are anisotropic.
TL;DR: The monetary approach as mentioned in this paper uses monetary rather than multiplier and market stability tools to introduce stocks as well as current expenditure flows into the adjustment process so that payments disequilibria are transitory and conditional on domestic monetary policy.
TL;DR: The authors reviewed existing research on household decision making in terms of three questions: (1) which family members are involved in economic decisions, (2) what is the nature of family decision processes, and (3) are decision outcomes affected by differences in family role structure and decision strategies.
Abstract: Existing research on household decision making is reviewed in terms of three questions: (1) Which family members are involved in economic decisions? (2) What is the nature of family decision processes? and (3) Are decision outcomes affected by differences in family role structure and decision strategies? Problem areas related to each of these questions are discussed, including an overemphasis on decision roles rather than processes and outcomes, noncomparable and insufficient measures of purchase influence, and marketing's preference for individual-based models of consumer behavior.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between vibrational population relaxation, loss of phase coherence, and the homogeneously broadened spontaneous polarized Raman linewidth is discussed, and a general equation relating there quantities is derived.
TL;DR: This paper describes a modification of the Simons and Van Horn (1971) procedure for rendering cartilage blue, bone red, and soft tissue translucent or transparent in whole vertebrate specimens, using formalin as a fixative.
Abstract: This paper describes a modification of the Simons and Van Horn (1971) procedure for rendering cartilage blue, bone red, and soft tissue translucent or transparent in whole vertebrate specimens. Alcian blue and alizarin red S are used to stain cartilage and bone respectively. In our procedure formalin is used as a fixative. This is a significant modification because formalin is the common fixative for museum specimens. This clearing and staining procedure is thus readily applicable to comparative studies in anatomy, embryology and systematic zoology.
TL;DR: A model for replication repair based on the process of branch migration explains the transient production of doubly substituted DNA within the first generation of incubation in bromodeoxyuridine and the appearance of four-pronged replication forks.
TL;DR: On the basis of 18O/16O and 17O/ 16O ratios, meteorites and planets can be grouped into at least six categories, as follows: (1) the terrestrial group, consisting of the earth, moon, differentiated meteorites, and enstatite chondrites; (2) types L and LL ordinary chondrite; (3) type H ordinary chonderes; (4) anhydrous minerals of C2, C3, C4 carbonaceous chondites; (5) hydrous matrix minerals of c2 carbonaceous
TL;DR: Magma mixing is a widespread, if not universal igneous phenomenon of variable importance as discussed by the authors, and the evidence for mixing is found primarily in glassy tephra; the consolidation of lava obscures the evidence.
TL;DR: Single-unit responses in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized, decerebrate cats have been divided into two categoreis on the basis of responses to best-frequency tones and it is suggested that type II/III responses are recorded from interneurons which provide a large share of the inhibitory imput to type IV cells.
Abstract: 1. Single-unit responses in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized, decerebrate cats have been divided into two categoreis. These have been differentiated on the basis of responses to best-f...
Book•
01 Jan 1976TL;DR: This paper presented a choice-theoretic analysis of the determination of the level of employment and the rate of inflation, and recast macroeconomic analysis in terms of a theory of exchange under non-market clearing conditions.
Abstract: This is a textbook on macroeconomic theory that attempts to rework the theory of macroeconomic relations through a re-examination of their microeconomic foundations. In the tradition of Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (published in 1936), and Patinkin's Money, Interest, and Prices, published in 1956 and revised in 1965, this book represents a third generation of macroeconomic theory. This book presents a comprehensive choice-theoretic analysis of the determination of the level of employment and the rate of inflation. A central feature of the book is the recasting of macroeconomic analysis in terms of a theory of exchange under non-market-clearing conditions. In addition, the analysis incorporates other aspects of the current reformulation of macroeconomic theory, including the relation between inflationary expectations, rates of return, and unemployment, the dynamics of aggregate demand, and the significance of incomplete information regarding the spatial distribution of wages and prices.
TL;DR: The data suggest that one or both of these compounds either have direct anticonvulsant effects or produce rapidly reversible changes in cerebral metabolism, which in turn affect cerebral excitability.
Abstract: Metabolic effects of a new ketogenic regimen in which ketonemia is induced by feeding of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are described, and comparisons are made with effects of the standard high fat ketogenic diet. Eighteen children maintained on the MCT diet for 3 months to 4 years failed to show elevations of serum cholesterol and had only a slight rise in serum total fatty acids, in contrast to the marked hyperlipidemia observed in children on the standard high fat diet. Long term use of the MCT diet did not affect pH of venous blood. Blood glucose fell below 50 mg/100 ml in one-third of the children, the lowest levels being reached 2--3 weeks after the start of the diet. Plasma D(--)-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate rose gradually after institution of diet therapy, maximum levels being reached after about 1 month. Higher levels of BHB and acetoacetate were achieved in children under the age of 10 years (BHB = 4.3 mM +/- 0.6 SEM, acetoacetate = 1.8 mM +/- 0.3 SEM) than in 10--18 year olds (BHB = 1.6 mM +/- 0.2 SEM, acetoacetate = 0.57 mM +/- 0.08 SEM). Plasma BHB and acetoacetate levels in children maintained on a 3:1 high fat diet were similar to those in children on a 60% MCT diet. Plasma levels of BHB showed a significant correlation with anticonvulsant effect (P less than 0.02). Both the ketonemia and the anticonvulsant action were reversed rapidly by intravenous infusion of glucose.
TL;DR: Findings imply a role for extracellular collagenous matrix in cell differentiation in rat diaphyseal bone formation and the onset and maintenance of erythropoiesis in the induced bone marrow were monitored by 59Fe incorporation into protein-bound heme.
Abstract: Transplantation of collagenous matrix from the rat diaphyseal bone to subcutaneous sites resulted in new bone formation by an endochondral sequence. Functional bone marrow develops within the newly formed ossicle. On day 1, the implanted matrix was a discrete conglomerate with fibrin clot and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. By day 3, the leukocytes disappeared, and this event was followed by migration and close apposition of fibroblast cell surface to the collagenous matrix. This initial matrix-membrane interaction culminated in differentiation of fibroblasts to chondroblasts and osteoblasts. The calcification of the hypertrophied chondrocytes and new bone formation were correlated with increased alkaline phosphatase activity and 45Ca incorporation. The ingrowth of capillaries on day 9 resulted in chondrolysis and osteogenesis. Further remodelling of bony trabeculae by osteoclasts resulted in an ossicle of cancellous bone. This was followed by emergence of extravascular islands of hemocytoblasts and their differentiation into functional bone marrow with erythropoietic and granulopoietic elements and megakaryocytes in the ossicle. The onset and maintenance of erythropoiesis in the induced bone marrow were monitored by 59Fe incorporation into protein-bound heme. These findings imply a role for extracellular collagenous matrix in cell differentiation.
TL;DR: Bone marrow chromosomes obtained from 50 of 55 consecutive adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were analyzed with quinacrine fluorescence and revealed the presence of nonrandom chromosome changes such as the addition of No. 8, the loss of No 7, and a gain or loss of one No. 21, which was very similar to that observed in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in the blast phase.
TL;DR: It was found that methamphetamine induced changes in regional brain catecholamines, some of which persisted even after the drug was discontinued, and both short and long-term changes in brain cate-cholamines were caused by prolonged administration of methampheta-mine.
TL;DR: Nine volunteer subjects were tested with intravenously administered cocaine hydrochloride in doses ranging from 4 to 32 mg, as well as dextroamphetamine sulfate, and generally parallel dose-effect functions were obtained for heart rate, blood pressure, Addiction Research Center Inventory scores, Profile of Mood Scales, and subject ratings.
Abstract: Nine volunteer subjects were tested with intravenously administered cocaine hydrochloride in doses ranging from 4 to 32 mg, as well as 10 mg of dextroamphetamine sulfate. Measures of cardiovascular and subjective effects were made. Generally parallel dose-effect functions were obtained for heart rate, blood pressure, Addiction Research Center Inventory scores, Profile of Mood Scales, and subject ratings. A substantial effect on each of these variables was recorded after 8 mg of cocaine. The increase continued and peaked at approximately 16 mg after which it usually leveled off. Ten milligrams of dextroamphetamine generally had an effect comparable to 8 to 16 mg of cocaine.
TL;DR: Application of the method to the estimation of DNA extracted with either 1 n KOH or 1 n PCA from monolayer cell cultures showed that fluorescence could still be developed satisfactorily in the presence of the alkali or acid without neutralizing or drying the sample, thus saving considerable time with no loss of accuracy or reproducibility of the assay.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the positions of 14 decarbonation reactions, experimentally determined or estimated, extending the petrogenetic grid to mantle pressures to evaluate the effect of CO2 on model mantle peridotite composed of forsterite(Fo)+orthopyroxene(Opx)+clinopyroxenes(Cpx), each reaction terminates at an invariant point involving a liquid, CO2, carbonates, and silicates.
Abstract: Bowen's petrogenetic grid was based initially on a series of decarbonation reactions in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2 with starting assemblages including calcite, dolomite, magnesite and quartz, and products including enstatite, forsterite, diopside and wollastonite. We review the positions of 14 decarbonation reactions, experimentally determined or estimated, extending the grid to mantle pressures to evaluate the effect of CO2 on model mantle peridotite composed of forsterite(Fo)+orthopyroxene(Opx)+clinopyroxene(Cpx). Each reaction terminates at an invariant point involving a liquid, CO2, carbonates, and silicates. The fusion curves for the mantle mineral assemblages in the presence of excess CO2 also terminate at these invariant points. The points are connected by a series of reactions involving liquidus relationships among the carbonates and mantle silicates, at temperatures lower (1,100–1,300° C) than the silicate-CO2 melting reactions (1,400–1,600° C). Review of experimental data in the bounding ternary systems together with preliminary data for the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2 permits construction of a partly schematic framework for decarbonation and melting reactions at upper mantle pressures. The key to several problems in the peridotite-CO2 subsystem is the intersection of a subsolidus carbonation reaction with a melting reaction at an invariant point near 24 kb and 1,200°C. There is an intricate series of reactions between 25 kb and 35 kb involving changes in silicate and carbonate phase fields on the CO2-saturated liquidus surfaces. Conclusions include the following: (1) Peridotite Fo+Opx+Cpx can be carbonated with increasing pressure, or decreasing temperature, to yield Fo+Opx+Cpx+Cd (Cd=calcic dolomite), Fo+Opx+Cd, Fo+Opx+Cm (Cm=calcic magnesite), and finally Qz+Cm. (2) Free CO2 cannot exist in subsolidus mantle peridotite with normal temperature distributions; it is stored as carbonate, Cd. (3) The CO2 bubbles in peridotite nodules do not represent free CO2 in mantle peridotite along normal geotherms. (4) CO2 is as effective as H2O in causing incipient melting, our preferred explanation for the low-velocity zone. (5) Fusion of peridotite with CO2 at depths shallower than 80 km produces basic magmas, becoming more SiO2-undersaturated with depth. (6) The solubility of CO2 in mantle magmas is less than about 5 wt% at depths to 80 km, increasing abruptly to about 40 wt% at 80 km and deeper. (7) Deeper than 80 km, the first liquids produced are carbonatitic, changing towards kimberlitic and eventually, at considerably higher temperatures, to basic magmas. (8) Kimberlite and carbonatite magmas rising from the asthenosphere must evolve CO2 at depths 100-80 km, which contributes to their explosive emplacement. (9) Fractional crystallization of CO2-bearing SiO2-undersaturated basic magmas at most pressures can yield residual kimberlite and carbonatite magmas.