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Showing papers by "University of Chicago published in 2007"


Journal ArticleDOI
18 Oct 2007-Nature
TL;DR: The Phase II HapMap is described, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25–35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed, and increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs is demonstrated.
Abstract: We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.

4,565 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A simple approach for accounting for genotypic ambiguity in studies of population structure and apply it to AFLP data from whitefish is presented.
Abstract: Dominant markers such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) provide an economical way of surveying variation at many loci. However, the uncertainty about the underlying genotypes presents a problem for statistical analysis. Similarly, the presence of null alleles and the limitations of genotype calling in polyploids mean that many conventional analysis methods are invalid for many organisms. Here we present a simple approach for accounting for genotypic ambiguity in studies of population structure and apply it to AFLP data from whitefish. The approach is implemented in the program structure version 2.2, which is available from http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/structure.html.

4,274 citations


Book
28 Oct 2007
TL;DR: Mathematical modeling of infectious dis-eases has progressed dramatically over the past 3 decades and continues to be a valuable tool at the nexus of mathematics, epidemiol-ogy, and infectious diseases research.
Abstract: By Matthew James Keelingand Pejman RohaniPrinceton, NJ: Princeton University Press,2008.408 pp., Illustrated. $65.00 (hardcover).Mathematical modeling of infectious dis-eases has progressed dramatically over thepast 3 decades and continues to flourishat the nexus of mathematics, epidemiol-ogy, and infectious diseases research. Nowrecognized as a valuable tool, mathemat-ical models are being integrated into thepublic health decision-making processmore than ever before. However, despiterapid advancements in this area, a formaltraining program for mathematical mod-eling is lacking, and there are very fewbooks suitable for a broad readership. Tosupport this bridging science, a commonlanguage that is understood in all con-tributing disciplines is required.

3,467 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
20 Apr 2007-Science
TL;DR: Findings establish de novo germline mutation as a more significant risk factor for ASD than previously recognized.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that de novo copy number variation (CNV) is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on the genomic DNA of patients and unaffected subjects to detect copy number variants not present in their respective parents. Candidate genomic regions were validated by higher-resolution CGH, paternity testing, cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and microsatellite genotyping. Confirmed de novo CNVs were significantly associated with autism (P = 0.0005). Such CNVs were identified in 12 out of 118 (10%) of patients with sporadic autism, in 2 out of 77 (3%) of patients with an affected first-degree relative, and in 2 out of 196 (1%) of controls. Most de novo CNVs were smaller than microscopic resolution. Affected genomic regions were highly heterogeneous and included mutations of single genes. These findings establish de novo germline mutation as a more significant risk factor for ASD than previously recognized.

2,770 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Sabeeha S. Merchant1, Simon E. Prochnik2, Olivier Vallon3, Elizabeth H. Harris4, Steven J. Karpowicz1, George B. Witman5, Astrid Terry2, Asaf Salamov2, Lillian K. Fritz-Laylin6, Laurence Maréchal-Drouard7, Wallace F. Marshall8, Liang-Hu Qu9, David R. Nelson10, Anton A. Sanderfoot11, Martin H. Spalding12, Vladimir V. Kapitonov13, Qinghu Ren, Patrick J. Ferris14, Erika Lindquist2, Harris Shapiro2, Susan Lucas2, Jane Grimwood15, Jeremy Schmutz15, Pierre Cardol3, Pierre Cardol16, Heriberto Cerutti17, Guillaume Chanfreau1, Chun-Long Chen9, Valérie Cognat7, Martin T. Croft18, Rachel M. Dent6, Susan K. Dutcher19, Emilio Fernández20, Hideya Fukuzawa21, David González-Ballester22, Diego González-Halphen23, Armin Hallmann, Marc Hanikenne16, Michael Hippler24, William Inwood6, Kamel Jabbari25, Ming Kalanon26, Richard Kuras3, Paul A. Lefebvre11, Stéphane D. Lemaire27, Alexey V. Lobanov17, Martin Lohr28, Andrea L Manuell29, Iris Meier30, Laurens Mets31, Maria Mittag32, Telsa M. Mittelmeier33, James V. Moroney34, Jeffrey L. Moseley22, Carolyn A. Napoli33, Aurora M. Nedelcu35, Krishna K. Niyogi6, Sergey V. Novoselov17, Ian T. Paulsen, Greg Pazour5, Saul Purton36, Jean-Philippe Ral7, Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón37, Wayne R. Riekhof, Linda A. Rymarquis38, Michael Schroda, David B. Stern39, James G. Umen14, Robert D. Willows40, Nedra F. Wilson41, Sara L. Zimmer39, Jens Allmer42, Janneke Balk18, Katerina Bisova43, Chong-Jian Chen9, Marek Eliáš44, Karla C Gendler33, Charles R. Hauser45, Mary Rose Lamb46, Heidi K. Ledford6, Joanne C. Long1, Jun Minagawa47, M. Dudley Page1, Junmin Pan48, Wirulda Pootakham22, Sanja Roje49, Annkatrin Rose50, Eric Stahlberg30, Aimee M. Terauchi1, Pinfen Yang51, Steven G. Ball7, Chris Bowler25, Carol L. Dieckmann33, Vadim N. Gladyshev17, Pamela J. Green38, Richard A. Jorgensen33, Stephen P. Mayfield29, Bernd Mueller-Roeber37, Sathish Rajamani30, Richard T. Sayre30, Peter Brokstein2, Inna Dubchak2, David Goodstein2, Leila Hornick2, Y. Wayne Huang2, Jinal Jhaveri2, Yigong Luo2, Diego Martinez2, Wing Chi Abby Ngau2, Bobby Otillar2, Alexander Poliakov2, Aaron Porter2, Lukasz Szajkowski2, Gregory Werner2, Kemin Zhou2, Igor V. Grigoriev2, Daniel S. Rokhsar2, Daniel S. Rokhsar6, Arthur R. Grossman22 
University of California, Los Angeles1, United States Department of Energy2, University of Paris3, Duke University4, University of Massachusetts Medical School5, University of California, Berkeley6, Centre national de la recherche scientifique7, University of California, San Francisco8, Sun Yat-sen University9, University of Tennessee Health Science Center10, University of Minnesota11, Iowa State University12, Genetic Information Research Institute13, Salk Institute for Biological Studies14, Stanford University15, University of Liège16, University of Nebraska–Lincoln17, University of Cambridge18, Washington University in St. Louis19, University of Córdoba (Spain)20, Kyoto University21, Carnegie Institution for Science22, National Autonomous University of Mexico23, University of Münster24, École Normale Supérieure25, University of Melbourne26, University of Paris-Sud27, University of Mainz28, Scripps Research Institute29, Ohio State University30, University of Chicago31, University of Jena32, University of Arizona33, Louisiana State University34, University of New Brunswick35, University College London36, University of Potsdam37, Delaware Biotechnology Institute38, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research39, Macquarie University40, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences41, İzmir University of Economics42, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic43, Charles University in Prague44, St. Edward's University45, University of Puget Sound46, Hokkaido University47, Tsinghua University48, Washington State University49, Appalachian State University50, Marquette University51
12 Oct 2007-Science
TL;DR: Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance the understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.
Abstract: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.

2,554 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Andrew G. Clark1, Michael B. Eisen2, Michael B. Eisen3, Douglas Smith  +426 moreInstitutions (70)
08 Nov 2007-Nature
TL;DR: These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution.
Abstract: Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species.

2,057 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Adalimumab was well-tolerated, with a safety profile consistent with previous experience with the drug, and was significantly more effective than placebo in maintaining remission in moderate to severe CD through 56 weeks.

2,028 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a model of polarized foreground emission that captures the large angular scale characteristics of the microwave sky and analyzed the 3-year full-sky maps of the polarization and cosmological implications.
Abstract: The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) has mapped the entire sky in five frequency bands between 23 and 94 GHz with polarization-sensitive radiometers. We present 3 year full-sky maps of the polarization and analyze them for foreground emission and cosmological implications. These observations open up a new window for understanding how the universe began and help set a foundation for future observations. WMAP observes significant levels of polarized foreground emission due to both Galactic synchrotron radiation and thermal dust emission. Synchrotron radiation is the dominant signal at l < 50 and ν 40 GHz, while thermal dust emission is evident at 94 GHz. The least contaminated channel is at 61 GHz. We present a model of polarized foreground emission that captures the large angular scale characteristics of the microwave sky. After applying a Galactic mask that cuts 25.7% of the sky, we show that the high Galactic latitude rms polarized foreground emission, averaged over l = 4-6, ranges from ≈5 μK at 22 GHz to 0.6 μK at 61 GHz. By comparison, the levels of intrinsic CMB polarization for a ΛCDM model with an optical depth of τ = 0.09 and assumed tensor-to-scalar ratio r = 0.3 are ≈0.3 μK for E-mode polarization and ≈0.1 μK for B-mode polarization. To analyze the maps for CMB polarization at l < 16, we subtract a model of the foreground emission that is based primarily on a scaling WMAP's 23 GHz map. In the foreground-corrected maps, we detect l(l + 1)C/2π = 0.086 ± 0.029 (μK)2. This is interpreted as the result of rescattering of the CMB by free electrons released during reionization at zr = 10.9 for a model with instantaneous reionization. By computing the likelihood of just the EE data as a function of τ we find τ = 0.10 ± 0.03. When the same EE data are used in the full six-parameter fit to all WMAP data (TT, TE, EE), we find τ = 0.09 ± 0.03. Marginalization over the foreground subtraction affects this value by δτ < 0.01. We see no evidence for B modes, limiting them to l(l + 1)C/2π = -0.04 ± 0.03 (μK)2. We perform a template fit to the E-mode and B-mode data with an approximate model for the tensor scalar ratio. We find that the limit from the polarization signals alone is r < 2.2 (95% CL), where r is evaluated at k = 0.002 Mpc-1. This corresponds to a limit on the cosmic density of gravitational waves of ΩGWh2 < 5 × 10-12. From the full WMAP analysis, we find r < 0.55 (95% CL) corresponding to a limit of ΩGWh2 < 1 × 10-12 (95% CL). The limit on r is approaching the upper bound of predictions for some of the simplest models of inflation, r ~ 0.3.

1,969 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A theory to explain when people are likely to anthropomorphize and when they are not is described, focused on three psychological determinants--the accessibility and applicability of anthropocentric knowledge, the motivation to explain and understand the behavior of other agents, and the desire for social contact and affiliation.
Abstract: Anthropomorphism describes the tendency to imbue the real or imagined behavior of nonhuman agents with humanlike characteristics, motivations, intentions, or emotions. Although surprisingly common, anthropomorphism is not invariant. This article describes a theory to explain when people are likely to anthropomorphize and when they are not, focused on three psychological determinants--the accessibility and applicability of anthropocentric knowledge (elicited agent knowledge), the motivation to explain and understand the behavior of other agents (effectance motivation), and the desire for social contact and affiliation (sociality motivation). This theory predicts that people are more likely to anthropomorphize when anthropocentric knowledge is accessible and applicable, when motivated to be effective social agents, and when lacking a sense of social connection to other humans. These factors help to explain why anthropomorphism is so variable; organize diverse research; and offer testable predictions about dispositional, situational, developmental, and cultural influences on anthropomorphism. Discussion addresses extensions of this theory into the specific psychological processes underlying anthropomorphism, applications of this theory into robotics and human-computer interaction, and the insights offered by this theory into the inverse process of dehumanization.

1,960 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors build a model in which the choices that individuals make depend not just on financial implications, but also on the nature and extent of scrutiny by others, the particular context in which a decision is embedded, and the manner in which participants and tasks are selected.
Abstract: A critical question facing experimental economists is whether behavior inside the laboratory is a good indicator of behavior outside the laboratory. To address that question, we build a model in which the choices that individuals make depend not just on financial implications, but also on the nature and extent of scrutiny by others, the particular context in which a decision is embedded, and the manner in which participants and tasks are selected. We present empirical evidence demonstrating the importance of these various factors. To the extent that lab and naturally occurring environments systematically differ on any of these dimensions, the results obtained inside and outside the lab need not correspond. Focusing on experiments designed to measure social preferences, we discuss the extent to which the existing laboratory results generalize to naturally-occurring markets. We summarize cases where the lab may understate the importance of social preferences as well as instances in which the lab might exaggerate their importance. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of interpreting laboratory and field data through the lens of theory.

1,912 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cunha and Heckman as mentioned in this paper discuss the technology of skill formation, report,ChicagoAmerican Economic Association,2007.May 7, 2007, pp. 17-20, p.
Abstract: Flavio Cunha; James Heckman.May, 2007.The technology of skill formation,Report,ChicagoAmerican Economic Association,17

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Men and women who rated their health as being poor were less likely to be sexually active and, among respondents who were sexually active, were more likely to reportSexual problems are frequent among older adults, but these problems are infrequently discussed with physicians.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Despite the aging of the population, little is known about the sexual behaviors and sexual function of older people. METHODS We report the prevalence of sexual activity, behaviors, and problems in a national probability sample of 3005 U.S. adults (1550 women and 1455 men) 57 to 85 years of age, and we describe the association of these variables with age and health status. RESULTS The unweighted survey response rate for this probability sample was 74.8%, and the weighted response rate was 75.5%. The prevalence of sexual activity declined with age (73% among respondents who were 57 to 64 years of age, 53% among respondents who were 65 to 74 years of age, and 26% among respondents who were 75 to 85 years of age); women were significantly less likely than men at all ages to report sexual activity. Among respondents who were sexually active, about half of both men and women reported at least one bothersome sexual problem. The most prevalent sexual problems among women were low desire (43%), difficulty with vaginal lubrication (39%), and inability to climax (34%). Among men, the most prevalent sexual problems were erectile difficulties (37%). Fourteen percent of all men reported using medication or supplements to improve sexual function. Men and women who rated their health as being poor were less likely to be sexually active and, among respondents who were sexually active, were more likely to report sexual problems. A total of 38% of men and 22% of women reported having discussed sex with a physician since the age of 50 years. CONCLUSIONS Many older adults are sexually active. Women are less likely than men to have a spousal or other intimate relationship and to be sexually active. Sexual problems are frequent among older adults, but these problems are infrequently discussed with physicians.

Journal ArticleDOI
Pardis C. Sabeti1, Pardis C. Sabeti2, Patrick Varilly2, Patrick Varilly1  +255 moreInstitutions (50)
18 Oct 2007-Nature
TL;DR: ‘Long-range haplotype’ methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population are developed.
Abstract: With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that ATG16L1 is expressed in intestinal epithelial cell lines and that functional knockdown of this gene abrogates autophagy of Salmonella typhimurium, and these findings suggest thatAutophagy and host cell responses to intracellular microbes are involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn disease.
Abstract: We present a genome-wide association study of ileal Crohn disease and two independent replication studies that identify several new regions of association to Crohn disease. Specifically, in addition to the previously established CARD15 and IL23R associations, we identified strong and significantly replicated associations (combined P < 10(-10)) with an intergenic region on 10q21.1 and a coding variant in ATG16L1, the latter of which was also recently reported by another group. We also report strong associations with independent replication to variation in the genomic regions encoding PHOX2B, NCF4 and a predicted gene on 16q24.1 (FAM92B). Finally, we demonstrate that ATG16L1 is expressed in intestinal epithelial cell lines and that functional knockdown of this gene abrogates autophagy of Salmonella typhimurium. Together, these findings suggest that autophagy and host cell responses to intracellular microbes are involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For constructive personality change to occur, it is necessary that these conditions exist and continue over a period of time: two persons are in psychological contact.
Abstract: This reprinted article originally appeared in Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1957(Apr), Vol 21(2), 95-103. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1959-00842-001.) "For constructive personality change to occur, it is necessary that these conditions exist and continue over a period of time: (1) Two persons are in psychological contact. (2) The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. (3) The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. (4) The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. (5) The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. (6) The communication to the client of the therapist's empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study a class of metric-variation models that accelerates the expansion without a cosmological constant and satisfies both cosmologically and solar-system tests in the small-field limit of the parameter space.
Abstract: We study a class of metric-variation $f(R)$ models that accelerates the expansion without a cosmological constant and satisfies both cosmological and solar-system tests in the small-field limit of the parameter space. Solar-system tests alone place only weak bounds on these models, since the additional scalar degree of freedom is locked to the high-curvature general-relativistic prediction across more than 25 orders of magnitude in density, out through the solar corona. This agreement requires that the galactic halo be of sufficient extent to maintain the galaxy at high curvature in the presence of the low-curvature cosmological background. If the galactic halo and local environment in $f(R)$ models do not have substantially deeper potentials than expected in $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$, then cosmological field amplitudes $|{f}_{R}|\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ will cause the galactic interior to evolve to low curvature during the acceleration epoch. Viability of large-deviation models therefore rests on the structure and evolution of the galactic halo, requiring cosmological simulations of $f(R)$ models, and not directly on solar-system tests. Even small deviations that conservatively satisfy both galactic and solar-system constraints can still be tested by future, percent-level measurements of the linear power spectrum, while they remain undetectable to cosmological-distance measures. Although we illustrate these effects in a specific class of models, the requirements on $f(R)$ are phrased in a nearly model-independent manner.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine whether and how accounting information about a firm manifests in its cost of capital, despite the forces of diversification, and demonstrate that the quality of accounting information can influence the costs of capital.
Abstract: In this paper we examine whether and how accounting information about a firm manifests in its cost of capital, despite the forces of diversification. We build a model that is consistent with the Capital Asset Pricing Model and explicitly allows for multiple securities whose cash flows are correlated. We demonstrate that the quality of accounting information can influence the cost of capital, both directly and indirectly. The direct effect occurs because higher quality disclosures affect the firm's assessed covariances with other firms' cash flows, which is nondiversifiable. The indirect effect occurs because higher quality disclosures affect a firm's real decisions, which likely changes the firm's ratio of the expected future cash flows to the covariance of these cash flows with the sum of all the cash flows in the market. We show that this effect can go in either direction, but also derive conditions under which an increase in information quality leads to an unambiguous decline in the cost of capital.

Journal ArticleDOI
Kunio Doi1
TL;DR: The motivation and philosophy for early development of CAD schemes are presented together with the current status and future potential of CAD in a PACS environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Planning for psychometric testing through design and reducing nonrandom error in measurement will add to the reliability and validity of instruments and increase the strength of study findings.
Abstract: Purpose: To review the concepts of reliability and validity, provide examples of how the concepts have been used in nursing research, provide guidance for improving the psychometric soundness of instruments, and report suggestions from editors of nursing journals for incorporating psychometric data into manuscripts. Methods: CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases were searched using key words: validity, reliability, and psychometrics. Nursing research articles were eligible for inclusion if they were published in the last 5 years, quantitative methods were used, and statistical evidence of psychometric properties were reported. Reports of strong psychometric properties of instruments were identified as well as those with little supporting evidence of psychometric soundness. Findings: Reports frequently indicated content validity but sometimes the studies had fewer than five experts for review. Criterion validity was rarely reported and errors in the measurement of the criterion were identified. Construct validity remains underreported. Most reports indicated internal consistency reliability (α) but few reports included reliability testing for stability. When retest reliability was asserted, time intervals and correlations were frequently not included. Conclusions: Planning for psychometric testing through design and reducing nonrandom error in measurement will add to the reliability and validity of instruments and increase the strength of study findings. Underreporting of validity might occur because of small sample size, poor design, or lack of resources. Lack of information on psychometric properties and misapplication of psychometric testing is common in the literature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two major hypotheses for the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient are reviewed, including the time and area hypothesis and the diversification rate hypothesis, which hold that tropical regions diversify faster due to higher rates of speciation, or due to lower extinction rates.
Abstract: A latitudinal gradient in biodiversity has existed since before the time of the dinosaurs, yet how and why this gradient arose remains unresolved. Here we review two major hypotheses for the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient. The time and area hypothesis holds that tropical climates are older and historically larger, allowing more opportunity for diversification. This hypothesis is supported by observations that temperate taxa are often younger than, and nested within, tropical taxa, and that diversity is positively correlated with the age and area of geographical regions. The diversification rate hypothesis holds that tropical regions diversify faster due to higher rates of speciation (caused by increased opportunities for the evolution of reproductive isolation, or faster molecular evolution, or the increased importance of biotic interactions), or due to lower extinction rates. There is phylogenetic evidence for higher rates of diversification in tropical clades, and palaeontological data demonstrate higher rates of origination for tropical taxa, but mixed evidence for latitudinal differences in extinction rates. Studies of latitudinal variation in incipient speciation also suggest faster speciation in the tropics. Distinguishing the roles of history, speciation and extinction in the origin of the latitudinal gradient represents a major challenge to future research.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a theory of demand for insurance that emphasizes the interaction between market insurance, self-insurance, and self-protection, and analyzed the effects of changes in prices, income, and other variables on the demand for these alternative forms of insurance.
Abstract: The article develops a theory of demand for insurance that emphasizes the interaction between market insurance, self-insurance, and self- rotection. The effects of changes in prices, income, and other variables on the demand for these alternative forms of insurance are analyzed using the state preference approach to behavior under uncertainty. Market insurance and self-insurance are shown to be substitutes, but market insurance and self-protection can be complements. The analysis challenges the notion that moral hazard is an inevitable consequence of market insurance, by showing that under certain conditions the latter may lead to a reduction in the probabilities of hazardous events.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preclinical data that has clinical relevance generated over the past five years of platinating agents, including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are focused on.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A genotype-phenotype association study in Tanzanians, Kenyans and Sudanese and identified three SNPs that are associated with lactase persistence and that have derived alleles that significantly enhance transcription from the LCT promoter in vitro, providing a marked example of convergent evolution due to strong selective pressure resulting from shared cultural traits.
Abstract: A SNP in the gene encoding lactase (LCT) (C/T-13910) is associated with the ability to digest milk as adults (lactase persistence) in Europeans, but the genetic basis of lactase persistence in Africans was previously unknown. We conducted a genotype-phenotype association study in 470

Journal ArticleDOI
Peter Szatmari1, Andrew D. Paterson2, Lonnie Zwaigenbaum1, Wendy Roberts2, Jessica Brian2, Xiao-Qing Liu2, John B. Vincent2, Jennifer Skaug2, Ann P. Thompson1, Lili Senman2, Lars Feuk2, Cheng Qian2, Susan E. Bryson3, Marshall B. Jones4, Christian R. Marshall2, Stephen W. Scherer2, Veronica J. Vieland5, Christopher W. Bartlett5, La Vonne Mangin5, Rhinda Goedken6, Alberto M. Segre6, Margaret A. Pericak-Vance7, Michael L. Cuccaro7, John R. Gilbert7, Harry H. Wright8, Ruth K. Abramson8, Catalina Betancur9, Thomas Bourgeron10, Christopher Gillberg11, Marion Leboyer9, Joseph D. Buxbaum12, Kenneth L. Davis12, Eric Hollander12, Jeremy M. Silverman12, Joachim Hallmayer13, Linda Lotspeich13, James S. Sutcliffe14, Jonathan L. Haines14, Susan E. Folstein15, Joseph Piven16, Thomas H. Wassink6, Val C. Sheffield6, Daniel H. Geschwind17, Maja Bucan18, W. Ted Brown, Rita M. Cantor17, John N. Constantino19, T. Conrad Gilliam20, Martha R. Herbert21, Clara Lajonchere17, David H. Ledbetter22, Christa Lese-Martin22, Janet Miller17, Stan F. Nelson17, Carol A. Samango-Sprouse23, Sarah J. Spence17, Matthew W. State24, Rudolph E. Tanzi21, Hilary Coon25, Geraldine Dawson26, Bernie Devlin27, Annette Estes26, Pamela Flodman28, Lambertus Klei27, William M. McMahon25, Nancy J. Minshew27, Jeff Munson26, Elena Korvatska26, Elena Korvatska29, Patricia M. Rodier30, Gerard D. Schellenberg29, Gerard D. Schellenberg26, Moyra Smith28, M. Anne Spence28, Christopher J. Stodgell30, Ping Guo Tepper, Ellen M. Wijsman26, Chang En Yu29, Chang En Yu26, Bernadette Rogé31, Carine Mantoulan31, Kerstin Wittemeyer31, Annemarie Poustka32, Bärbel Felder32, Sabine M. Klauck32, Claudia Schuster32, Fritz Poustka33, Sven Bölte33, Sabine Feineis-Matthews33, Evelyn Herbrecht33, Gabi Schmötzer33, John Tsiantis34, Katerina Papanikolaou34, Elena Maestrini35, Elena Bacchelli35, Francesca Blasi35, Simona Carone35, Claudio Toma35, Herman van Engeland36, Maretha de Jonge36, Chantal Kemner36, Frederike Koop36, Marjolijn Langemeijer36, Channa Hijimans36, Wouter G. Staal36, Gillian Baird37, Patrick Bolton38, Michael Rutter38, Emma Weisblatt39, Jonathan Green40, Catherine Aldred40, Julie Anne Wilkinson40, Andrew Pickles40, Ann Le Couteur41, Tom Berney41, Helen McConachie41, Anthony J. Bailey42, Kostas Francis42, Gemma Honeyman42, Aislinn Hutchinson42, Jeremy R. Parr42, Simon Wallace42, Anthony P. Monaco42, Gabrielle Barnby42, Kazuhiro Kobayashi42, Janine A. Lamb42, Inês Sousa42, Nuala Sykes42, Edwin H. Cook43, Stephen J. Guter43, Bennett L. Leventhal43, Jeff Salt43, Catherine Lord44, Christina Corsello44, Vanessa Hus44, Daniel E. Weeks27, Fred R. Volkmar24, Maïté Tauber45, Eric Fombonne46, Andy Shih47 
TL;DR: Linkage and copy number variation analyses implicate chromosome 11p12–p13 and neurexins, respectively, among other candidate loci, highlighting glutamate-related genes as promising candidates for contributing to ASDs.
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are common, heritable neurodevelopmental conditions. The genetic architecture of ASDs is complex, requiring large samples to overcome heterogeneity. Here we broaden coverage and sample size relative to other studies of ASDs by using Affymetrix 10K SNP arrays and 1,181 [corrected] families with at least two affected individuals, performing the largest linkage scan to date while also analyzing copy number variation in these families. Linkage and copy number variation analyses implicate chromosome 11p12-p13 and neurexins, respectively, among other candidate loci. Neurexins team with previously implicated neuroligins for glutamatergic synaptogenesis, highlighting glutamate-related genes as promising candidates for contributing to ASDs.

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13 Apr 2007-Science
TL;DR: The genome sequence of an Indian-origin Macaca mulatta female is determined and compared with chimpanzees and humans to reveal the structure of ancestral primate genomes and to identify evidence for positive selection and lineage-specific expansions and contractions of gene families.
Abstract: The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is an abundant primate species that diverged from the ancestors of Homo sapiens about 25 million years ago. Because they are genetically and physiologically similar to humans, rhesus monkeys are the most widely used nonhuman primate in basic and applied biomedical research. We determined the genome sequence of an Indian-origin Macaca mulatta female and compared the data with chimpanzees and humans to reveal the structure of ancestral primate genomes and to identify evidence for positive selection and lineage-specific expansions and contractions of gene families. A comparison of sequences from individual animals was used to investigate their underlying genetic diversity. The complete description of the macaque genome blueprint enhances the utility of this animal model for biomedical research and improves our understanding of the basic biology of the species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a new explanation to the limited stock market participation puzzle: less trusting individuals are less likely to buy stock and, conditional on buying stock, they will buy less.
Abstract: We provide a new explanation to the limited stock market participation puzzle. In deciding whether to buy stocks, investors factor in the risk of being cheated. The perception of this risk is a function not only of the objective characteristics of the stock, but also of the subjective characteristics of the investor. Less trusting individuals are less likely to buy stock and, conditional on buying stock, they will buy less. The calibration of the model shows that this problem is sufficiently severe to account for the lack of participation of some of the richest investors in the United States as well as for differences in the rate of participation across countries. We also find evidence consistent with these propositions in Dutch and Italian micro data, as well as in cross country data.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a productivity argument for investing in disadvantaged young children and show that there is no equity-efficiency trade-off for such investment, for any investment.
Abstract: This paper presents a productivity argument for investing in disadvantaged young children. For such investment, there is no equity-efficiency tradeoff.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Posted Content
TL;DR: This article used micro data on manufacturing establishments to quantify the potential extent of misallocation in China and India compared to the U.S. They measured sizable gaps in marginal products of labor and capital across plants within narrowly-defined industries in both countries.
Abstract: Resource misallocation can lower aggregate total factor productivity (TFP). We use micro data on manufacturing establishments to quantify the potential extent of misallocation in China and India compared to the U.S. Compared to the U.S., we measure sizable gaps in marginal products of labor and capital across plants within narrowly-defined industries in China and India. When capital and labor are hypothetically reallocated to equalize marginal products to the extent observed in the U.S., we calculate manufacturing TFP gains of 30-50% in China and 40-60% in India.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although no single mouse model recapitulated all the expression features of a given human subtype, these shared expression features provide a common framework for an improved integration of murine mammary tumor models with human breast tumors.
Abstract: Background Although numerous mouse models of breast carcinomas have been developed, we do not know the extent to which any faithfully represent clinically significant human phenotypes To address this need, we characterized mammary tumor gene expression profiles from 13 different murine models using DNA microarrays and compared the resulting data to those from human breast tumors

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present article reviews the current evidence in support of these three mechanisms that might link short sleep and increased obesity and diabetes risk.