Showing papers by "University of Colorado Colorado Springs published in 1979"

A Clarification of the Goal Setting And Appraisal Processes in MBO

Abstract: Under the guise of Management by Objectives, "goal setting" and "performance appraisal" have assumed many different shapes and purposes. To clarify the concept of MBO, this review examines the writings of leading MBO experts, extracts those elements common to their respective definitions of goal setting and performance appraisal, and joins them into a single definition of MBO.

Vegetation and floral colors revealed by ultraviolet light: interpretational difficulties for functional significance

Abstract: The importance of measuring floral colors as insects might see them is often ignored. Ultraviolet, only one of the wavebands visible to insects, is often recorded in vacuo, without reference to the insect visual spectrum, without quantification, and without reference to background coloration and ambient lighting. Such oversights may lead to serious errors in interpreting the functional significance of floral colors and color patterns. VISUALLY conspicuous floral characteristics, such as colors, sizes, and motion are especially important for long-distance discrimination of flowers by their pollinators. Floral colors as insects might see them must be considered with their contrast to their backgrounds, e.g., soils, vegetation, and sky. Unfortunately, many recent studies of UV reflections from plant parts (especially flowers) are unquantified and the discussions misleading, especially as they consider UV without reference to other primary colors for insects. Insects with color vision, especially bees, show trichromaticity (Goldsmith and Bernard, 1974). Hence, it is not fully meaningful to consider any insect primary color, e.g., UV, in vacuo. Observations made through a UV transmitting filter are open to interpretational errors. To illustrate the problem I will borrow from human trichromatic color vision, and for an example I will consider blue, the shortest waveband primary for humans and thus analogous to UV for insects (Kevan, 1972, 1978). Consider viewing or photographing the following through a blue transmitting filter: 1) a bright blue object on white background-no contrast will be visible, both object and background will be bright; 2) a bright blue object on a green background-contrast will be visible, the object will appear bright and the background dark; 3) a yellow, green, or red object on a white or blue background-contrast will be visible, the object will appear dark and the background bright; and 4) a yellow or green object on a red 1 Received for publication 5 September 1978; revision ac

Patterns of Change in Prisonization A Longitudinal Analysis

Abstract: Research on prisonization has traditionally analyzed cross-sectional data testing either the importation or deprivation model. This investigation incorporates a longitudinal research design to anal...

Film fastening system

Abstract: A fastening system for attaching a flexible sheet or cover such as a polyethylene film sheet to a structure comprising a rigid channel which extends along the line where the sheet is to be fastened and attached to the structure, and a plastic lock strip that inserts into the channel and will retain the film relative to the channel. The plastic lock strip includes a spring means that will continuously urge the lock strip into a detent holding position with respect to the channel to insure that this film is held securely even under situations where there is little tension in the sheet or film. The features further include a pinching type detent that increases the holding force for any given tension in the plastic sheet.

Method for reducing color impurities in sugar-containing syrups

Abstract: A method for reducing color impurities in sugar-containing syrups. First, hydrogen peroxide is added to the syrup and mixed with it. Following that, a suitable cationic surfactant is added, ahd there is further mixing. After that, a suitable defecant is added, such as a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate, which react with each other to form calcium carbonate in the sugar solution. Activated vegetable carbon and diatomaceous earth are added and mixed. Then the solids are filtered out to obtain a purified sugar solution which may be used directly or may be inverted, as by conventional acid treatment, and then used.

Design Considerations in Class D MOS Power Amplifiers

Abstract: The theory and design of high-efficiency Class D (Switching Mode) power amplifiers incorporating MOS power transistors are considered in this paper. Class D amplifiers suitable for servo, audio, and general purpose industrial applications are presented. Feedback techniques in Class D amplifiers are also examined.

Aircraft collision avoidance system

Abstract: The system provides each equipped given aircraft (10) with an indication of the presence of a similarly equipped intruder aircraft. Various zones are established about the given and intruder crafts and the indication provided tells each pilot when two of these zones overlap. The zones are established by positioning a plurality of transmit/receive antennae (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22) about the body of each craft. The dispersion angle and range of each antenna defines a separate one of the zones. Each antenna transmits a signal coded to indicate the location of its zone upon its respective aircraft, and is equipped to receive similarly coded signals transmitted by the other aircraft. These signals are decoded to give an indication of the zone of the intruder aircraft nearest the zone defined by the receiving antenna of the given aircraft. This information is displayed on a cockpit mounted display panel (45) to provide an imminent collision warning which also shows the relative positions of the two aircrafts. Transmitters can also be mounted on mountain peaks or other obstacles to indicate their presence to any aircraft in dangerous proximity thereto.

Effect of growth condition on enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris

Abstract: The enzymes of the citric acid and glyoxylate cycles as well as RuBP1 carboxylase were measured in cell-free extracts from Rhodopseudomonas palustris after growth under chemoheterotrophic, photoheterotrophic and photolithotrophic conditions. Although the citric acid cycle was found to be complete under all growth conditions, significant differences in certain enzyme activities occurred as a function of the different energy sources applied. The glyoxylate cycle also was complete under all growth conditions with highest isocitrate lyase activity seen after photoheterotrophic growth on acetate. Photo- and chemoheterotrophic growth on malate reduced the isocitrate lyase. The activity was not repressed further by photolithotrophic growth on thiosulfate. RuBP carboxylase activity, present under photolithotrophic conditions, was repressed by chemoheterotrophic growth but was not decreased by the presence of organic substrates during photoheterotrophic growth.

Transient Heat Conduction from Buried Underground Radioactive Nuclear Waste

Abstract: An exact analytical solution for transient heat conduction in the ground from buried radioactive nuclear waste has been derived. The heat sources are assumed to be an array of arbitrarily located point sources in an infinite ground. The solution accounts for orthotropic thermal conductivity effects in three dimensions and for the timevarying nature of the heat generation rate of each source due to radioactive decay. Owing to the point source nature of the assumed heat sources, the solution derived is valid only at intermediateand far-field distances from real finite-size sources. Numerical results are presented for several typical waste repository situations in shale, salt, and basalt.

Autoclave vs. 85°C/85% R. H. Testing - A Comparison

Abstract: The wide use of plastic encapsulated MOS-LSI integrated circuits (IC) has aroused much concern regarding moisture integrity testing. This paper discusses the results of both unbiased autoclave testing and 85°C/85% R.H. testing. Comparisons are made based on failure rate data, and a heuristic acceleration factor is determined.

Advocacy and rehabilitation in women's prisons

Abstract: The effect of legal aid on disadvantaged groups and particularly on prison inmates has rarely been investigated. The few existing studies suggest it has a more systematically positive effect than other prison services. This paper examines this effect on women inmates and finds that the provision of legal services seems to promote rehabilitation.

The rotational motion of an earth orbiting gyroscope according to the Einstein theory of general relativity

Abstract: The classical Poisson equations of rotational motion are used to study the attitude motions of an earth orbiting, rapidly spinning gyroscope perturbed by the effects of general relativity (Einstein theory). The center of mass of the gyroscope is assumed to move about a rotating oblate earth in an evolving elliptic orbit which includes all first-order oblateness effects produced by the earth. A method of averaging is used to obtain a transformation of variables, for the nonresonance case, which significantly simplifies the Poisson differential equations of motion of the gyroscope. Long-term solutions are obtained by an exact analytical integration of the simplified transformed equations. These solutions may be used to predict both the orientation of the gyroscope and the motion of its rotational angular momentum vector as viewed from its center of mass. The results are valid for all eccentricities and all inclinations not near the critical inclination.

Voyager Design and Flight Loads Comparison

Abstract: Estimates of flight loads for Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are summarized. These member loads are obtained by using the measured flight accelerations at the launch vehicle/spacecraft interface as forcing functions for the Voyager mathematical model. The flight loads are compared to the Voyager design loads obtained from the shock spectra/impedance method and to the loads obtained using space vehicle transient loads analysis. Finally, based on these data, an assessment of the shock spectra/impedance loads method used for Voyager is presented. N the late summer of 1977, two spacecraft, Voyager A and B (later redesignated as Voyager 2 and Voyager 1, respectively) were successfully launched by the Titan-Centaur launch vehicle to begin their journeys to the planets Jupiter and Saturn. The slower Voyager 2, launched first, may be targeted on past Saturn to explore Uranus. During the powered flight of the Voyager space vehicle, the accelerations at the interface between the spacecraft and the launch vehicle were recorded as a function of time. Applying these interface accelerations to the base of the spacecraft structural model, the member loads can be evaluated. The member loads obtained by this method represent best estimates of the actual loads experienced by the spacecraft during the powered flight. In the context of this report these loads will be referred to as flight loads. The comparison of the flight loads to the design loads is the subject of this report. Such a comparison allows the evaluation of the loads methodology used to design the Voyager spacecraft and should prove valuable for future projects. The methodology for the establishment of spacecraft loads is strongly influenced by project constraints which include the cost, schedule, and allowable weight. The most rigorous approach is the transient loads analysis, which requires a composite mathematical model of the spacecraft and launch vehicle. The structural member loads for the entire composite structure are computed by applying the forcing functions, which represent various dynamic environments during the mission, to the composite model. Although this method, which was used to design the Viking Orbiter spacecraft,1'2 ideally leads to a lightweight design, it is costly and time consuming due to complex interfaces involving many organizations. To reduce complexity and cost, a shock spectra/impedance method 3 was used to design the Voyager spacecraft structural system. This method utilizes envelopes of shock spectra of launch vehicle accelerations obtained

If Cities are So Great, Why are People Leaving? A Reply to Schaeffer:

Abstract: Dear Sir, In my paper (Tregarthen, 1977) in this journal I noted the possibility that an increase in agglomeration economies could induce individuals to migrate to smaller cities from larger ones. Schaeffer's (1979) comment suggests that this possibility is based on an inappropriate specification of agglomeration economies, and that, when correctly specified, an increase in agglomeration economies cannot yield the result I proposed. This objection is unfounded. Any reasonable specification of agglomeration economies—including Schaeffer's—will yield the result I suggested. Schaeffer considers an increase in agglomeration economies for all cities with populations greater than some arbitrary number Cp. For individuals already living in cities (or a city) of size Cp, of course, this would not induce migration to smaller cities in which incomes had not increased. But Schaeffer ignores all the people living in cities larger than Cp. As is shown in figure 1, which employs Schaeffer's broken agglomeration line OP A', these individuals may move to smaller cities as a result of increased agglomeration economies. It is not possible that, for all individuals, agglomeration economies increase only in cities larger than their own. Specifying alternative graphical representations of changes in agglomeration economies is a game any number can play, and I will leave it to interested readers to play it. Whether one selects a linear representation with a positive or zero vertical intercept, a more likely concave function, or even a convex function, an upward shift or rotation will always have the possible effect of inducing people to move to smaller cities. Alternatively, of course, such a change could induce migration to larger cities, depending on the relative strengths of the income and substitution effects. The question of how a change in agglomeration economies affects the choice of city size is thus an empirical one, as Vining (1977) suggested in his comment on my paper. The fact that my model predicts that increased agglomeration will cause people to (a) move to smaller cities, (b) move to larger cities, or (c) not move at all is not as troubling as Vining implied—we all have to live with the ambiguity of some theoretical results. After all, the theory of demand, one of the most well-developed areas of economic analysis, confidently asserts that an increase in the price of

Fibroxanthosarcoma of the head and neck.

Abstract: Fibroxanthosarcoma is a variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma probably derived from the primitive tissue histiocyte. It occurs rarely in the head and neck. This lesion may be confused with the benign atypical fibroxanthoma. However, newer histologic criteria may allow definitive differential diagnosis which is important because of the agressive biologic behavior of fibroxanthosarcoma. Aggressive initial surgery with a consideration of regional lymphadenopathy offers the best chance for cure.

Observing Preferences for Educational Quality: The Weak Complementarity Approach

Abstract: This paper applies the weak complementarity approach to the problem of estimating the demand for school quality and other local public goods. Using the same data used by Oates (1969) in his classic study, a demand function for housing is estimated, from which the efficient relative levels of public goods provision are computed. The statistical problems involved in estimating a housing demand function from cross-section data are discussed.

Testicular Perfusion Imaging

Abstract: Testicular imaging is a simple and noninvasive procedure used to study the vascular perfusion of the testicles. It is a reliable method for diagnosis of testicular torsion and inflammatory processes such as epididymitis. Using a wide-field-ofview scintillation camera with a parallel hole collimator, a dynamic flow study and static images are obtained following a bolus injection of r 9mTc] sodium pertechnetate.