Showing papers by "University of Colorado Colorado Springs published in 1987"

Self-regulatory perseveration and the depressive self-focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression.

Abstract: In this article, we apply theory and research on self-focused attention and self-regulatory processes to the problem of depression and use this framework to integrate the roles played by a variety of psychological processes emphasized by other theories of the development and maintenance of depression. We propose that depression occurs after the loss of an important source of self-worth when an individual becomes stuck in a self-regulatory cycle in which no responses to reduce the discrepancy between actual and desired states are available. Consequently, the individual falls into a pattern of virtually constant self-focus, resulting in intensified negative affect, self-derogation, further negative outcomes, and a depressive self-focusing style in which he or she self-focuses a great deal after negative outcomes but very little after positive outcomes. Eventually, these factors lead to a negative self-image, which may take on value by providing an explanation for the individual's plight and by helping the individual avoid further disappointments. The depressive self-focusing style then maintains and exacerbates the depressive disorder. We review findings from laboratory studies of mild to moderately depressed people, correlational studies of more severely depressed people, and clinical observations with respect to consistency with the theory. Recent empirical research on depression has yielded a wide array of cognitive, social, and motivational dimensions on which depressed and nondepressed individuals differ from one another. (For reviews, see Blaney, 1977; Coyne & Gotlib, 1983; Miller, 1975.) Over the years, a variety of theoretical frameworks have evolved to attempt to account for these differences. These theories have often been viewed as antagonistic to each other, competing to offer the most comprehensive explanation of depression. In the present article, we review the central concepts used in psychological theories of depression and outline a theoretical framework that attempts to integrate a variety of processes emphasized by these theories. The theory is an attempt to specify relations among a wide range of characteristics commonly associated with unipolar reactive depression and a sequence through which they emerge. To this end, we apply contemporary theory and research on self-focused attention and self-regulation (Carver & Scheier, 1981; Duval & Wicklund,

Toward an integration of cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference: A biased hypothesis-testing model

Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter proposes a model to integrate the cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference. The model specifies (1) the conditions under which affective and motivational factors do and do not influence inferential processes and (2) the mechanisms through which affective and motivational processes influence inferential processes to produce biased conclusions. The chapter focuses on the role of a self-esteem motive in producing the self-serving attribution bias. This particular motive is chosen because a wide variety of theorists throughout the history of psychology have suggested that the need for self-esteem exerts a powerful influence on people's cognitions and behavior. It should be pointed out; however, the model is quite general and applicable to the mechanisms through which other motives influence inferences as well. Influenced by recent developments in cognitive psychology and information processing, the theorists focus on the way people encode and organize—the retrieve information and on the knowledge structures—transformation rules and heuristics that are used to make inferences of various kinds. The chapter briefly discusses some of the major influences on various steps in the sequence when the only goal of the process is to arrive at an accurate attribution for the observed event.

Depression, self-focused attention, and expectancies for positive and negative future life events for self and others.

Abstract: In two studies, we examined depressed and nondepressed persons" judgments of the probability of future positive and negative life events occurring to themselves and to others. Study 1 demonstrated that depressed subjects were generally less optimistic than their nondepressed counterparts: Although nondepressed subjects rated positive events as more likely to happen to themselves than negative events, depressed subjects did not. In addition, relative to nondepressed subjects, depressed subjects rated positive events as less likely to occur to themselves and more likely to occur to others and negative events as more likely to occur to both self and others. Study 2 investigated the role that differential levels of self-focused attention might play in mediating these differences. On the basis of prior findings that depressed persons generally engage in higher levels of self-focus than nondepressed persons do and the notion that self-focus activates one's self-schema, we hypothesized that inducing depressed subjects to focus externally would attenuate their pessimistic tendencies. Data from Study 2 supported the hypothesis that high levels of self-focus partially mediate depressive pessimism: Whereas self-focused depressed subjects were more pessimistic than nondepressed subjects, externally focused depressed subjects were not. The role of attentional focus in maintaining these and other depressive pessimistic tendencies was discussed. The notion that depressed individuals view the future in a pessimistic light is central to virtually all cognitive theories of depression. Beck (1967) referred to this pessimism about oneself, one's world, and one's future as the depressive triad, a basic set of maladaptive attitudes that underlie depression. Kuiper, Derry, and MacDonald (1982) have recently argued that a negatively toned depressive self-schema exerts an influence on a wide range of cognitive activities, including probability judgments. Similarly, helplessness theorists (e.g., Abramson, Selignmn, & Teasdale, 1978; Seligman, 1975) view low expectancies for the occurrence of highly desired outcomes as the proximal cause of a wide range of depressive deficits. The purpose of our research was to (a) investigate the nature of these assumed differences between depressed and nondepressed persons' likelihood estimates for future life events and (b) investigate the role that selffocused attention might play in mediating such differences. The theoretical rationale for this latter possibility is discussed in the

Self restoring ferroelectric memory

Abstract: A semiconductor memory uses cells with a ferroelec­tric capacitor having one plate coupled to a bit line by a FET and another plate coupled to a plate line. A pulse on the plate line causes the bit line to change voltage based on the state of the cell. A dummy cell arrangement is disclosed using one capacitor per cell, and another embodi­ment uses two capacitors per cell with no dummy. The cells cooperate with a sense amplifier and timing signals so that they are self restoring.

Memory cell with volatile and non-volatile portions having ferroelectric capacitors

Abstract: A memory cell includes an SRAM flip-flop cell having two nodes coupled to ferroelectric capacitors so that when the SRAM is powered down, the ferroelectric devices store data and upon power up, transfer the stored data to the SRAM cell. The ferroelectric devices can be bypassed during normal SRAM operations to reduce hysteresis fatigue.

Surface spin reorientation in thin Gd films on Fe in an applied magnetic field.

Abstract: We investigate the magnetic system of a few layers of Gd on bulk Fe in the presence of a magnetic field using mean-field theory and a simple model. At moderate temperatures and low fields the system is in an aligned state where all the Fe spins point along the field direction and, because of the antiferromagnetic coupling of the Fe spins to the Gd spins, all the Gd spins are antiparallel to the field. For higher fields there is a phase transition to a twisted spin state where the Fe and Gd spins near the interface are at an angle with respect to the applied field.

High density CMOS dynamic CAM cell

Abstract: A CMOS dynamic content addressable memory (CAM), having N- and P-channel transistors aligned in stripes for high packing density. In a preferred embodiment, each cell has a four transistor XOR gate for comparing a stored data bit with a comparand bit. Packing density is improved by symmetrically arranging each pair of neighboring rows and each pair of neighboring columns. The device, being of CMOS construction, has an inherently low soft error rate.

Semiconductor contact silicide/nitride process with control for silicide thickness

Abstract: A titanium silicide/titanium nitride process is disclosed wherein the thickness of the titanium nitride can be regulated with respect to the titanium silicide. In particular, a control layer is formed in the contact opening during a reactive cycle to form a relatively thin (20 to 50 angstrom) control layer. Titanium is thereafter deposited and in another thermal reaction the control layer retards the development of titanium silicide without retarding the development of titanium nitride so that the thickness of titanium silicide is kept small. A double titanium process can also be used.

Rotating fiberoptic laser catheter assembly with eccentric lumen

Abstract: The present invention provides for the ablation of obstructions in vessels such as arteries. A catheter having an optical fiber is used to transmit laser energy to the distal end of the optical fiber. The optical fiber is housed in a lumen within the catheter so that it is eccentric with the catheter and also encompasses the center core of the catheter. A second lumen in the catheter houses a steerable guide wire. The optical fiber is substantially aligned with the distal end of the catheter. This catheter assembly is operated by using the steerable guide wire to advance the catheter assembly to the obstruction, turning the laser on, and then rotating the catheter assembly so that energy from the laser which is emitted from the optical fiber ablates an area which is of a larger diameter than the diameter of the optical fiber. This assembly allows for narrow vessels to be cleared of obstructions with only a minimal chance of perforating the vessel walls.

Data storage device and method of using a ferroelectric capacitance divider

Abstract: A transpolarizer is employed as a programmable capacitance divider. Two ferroelectric capacitors are coupled in series to form a common node and two extreme poles. The polarization of the two capacitors is set by grounding the two poles and then bringing them both up to VCC while impressing a voltage at the common node corresponding to data to be stored. Later, while one pole is held at VSS, the other pole is pulsed from VSS to VCC with the common node floating. A voltage develops at the common node which is above or below the midpoint between VSS and VCC, and will be indicative of the stored data. The capacitance divider is programmed in accordance with data. One such divider is added to a DRAM memory cell to form a shadow DRAM cell. Two such dividers are added to a static RAM memory cell to form a shadow static RAM cell. The same divider arrangement is operable in both volatile and non-volatile modes. An improvement arises by using PZT as dielectric in 54:46 mole ratio.

Professional Politics and the Concepts of Family Therapy, Family Consultation, and Systems Consultation

Abstract: At a time when an increasing number of professionals are calling themselves "family therapists," many teachers and theorists in this field are troubled that the term "family therapy" no longer adequately characterizes the concepts or activities of the field. Recently, clinical, political, and economic circumstances have emerged that suggest the need for alternatives to the role of "family therapist." By adding the roles of family consultant and systems consultant, we can open up new options for ourselves and our clients. During initial contacts with families, agencies, and other professionals, we can heighten our therapeutic potential by proceeding with consultative stocktaking, not starting with therapy. Family consultation also can assist in redirecting therapy when a new problem or an impasse develops, in focusing on competency rather than on pathology, and in engaging constructively with families that have a physically or mentally ill member.

Metallic fuse with optically absorptive layer

Abstract: A metallic interconnect includes a fuse portion that is readily vaporized upon exposure to the radiant energy of a laser. A layer of optically absorptive material is formed on top of an aluminum based metallic interconnect and together they are formed by a photolithographic and etch technique into a fuse portion. A low energy laser having a Gaussian energy distribuution focused on the absorptive layer produces heat in the absorptive layer. The heat is transferred to the underlying aluminum based interconnect. The concentration of energy made possible by the absorptive layer allows the low energy laser to blow the fuse thereby producing an electrical open in the interconnect without damaging surrounding silicon substrate and/or polysilicon structures below or nearby the metal fuse.

Employee Focus of Attention and Reactions to Organizational Change

Abstract: This article examines the role of employee focus of attention- and the target of this focus-on employee reactions to organizational change efforts. The authors conducted an empirical study of 476 clerical workers in three regional offices of a large insurance company. Subjects were assigned either to an experimental group-which underwent job changes-or a control group, and completed a survey before and after the change effort The authors had hypothesized that employees focusing highly on their jobs would react relatively favorably to the job changes, that those focusing highly on their work units would react relatively little; and that those focusing little on off-the-job factors would reactstrongly. The results provided only mixed support for the first two hypotheses and did not support the third, but indicated that focus of attention indeed moderates the effectiveness of job change interventions for both "soft" dependent variables (e g., satisfaction) and "hard" ones (eg., performance). The authors conc...

Feedback-controlled current output driver having reduced current surge

Abstract: An output pad driver circuit for an integrated circuit chip architecture incorporates a controllably switched current mirror circuit in the circuit path between an output pad driver input terminal to which a digital signal produced by the signal processing circuitry of the chip is applied and an output terminal from which an output signal produced by the output pad is produced. The controllably switched current mirror circuit is coupled to a reference current terminal to which a source of reference current is applied. Coupled between the input terminal and the current mirror circuit is a first switching transistor which controllably causes the controllably switched current mirror circuit to apply a controlled current to the output terminal in response to a prescribed change in the logic level of an input signal that is applied to the input terminal. A second switching transistor is coupled in a feedback path between the output terminal and the current mirror circuit, and causes the current mirror circuit to terminate the supply of controlled current to the output terminal in response to the voltage level at said output terminal reaching a prescribed threshold. A third switching transistor is coupled between the input terminal and the current mirror circuit, so as to prevent the current mirror from applying a controlled current to the output terminal until the state of the input signal undergoes the prescribed logic level change.

The role of importance, novelty, and plausibility in producing belief change

Abstract: This study investigated the role of importance, novelty, and plausibility of message information in producing belief change. Participants in the study were 224 university students who read messages...

An analytic satellite theory using gravity and a dynamic atmosphere

Abstract: An analytical solution is given for the motion of an artifical Earth satellite under the combined influences of gravity and atmospheric drag. The gravitational effects of the zonal harmonicsJ2,J3, andJ4 are included, and the drag effects of any arbitrary dynamic atmosphere are included. By a dynamic atmosphere, we mean any of the modern empirical models which use various observed solar and geophysical parameters as inputs to produce a dynamically varying atmosphere model. The subtleties of using such an atmosphere model with an analytic theory are explored, and real world data is used to determine the optimum implementation. Performance is measured by predictions against real world satellites. As a point of reference, predictions against a special perturbations model are also given.

Race, Gender and Self-Esteem among Youth.

Abstract: This study examines the impact of race and gender on self-esteem among youth. Comparisons of the different groups on private (satisfaction with self) and public (intelligence) domain aspects of sel...

Method of manufacturing self-aligned GaAs MESFET

Abstract: A self-aligned MESFET is formed by implanting a first (channel) region in a first surface portion of a gallium arsenide substrate. A dielectric layer is formed on the surface of the substrate and portions of this layer are selectively removed, to leave a relatively thick substitutional gate mesa overlying a first surface portion of the first region and a relatively thin protective portion, contiguous with the substitutional gate, overlying a second surface portion of the first region, so that the substitutional gate has sidewalls extending above the protective portion. Sidewall spacers are formed contiguous with the sidewalls of the substitutional gate, so as to overlie surface portions of the protective portion of the dielectric layer contiguous with the substitutional gate. Ions are implanted into the substrate using the substitutional gate and the sidewall spacers as a mask, thereby forming source and drain regions in the first region. The structure is annealed and the substitutional gate and sidewall spacers are removed. A conductive gate layer is formed on the first region in place of the removed substitutional gate and apertures are formed in the reduced thickness portion of the dielectric layer to expose surface portions of the source and drain regions. Ohmic contacts are connected to the source and drain regions through the apertures.

Sociology of Sport in the United States

Abstract: This paper updates and extends previous analyses of the sociology of sport in the United States It provides a chronology of major events in the history of the field as well as a description of the

Motivation norms of knowledge engineers compared to those of software engineers

Abstract: :This paper describes the results of a survey of members of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (knowledge engineers) concerning their individual need for growth and their perceptions about their work environment. Responses are compared to those of software engineers whose qualifications are similar to those of knowledge engineers. Comparisons are made on 16 variables. The analysis shows that personnel in the two job categories are quite similar; both have quite high need for growth and therefore need jobs rich in the factors key to motivation. The survey also identified several problems that managers in the artificial intelligence (ai) area need to resolve.

An optical data recording device

Abstract: An optical data recording device for focusing a laser beam (52) on a recording medium (60) for storing and reading out information therefrom. The device is characterized by using a high efficiency holographic grating (30) as a polarization beam splitter. In a forward collimated light path the holographic grating diffracts a light beam from a laser (54) on an objective lens. The beam is reflected from the surface towards the recording medium (60) and transmitted through the grating onto a light detector (64). The grating (30) further provides for correcting a typical elliptical light beam shape from the laser (54) to a circular beam shape as well as for correcting the astigmatism typically found in the wave fronts emitting from a laser diode.

Subjective Message Constructs: A Theory of Persuasion.

Abstract: Subjective message construct theory maintains that the underlying constructs, or cognitive tests, that receivers apply to persuasive messages require that message information be perceived as important, novel, and plausible for belief change to occur. In three different studies a total of six complete replications of the theory were performed. For each replication respondents indicated their subjective beliefs in the probability of the claim, datum, claim given the datum, and claim if not the datum. These subjective probabilities were subsequently placed in a mathematical formulation that represented a multiplicative combination of importance, novelty, and plausibility. The results from six replications indicated that between 25 and 50% percent of the variance in belief change can be explained by subjective message construct theory. Additionally, the results from validity checks indicated that subjective probabilities can be used to construct valid operational measures of importance and novelty.

Do flux transfer events cause long‐period micropulsations in the dayside magnetosphere?

Abstract: Russell and Elphic (1979) suggested the possibility that flux transfer events (FTEs) generate long-period micropulsations in the outer, dayside magnetosphere. The reasons for this hypothesis are examined and results are presented for two pulsation surveys designed to test it. In the first survey, observations of micropulsations by GOES 2 are compared with ISEE 3 and IMP observations of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction; since FTEs are highly correlated with southward IMF, a similar correlation between pulsations and southward IMF was sought. In the second survey, a catalog of ISEE 1 and 2 magnetopause crossings is compared with magnetometer readings from GOES 2 and 3 to determine whether Pc 4 and Pc 5 pulsations are more likely to occur after FTEs have taken place. Results indicate that there is a correlation between FTEs and transversely polarized Pc 4 pulsations with periods between 60 and 120 s, but not between FTEs and Pc pulsations with periods greater than 120 s. This suggests that the generating (or driving) frequency associated with FTEs lies between 60 and 120

Apparatus and method for increasing storage capacity of recording media.

Abstract: Method of configuring digital information in a recording storage media so as to significantly increase the information storage capacity of the media and the media containing such configured digital information. Information containing markers (P) are arranged and configured along tracks (N) in the media in a manner such that markers of adjacent tracks are offset relative to one another. Inter-track spacings (S2) of arcuately shaped tracks on a storage media are progressively reduced as a function of the radial spacing of the tracks from their center of curvature, further increasing the marker packing density. Return to zero pulsed modulation schemes are employed to maximize the amount of information recorded in a given number of marker locations. Drive means for reading digital information configured on storage media according to the principles of this invention are provided.

Dipole-exchange spin-wave modes in very-thin-film antiferromagnets.

Abstract: We study spin-wave modes in very-thin-film antiferromagnets in the wavelength region where both exchange and dipolar energies are important. Exchange boundary conditions appropriate to the (100) and (110) surfaces of a bcc crystal are derived and solved consistently with the equations of motion to yield the dispersions for spin-wave modes in various thin-film geometries. The effects of surface conditions are explored, illustrating the importance of free and pinned surface spins and also revealing a dramatic dependence on microscopic film surface geometry. In calculations for ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$ we show how the dipole-exchange modes can be localized to one surface in certain film geometries without the presence of an applied field.

Non-destructive energy beam activated conductive links

Abstract: A process of manufacturing selectively restructurable conductive links between circuit elements and corresponding spare elements on a semiconductor. A continuous green light laser directed at a non-conductive amorphous region in the links causes the region to recrystallize. This makes the link electrically conductive thereby joining the circuit elements to a corresponding spare element on the semiconductor. The method permits for high density packing of circuit elements and creates a link without producing bulk material movement.

Line Width Dependence of Stresses in Aluminum Interconnect

Abstract: Finite-element simulations show that the thermally generated stresses in passivated aluminum-silicon lines increase rapidly with decreasing line width. The resulting tensile stresses can be several times the yield strength. This results in a high driving force for creep voids which are a significant reliability problem for narrow lines.