Showing papers by "University of Colorado Colorado Springs published in 2006"
TL;DR: The efficacy and safety of subcutaneously administered denosumab were evaluated in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density and changes in bone turnover were assessed by measurement of serum and urine telopeptides and bone-specific alkaline p...
Abstract: Background Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is essential for osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival. The fully human monoclonal antibody denosumab (formerly known as AMG 162) binds RANKL with high affinity and specificity and inhibits RANKL action. Methods The efficacy and safety of subcutaneously administered denosumab were evaluated over a period of 12 months in 412 postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (T score of -1.8 to -4.0 at the lumbar spine or -1.8 to -3.5 at the proximal femur). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive denosumab either every three months (at a dose of 6, 14, or 30 mg) or every six months (at a dose of 14, 60, 100, or 210 mg), open-label oral alendronate once weekly (at a dose of 70 mg), or placebo. The primary end point was the percentage change from baseline in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine at 12 months. Changes in bone turnover were assessed by measurement of serum and urine telopeptides and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase. Results Denosumab treatment for 12 months resulted in an increase in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine of 3.0 to 6.7 percent (as compared with an increase of 4.6 percent with alendronate and a loss of 0.8 percent with placebo), at the total hip of 1.9 to 3.6 percent (as compared with an increase of 2.1 percent with alendronate and a loss of 0.6 percent with placebo), and at the distal third of the radius of 0.4 to 1.3 percent (as compared with decreases of 0.5 percent with alendronate and 2.0 percent with placebo). Near-maximal reductions in mean levels of serum C-telopeptide from baseline were evident three days after the administration of denosumab. The duration of the suppression of bone turnover appeared to be dose-dependent. Conclusions In postmenopausal women with low bone mass, denosumab increased bone mineral density and decreased bone resorption. These preliminary data suggest that denosumab might be an effective treatment for osteoporosis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00043186.).
1,073 citations
TL;DR: The reliability and validity of the Asthma Control Test is evaluated in a longitudinal study of asthmatic patients new to the care of an asthma specialist, finding a cutoff score of 19 or less identifies patients with poorly controlled asthma.
Abstract: Background The development of the Asthma Control Test (ACT), a short, simple, patient-based tool for identifying patients with poorly controlled asthma, was recently described in patients under the routine care of an asthma specialist. Objectives We sought to evaluate the reliability and validity of the ACT in a longitudinal study of asthmatic patients new to the care of an asthma specialist. Methods Patients (n = 313) completed the ACT and the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) at 2 physician visits (4-12 weeks apart). Pulmonary function was measured, and asthma specialists rated asthma control. Results Internal consistency reliability of the ACT was 0.85 (baseline) and 0.79 (follow-up). Test-retest reliability was 0.77. Criterion validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between baseline ACT scores and baseline specialists' ratings of asthma control ( r = 0.52, P r = −0.89, P P r = 0.44, P r = −0.69, P 1 values ( r = 0.29, P Conclusions The ACT is reliable, valid, and responsive to changes in asthma control over time in patients new to the care of asthma specialists. A cutoff score of 19 or less identifies patients with poorly controlled asthma. Clinical implications In a clinical setting the ACT should be a useful tool to help physicians identify patients with uncontrolled asthma and facilitate their ability to follow patients' progress with treatment.
1,062 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a specific form of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) communication, customer-to-customer know-how exchange, on customer perceptions of value and customer loyalty intentions were investigated.
980 citations
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the profit and cost efficiency of banks representing 95% of commercial banking assets in China over 1994-2003 with different majority and minority ownership structures and found that the Big Four state-owned banks are by far the least efficient, and that minority foreign ownership of other banks is associated with significantly improved efficiency.
Abstract: China's economy has been growing rapidly based on globalization of trade, but the country is only beginning to globalize its banking sector China's current banking reform includes partially privatizing three of its dominant Big Four state-owned banks and taking on minority foreign ownership of these institutions Other state-owned banks are also engaging in this practice Predicting the efficiency effects of these and other reforms is difficult because of little relevant background research evidence This paper helps to fill some of the gaps in the literature, analyzing the profit and cost efficiency of banks representing 95% of commercial banking assets in China over 1994-2003 with different majority and minority ownership structures The key findings are that the Big Four state-owned banks are by far the least efficient, and that minority foreign ownership of other banks is associated with significantly improved efficiency These and other findings suggest that minority foreign ownership of the Big Four and other reforms that allow foreign banks to play larger roles will likely improve the performance of the Chinese banking sector, with positive effects on economic growth
828 citations
TL;DR: RM1 represents an improvement over AM1 and its similar successor PM3, and is probably very competitive with PM5, which is a somewhat different model, and not fully disclosed.
Abstract: Twenty years ago, the landmark AM1 was introduced, and has since had an increasingly wide following among chemists due to its consistently good results and time-tested reliability--being presently available in countless computational quantum chemistry programs. However, semiempirical molecular orbital models still are of limited accuracy and need to be improved if the full potential of new linear scaling techniques, such as MOZYME and LocalSCF, is to be realized. Accordingly, in this article we present RM1 (Recife Model 1): a reparameterization of AM1. As before, the properties used in the parameterization procedure were: heats of formation, dipole moments, ionization potentials and geometric variables (bond lengths and angles). Considering that the vast majority of molecules of importance to life can be assembled by using only six elements: C, H, N, O, P, and S, and that by adding the halogens we can now build most molecules of importance to pharmaceutical research, our training set consisted of 1736 molecules, representative of organic and biochemistry, containing C, H, N, O, P, S, F, Cl, Br, and I atoms. Unlike AM1, and similar to PM3, all RM1 parameters have been optimized. For enthalpies of formation, dipole moments, ionization potentials, and interatomic distances, the average errors in RM1, for the 1736 molecules, are less than those for AM1, PM3, and PM5. Indeed, the average errors in kcal x mol(-1) of the enthalpies of formation for AM1, PM3, and PM5 are 11.15, 7.98, and 6.03, whereas for RM1 this value is 5.77. The errors, in Debye, of the dipole moments for AM1, PM3, PM5, and RM1 are, respectively, 0.37, 0.38, 0.50, and 0.34. Likewise, the respective errors for the ionization potentials, in eV, are 0.60, 0.55, 0.48, and 0.45, and the respective errors, in angstroms, for the interatomic distances are 0.036, 0.029, 0.037, and 0.027. The RM1 average error in bond angles of 6.82 degrees is only slightly higher than the AM1 figure of 5.88 degrees, and both are much smaller than the PM3 and PM5 figures of 6.98 degrees and 9.83 degrees, respectively. Moreover, a known error in PM3 nitrogen charges is corrected in RM1. Therefore, RM1 represents an improvement over AM1 and its similar successor PM3, and is probably very competitive with PM5, which is a somewhat different model, and not fully disclosed. RM1 possesses the same analytical construct and the same number of parameters for each atom as AM1, and, therefore, can be easily implemented in any software that already has AM1, not requiring any change in any line of code, with the sole exception of the values of the parameters themselves.
614 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a sigma-point Kalman filter (SPKF) was proposed to estimate the state of a Li-ion polymer battery (LiPB) cell in dynamic conditions.
501 citations
TL;DR: Mortality salience increased support for such measures among politically conservative but not politically liberal students, and the roles of existential fear, cultural worldviews, and construing one's nation as pursing a heroic battle against evil in advocacy of violence were discussed.
Abstract: Study 1 investigated the effect of mortality salience on support for martyrdom attacks among Iranian college students. Participants were randomly assigned to answer questions about either their own death or an aversive topic unrelated to death and then evaluated materials from fellow students who either supported or opposed martyrdom attacks against the United States. Whereas control participants preferred the student who opposed martyrdom, participants reminded of death preferred the student who supported martyrdom and indicated they were more likely to consider such activities themselves. Study 2 investigated the effect of mortality salience on American college students' support for extreme military interventions by American forces that could kill thousands of civilians. Mortality salience increased support for such measures among politically conservative but not politically liberal students. The roles of existential fear, cultural worldviews, and construing one's nation as pursing a heroic battle again...
383 citations
TL;DR: The results show that strategic orientation moderates the relationship between different elements of the strategy formation capability and performance.
Abstract: An effective strategy formation capability is a complex organizational resource—a dynamic capability that should lead to superior performance. Strategy scholars have examined the strategy formation capability from many perspectives. However, no study has examined a comprehensive model of strategy formation in the context of the firm's strategic orientation. We develop and examine such a model. The results show that strategic orientation moderates the relationship between different elements of the strategy formation capability and performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
380 citations
TL;DR: Li et al. as discussed by the authors used panel data for the Chinese provinces to study the role of legal institutions, financial deepening and political pluralism on growth rates and found that the development of financial markets, legal environment, awareness of property rights and political plurality are associated with stronger growth.
Abstract: There have been profound changes in both political and economic institutions in China over the last twenty years. Moreover, the pace of transition has led to variation across the country in the level of development. In this paper, we use panel data for the Chinese provinces to study the role of legal institutions, financial deepening and political pluralism on growth rates. The most important institutional developments for a transition economy are the emergence and legalization of the market economy, the establishment of secure property rights, the growth of a private sector, the development of financial sector institutions and markets, and the liberalization of political institutions. We develop measures of these phenomena, which are used as explanatory variables in regression models to explain provincial GDP growth rates. Our evidence suggests that the development of financial markets, legal environment, awareness of property rights and political pluralism are associated with stronger growth.
375 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a non-linear extension to the original Kalman filter called the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) was used to estimate the state-of-charge (SOC), nominal capacity, resistance, and others.
360 citations
TL;DR: Small errors in graft length and position can dramatically increase the force and pressure applied to medial patellofemoral cartilage during reconstruction, which could lead to degradation, pain, and arthrosis.
Abstract: BackgroundThe influence of reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament on the patellofemoral force and pressure distributions has not yet been investigated.HypothesisTechnical errors can cause tension to develop within a reconstructed medial patellofemoral ligament, which will adversely alter the normal patellofemoral force distribution by increasing the load applied to the medial cartilage.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsFour computational knee models were used to simulate knee function from 30° to 90° of flexion with (1) an intact medial patellofemoral ligament, (2) an anatomically correct reconstruction using a double hamstring tendon autograft, (3) a 5-mm proximally malpositioned femoral attachment site, (4) a graft that is 3 mm shorter than the intact medial patellofemoral ligament, and (5) combined proximal malpositioning and a short graft.ResultsThe results were similar for the intact and anatomically reconstructed medial patellofemoral ligament. Proximal malpositioning of t...
11 Sep 2006
TL;DR: A systematic review of empirical studies concerning the effectiveness of elicitation techniques, and the subsequent aggregation of empirical evidence gathered from those studies, finds that interviews, preferentially structured, appear to be one of the most effective elicit techniques.
Abstract: This paper reports a systematic review of empirical studies concerning the effectiveness of elicitation techniques, and the subsequent aggregation of empirical evidence gathered from those studies. The most significant results of the aggregation process are as follows: (1) Interviews, preferentially structured, appear to be one of the most effective elicitation techniques; (2) Many techniques often cited in the literature, like card sorting, ranking or thinking aloud, tend to be less effective than interviews; (3) Analyst experience does not appear to be a relevant factor; and (4) The studies conducted have not found the use of intermediate representations during elicitation to have significant positive effects. It should be noted that, as a general rule, the studies from which these results were aggregated have not been replicated, and therefore the above claims cannot be said to be absolutely certain. However, they can be used by researchers as pieces of knowledge to be further investigated and by practitioners in development projects, always taking into account that they are preliminary findings.
TL;DR: In this article, the moral worth of parents is linked to the success of their children, and the importance of sports as a way to measure the character and achievements of children is discussed.
Abstract: RLST_A_146756.sg m ABSTRACT Family life and expectations for parents have changed dramatically over the past two generations. In the United States these changes have been fuelled by a combination of factors, includ- ing a conservative emphasis on traditional family values and fathers as heads of households, a neo- liberal emphasis on individualism and the need for fathers to take responsibility for the development of their children, a liberal feminist emphasis on gender equity in family life, and progressive ideas about the meaning of gender and sexuality. As a result of these factors mothers and fathers today are held responsible for the whereabouts and actions of their children 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This standard, never before used in any society as a baseline measure for good parenting, serves as a foundation for linking the character and achievements of children to the moral worth of parents. Because sports are activities in which a child's success is visible and objectively measurable, and because fathers are more likely than mothers to have or claim expertise in sports, the development of athletic skills among children is often monitored by fathers who act as coaches, managers, agents, mentors, and advocates for their child athletes. Therefore, the involvement of fathers in youth sports is grounded in complex cultural changes and it has implications for families and father-child relationships. These implications are discussed in light of new expectations that connect the moral worth of parents to the success of their children.
TL;DR: The non-flammability of ionic liquids (ILs) is often highlighted as a safety advantage of ILs over volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but the fact that many ILs are not flammable themselves does not mean that they are safe to use near fire and/or heat sources.
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic1, University of Western Ontario2, Coventry Health Care3, University of Colorado Colorado Springs4, Space Science Institute5, Arecibo Observatory6, California Institute of Technology7, Cornell University8, University of Kharkiv9, University of Arizona10, University of California, Berkeley11, Alfred University12, University of Arkansas at Little Rock13, Chinese Academy of Sciences14, University of North Dakota15, Smith College16, University of Rome Tor Vergata17, Wellesley College18
TL;DR: In this article, photometric data on 17 binary near-Earth asteroids (15 of them are certain detections, two are probables) were analyzed and characteristic properties of the near Earth asteroid (NEA) binary population were inferred.
TL;DR: Excimer laser-assisted angioplasty for CLI offers high technical success and limb salvage rates in patients unfit for traditional surgical revascularization, according to a prospective registry at 14 sites in the US and Germany.
Abstract: Purpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of laser-assisted angioplasty for patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) who were poor candidates for surgical revascularization.Methods:A prospective registry at 14 sites in the US and Germany enrolled 145 patients with 155 critically ischemic limbs; the patients were poor candidates for bypass surgery owing to inadequate target vessel or saphenous vein, prohibitive cardiac disease, or significant comorbidities (ASA class 4). Additional comorbid risk factors included diabetes in 66%, hypertension in 83%, previous stroke in 21%, and myocardial infarction in 23%. Endovascular treatment included guidewire traversal and excimer laser angioplasty followed by balloon angioplasty with optional stenting.Results:Occlusions were present in 92% of limbs. A mean of 2.7±1.4 lesions were treated per limb; the total median treatment length was 11 cm (mean 16.2, range 0.2–123). Stents were implanted in 45% of limbs. Procedural success, defined as <50% residual stenosis in all tr...
TL;DR: The physical properties of low concentration ferroelectric nematic colloids are investigated using calorimetry, optical methods, infrared spectroscopy, and capacitance studies, and a theoretical model is proposed in which the ferroElectric particles induce local dipoles whose effective interaction is proportional to the square of the orientational order parameter.
Abstract: We investigated the physical properties of low concentration ferroelectric nematic colloids, using calorimetry, optical methods, infrared spectroscopy, and capacitance studies. The resulting homogeneous colloids possess a significantly amplified nematic orientational coupling. We find that the nematic orientation coupling increases by approximately 10% for particle concentrations of 0.2%. A manifestation of the increased orientational order is that the clearing temperature of a nematic colloid increases by up to 40 degrees C compared to the pure liquid crystal host. A theoretical model is proposed in which the ferroelectric particles induce local dipoles whose effective interaction is proportional to the square of the orientational order parameter.
TL;DR: According to terror management theory, maintaining a basic meaningful view of reality is a key prerequisite for managing concerns about mortality, and mortality salience should decrease liking for apparently meaningless art, particularly among those predisposed to unambiguous knowledge.
Abstract: Why do people dislike art that they find meaningless? According to terror management theory, maintaining a basic meaningful view of reality is a key prerequisite for managing concerns about mortality. Therefore, mortality salience should decrease liking for apparently meaningless art, particularly among those predisposed to unambiguous knowledge. Accordingly, mortality salience diminished affection for modern art in Study 1, and this effect was shown in Study 2 to be specific to individuals with a high personal need for structure (PNS). In Studies 3 and 4, mortality salient high-PNS participants disliked modern art unless it was imbued with meaning, either by means of a title or a personal frame of reference induction. Discussion focused on the roles of meaninglessness, PNS, and art in terror management.
TL;DR: This article examined the extent to which an orientation toward teamwork and the development of group cohesiveness affect overall student learning and the learning that results specifically from team interactions (team-source learning).
Abstract: This research examines computer-supported collaborative learning. Master’s of business administration (MBA) students in an online program were surveyed to examine the extent to which an orientation toward teamwork and the development of group cohesiveness affect overall student learning and the learning that results specifically from team interactions (team-source learning). The results indicate that both teamwork orientation and group cohesiveness predict student learning, with group cohesiveness mediating the relationship between teamwork orientation and student learning. Teamwork orientation and group cohesiveness appear to be equally important predictors of team-source learning. The implications of this research for the use of teams in online distance education are discussed.
TL;DR: In this review of literature, consensually validated conclusions and recommendations for implementing community based prevention programming are identified and when these crucial recommendations are incorporated into community prevention practice, the effectiveness of prevention efforts is optimized.
Abstract: In this review of literature we identify consensually validated conclusions and recommendations for implementing community based prevention programming. The general recommendations identified from the literature are as follows: (1) a community must be ready for a prevention program, (2) effective community coalitions must be developed, (3) programming must fit the community, (4) program fidelity should be maintained, and (5) adequate resources, training, technical assistance, and attention to evaluation are necessary. The existing research and expert opinion in the field of prevention science indicate that when these crucial recommendations are incorporated into community prevention practice, the effectiveness of prevention efforts is optimized.
TL;DR: A new subclass Phallomycetidae, and two new orders, Hysterangiales and Geastrales, are proposed, based on the results of phylogenetic analyses for the gomphoid-phalloid fungi.
Abstract: Molecular phylogenetic analyses for the gomphoid-phalloid fungi were conducted based on the five gene dataset with extensive taxon sampling. The monophyly of the gomphoid-phalloid clade was strongly supported, and four well supported major subclades were recognized. Three of the four subclades were represented entirely by gastroid taxa, and only Gomphales contained both gastroid and non-gastroid taxa. While the gastroid morphology is derived from epigeous, nongastroid taxa in Gomphales, the topology of Phallales indicated that truffle-like form is an ancestral morphology of the stinkhorn fruiting bodies. Although basidiospore maturation occurs within the enclosed fruiting bodies of the stinkhorn, the elevation of the mature spore-producing tissue represents an independent origin of the stipe among Basidiomycota. Comparisons are made between previous and new classification schemes, which are based on the results of phylogenetic analyses. Based on the results of these analyses, a new subclass Phallomycetidae, and two new orders, Hysterangiales and Geastrales, are proposed.
TL;DR: The current study examined the contributions of general slowing and frontal decline to age differences in fluid intelligence in participants aged 20-89 years to suggest that the age-related decline in fluid Intelligence is due to general slowingand frontal decline, as well as other unidentified factors.
TL;DR: Greater awareness of the problems associated with boys who both bully and are victimized is necessary for improved intervention.
Abstract: Objective To determine among male adolescents whether bully-victims would report the poorest psychosocial health, the worst attitudes toward school, more problem behavior (delinquency, weapons possession, and substance use), and more physical injury compared with bullies, victims, and neutral students. We also assessed ethnic differences in bullying category membership. Methods Employing multisample latent variable models, we contrasted 1,312 males in grades 7-12 classified as bullies (n = 299), victims (n = 180), bully-victims (n = 195), and neutral (n = 638) on school attitudes, psychosocial health, problem behaviors, and physical injury. Results Hypotheses were generally confirmed, especially contrasts between bully-victims and neutrals. However, bullies did not have better school attitudes than bully-victims, and victims only marginally reported better psychological health than bully-victims. The boys of mixed ethnicity were more likely to be victims. Conclusions Greater awareness of the problems associated with boys who both bully and are victimized is necessary for improved intervention. Language: en
TL;DR: This paper introduces an asynchronous parallel PSO algorithm that greatly improves the parallel speedup in cases where a heterogeneous parallel environment is used and/or where the analysis time depends on the design point being analyzed.
Abstract: A parallel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is presented. Particle swarm optimization is a fairly recent addition to the family of non-gradient based, probabilistic search algorithms that is based on a simplified social model and is closely tied to swarming theory. Although PSO algorithms present several attractive properties to the designer, they are plagued by high computational cost as measured by elapsed time. One approach to reduce the elapsed time is to make use of coarse-grained parallelization to evaluate the design points. Previous parallel PSO algorithms were mostly implemented in a synchronous manner, where all design points within a design iteration are evaluated before the next iteration is started. This approach leads to poor parallel speedup in cases where a heterogeneous parallel environment is used and/or where the analysis time depends on the design point being analyzed. This paper introduces an asynchronous parallel PSO algorithm that greatly improves the parallel e ciency. The asynchronous algorithm is benchmarked on a cluster assembled of Apple Macintosh G5 desktop computers, using the multi-disciplinary optimization of a typical transport aircraft wing as an example.
TL;DR: The authors introduce the construct of I-sharing--the belief that one shares an identical subjective experience with another person--and the role it plays in liking and highlight the role that feelings of existential isolation and the need for closeness play in people's attraction to I-sharers.
Abstract: The authors introduce the construct of I-sharing--the belief that one shares an identical subjective experience with another person--and the role it plays in liking. In Studies 1-3, participants indicated their liking for an objectively similar and an objectively dissimilar person, one of whom I-shared with them and the other of whom did not. Participants preferred the objectively similar person but only when that person I-shared with them. Studies 4 and 5 highlight the role that feelings of existential isolation and the need for closeness play in people's attraction to I-sharers. In Study 4, people with high needs for interpersonal closeness responded to I-sharers and non-I-sharers with great intensity. In Study 5, priming participants with feelings of existential isolation increased their liking for I-sharers over objectively similar others. The results highlight the importance of shared subjective experience and have implications for interpersonal and intergroup processes.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the structural organization of cognitive variables, and used that structure to examine relations between cognitive abilities and neuropsychological variables, finding that the variables could be organized into the same cognitive ability factors in both children and adults, and that a large proportion of the age-related influences on measures of cognitive functioning was shared across different cognitive abilities.
TL;DR: Data is shown to support the view that the DHA, as well as docosapentaenoic acid, that accumulate in Schizochytrium are products of a multi-subunit polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase, and other aspects of fatty acid synthesis in this organism are provided.
Abstract: Schizochytrium sp. is a marine microalga that has been developed as a commercial source for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22∶6 ω−3), enriched biomass, and oil. Previous work suggested that the DHA, as well as docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22∶5 ω−6), that accumulate in Schizochytrium are products of a multi-subunit polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase (1). Here we show data to support this view and also provide information of other aspects of fatty acid synthesis in this organism. Three genes encoding subunits of the PUFA synthase were isolated from genomic DNA and expressed in E. coli along with an essential accessory gene encoding a phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase). The resulting transformants accumulated both DHA and DPA. The ratio of DHA to DPA was approximately the same as that observed in Schizochytrium. Treatment of Schizochytrium cells with certain levels of cerulenin resulted in inhibition of 14C acetate incorporation into short chain fatty acids without affecting labeling of PUFAs, indicating distinct biosynthetic pathways. A single large gene encoding the presumed short chain fatty acid synthase (FAS) was cloned and sequenced. Based on sequence homology and domain organization, the Schizochytrium FAS resembles a fusion of fungal FAS β and α subunits.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the capillary rise method to measure the room temperature surface tension of several ionic liquids, selected mainly for their high electrical conductivity, including 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI+), 1-butyl-3 -methyloridazolate (BMI+), and 1,3-dimethylimideamideamides (DMI+) paired with anions such as GaCl4−, FeCl4+, C(CN)3−, N(CN
TL;DR: The new metastable epsilon-Bi2O3 polymorph has been prepared by hydrothermal treatment and structurally characterized and indicates its undoped bismuth oxide nature, then leading to the fifth characterized Bi2 O3 polymorph to date.
Abstract: The new metastable e-Bi2O3 polymorph has been prepared by hydrothermal treatment and structurally characterized. It shows strong relationships with the room temperature α form and the metastable β form through rearrangements of [Bi2O3] columns formed by edge-sharing OBi4 tetrahedra. Its fully ordered crystal structure yields an ionic insulating character. It irreversibly transforms at 400 °C to the α form. The chemical analysis indicates its undoped bismuth oxide nature, then leading to the fifth characterized Bi2O3 polymorph to date.