Institution
University of Costa Rica
Education•San José, Costa Rica•
About: University of Costa Rica is a education organization based out in San José, Costa Rica. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Venom. The organization has 9817 authors who have published 16781 publications receiving 238208 citations. The organization is also known as: UCR & Universidad de Costa Rica.
Topics: Population, Venom, Antivenom, Snake venom, Myotoxin
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine1, University of Montana2, University of California, San Diego3, University of Queensland4, Leiden University5, Cornell University6, Swansea University7, Nottingham Trent University8, Bangor University9, University of Costa Rica10, University of Bristol11, University of São Paulo12
TL;DR: In this article, three lineages of cobras have independently evolved the ability to spit venom at adversaries, and the three spitting lineages possess venoms characterized by an up-regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins, which potentiate the action of preexisting venom cytotoxins to activate mammalian sensory neurons and cause enhanced pain.
Abstract: Convergent evolution provides insights into the selective drivers underlying evolutionary change. Snake venoms, with a direct genetic basis and clearly defined functional phenotype, provide a model system for exploring the repeated evolution of adaptations. While snakes use venom primarily for predation, and venom composition often reflects diet specificity, three lineages of cobras have independently evolved the ability to spit venom at adversaries. Using gene, protein, and functional analyses, we show that the three spitting lineages possess venoms characterized by an up-regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins, which potentiate the action of preexisting venom cytotoxins to activate mammalian sensory neurons and cause enhanced pain. These repeated independent changes provide a fascinating example of convergent evolution across multiple phenotypic levels driven by selection for defense.
68 citations
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TL;DR: The edema-forming activity of eight Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms and its neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom were studied using the mouse footpad test, suggesting that lack of immunogenicity of some components may cause a poor neutralization.
67 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors attempted to understand how corporate citizenship affects job behaviors and employee feelings by examining a hypothesized positive effect of perceived corporate citizenship (PCC) on three dependent variables: work-role definitions, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational identification.
Abstract: There has been little research focus to date on individual level reactions to corporate citizenship. Our study attempted to understand better how corporate citizenship affects job behaviors and employee feelings by examining a hypothesized positive effect of perceived corporate citizenship (PCC) on 3 dependent variables: work-role definitions, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational identification. Additionally, the personal value of other-regarding value orientation was hypothesized to interact with PCC. The findings supported 4 of 6 hypotheses. We consider theoretical and practical implications of how corporate citizenship impacts employees.
67 citations
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TL;DR: Persistent HPV infection in older women with evidence of immune deficit is associated with an increase in systemic inflammatory cytokine levels, and the role that inflammatory cytokines play in HPV-induced progression from infection to cervical cancer is examined.
Abstract: Background: Defects in lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens/antigens in women >45 years old with a persistent type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been reported.
Methods: To determine whether these defects were associated with altered cytokine profiles, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants from 50 cases (oversampled for their reduced lymphoproliferative ability) and 50 uninfected controls (oversampled for their robust lymphoproliferative ability) were examined for 24 cytokines using multiplexed bead–based immunoassays and ELISA.
Results: The following plasma cytokines were significantly increased in cases relative to controls (cases versus controls; median pg/mL): interleukin (IL)-6, 393.1 versus 14.5; IL-8, 1,128.5 versus 43.9; tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 164.1 versus 9.2; macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), 1,368.9 versus 25.5; granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 13.8 versus 7.3; IL-1β, 8.3 versus 1.6 (all P 10) and highly statistically significant difference between cases and controls. Length of persistence or type of infection (high risk and low risk) did not affect these differences. IL-6, TNF-α, and MIP-1α levels were also increased in unstimulated PBMC culture supernatants from cases compared with controls ( P < 0.05), however, the cytokine levels from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMC culture supernatants were significantly lower in the cases ( P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: Persistent HPV infection in older women with evidence of immune deficit is associated with an increase in systemic inflammatory cytokines.
Impact: Future studies are needed to determine whether the inflammatory profile is age dependent and to examine the role that inflammatory cytokines play in HPV-induced progression from infection to cervical cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(8); 1954–9. ©2010 AACR.
67 citations
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TL;DR: It is concluded that, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, MT-II and MT-III activate defense mechanisms in macrophages up regulating phagocytosis, mainly via mannose and beta-glucan receptors, and the respiratory burst.
67 citations
Authors
Showing all 9922 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Alberto Ascherio | 136 | 462 | 69578 |
Gervasio Gomez | 133 | 1844 | 99695 |
Myron M. Levine | 123 | 789 | 60865 |
Hong-Cai Zhou | 114 | 489 | 66320 |
Edward O. Wilson | 101 | 406 | 89994 |
Mary Claire King | 100 | 336 | 47454 |
Olga Martín-Belloso | 86 | 384 | 23428 |
José María Gutiérrez | 84 | 607 | 26779 |
Cesare Montecucco | 84 | 382 | 27738 |
Rodolphe Clérac | 78 | 506 | 22604 |
Kim R. Dunbar | 74 | 470 | 20262 |
Paul J. Hanson | 70 | 251 | 19504 |
Hannia Campos | 69 | 210 | 15164 |
Jean-Pierre Gorvel | 67 | 231 | 15005 |
F. Albert Cotton | 66 | 1023 | 27647 |