University of East Anglia

About: University of East Anglia is a education organization based out in Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Climate change. The organization has 13250 authors who have published 37504 publications receiving 1669060 citations. The organization is also known as: UEA.

On the overall elastic moduli of composite materials

Abstract: The overall elastic moduli of some solid composite materials are evaluated, first by bounding them precisely, and secondly by a ‘self-consistent’ estimate. Transversely isotropic inclusions of ‘needle’ and ‘disc’ shapes are particularly considered, at both random and aligned orientations, and at arbitrary volume concentration.

The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs) family.

Abstract: The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs) enzymes are secreted, multi-domain matrix-associated zinc metalloendopeptidases that have diverse roles in tissue morphogenesis and patho-physiological remodeling, in inflammation and in vascular biology. The human family includes 19 members that can be sub-grouped on the basis of their known substrates, namely the aggrecanases or proteoglycanases (ADAMTS1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 15 and 20), the procollagen N-propeptidases (ADAMTS2, 3 and 14), the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-cleaving enzymes (ADAMTS7 and 12), the von-Willebrand Factor proteinase (ADAMTS13) and a group of orphan enzymes (ADAMTS6, 10, 16, 17, 18 and 19). Control of the structure and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a central theme of the biology of the ADAMTS, as exemplified by the actions of the procollagen-N-propeptidases in collagen fibril assembly and of the aggrecanases in the cleavage or modification of ECM proteoglycans. Defects in certain family members give rise to inherited genetic disorders, while the aberrant expression or function of others is associated with arthritis, cancer and cardiovascular disease. In particular, ADAMTS4 and 5 have emerged as therapeutic targets in arthritis. Multiple ADAMTSs from different sub-groupings exert either positive or negative effects on tumorigenesis and metastasis, with both metalloproteinase-dependent and -independent actions known to occur. The basic ADAMTS structure comprises a metalloproteinase catalytic domain and a carboxy-terminal ancillary domain, the latter determining substrate specificity and the localization of the protease and its interaction partners; ancillary domains probably also have independent biological functions. Focusing primarily on the aggrecanases and proteoglycanases, this review provides a perspective on the evolution of the ADAMTS family, their links with developmental and disease mechanisms, and key questions for the future.

Language and Society

Abstract: Acknowledgements 1. Linguistics and sociolinguistics 2. A tapestry in space and time 3. Language varieties: processes and problems 4. Discovering the structure in variation 5. Rhoticity 6. At the intersection of social factors 7. Change, meaning and acts of identity 8. The discourse of social life 9. Communication: words and world 10. Action and critique 11. Language and social explanation Further reading References Index.

Effects on climate

Abstract: Climate is, as defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary, the prevailing influence or environmental conditions characterizing a group or period. Climate is connected and intertwined in many ways with the four systems; the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere, and the four topics; meteorology, geology, oceanography, and astronomy of earth science. Each of these eight topics or systems help play a unique role in the trends of a specific region, known as the region’s climate.

Broad-spectrum mildew resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana mediated by RPW8.

Abstract: Plant disease resistance (R) genes control the recognition of specific pathogens and activate subsequent defense responses. We show that the Arabidopsis thaliana locus RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8 (RPW8) contains two naturally polymorphic, dominant R genes, RPW8.1 and RPW8.2, which individually control resistance to a broad range of powdery mildew pathogens. Although the predicted RPW8.1 and RPW8.2 proteins are different from the previously characterized R proteins, they induce localized, salicylic acid-dependent defenses similar to those induced by R genes that control specific resistance. Apparently, broad-spectrum resistance mediated by RPW8 uses the same mechanisms as specific resistance.