Showing papers by "University of Erlangen-Nuremberg published in 2017"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of the latest NOMA research and innovations as well as their applications in 5G wireless networks and discuss future challenges and future research challenges.
Abstract: Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an essential enabling technology for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks to meet the heterogeneous demands on low latency, high reliability, massive connectivity, improved fairness, and high throughput. The key idea behind NOMA is to serve multiple users in the same resource block, such as a time slot, subcarrier, or spreading code. The NOMA principle is a general framework, and several recently proposed 5G multiple access schemes can be viewed as special cases. This survey provides an overview of the latest NOMA research and innovations as well as their applications. Thereby, the papers published in this special issue are put into the context of the existing literature. Future research challenges regarding NOMA in 5G and beyond are also discussed.
1,551 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of the latest NOMA research and innovations as well as their applications in 5G wireless networks and discuss future research challenges regarding 5G and beyond.
Abstract: Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an essential enabling technology for the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks to meet the heterogeneous demands on low latency, high reliability, massive connectivity, improved fairness, and high throughput. The key idea behind NOMA is to serve multiple users in the same resource block, such as a time slot, subcarrier, or spreading code. The NOMA principle is a general framework, and several recently proposed 5G multiple access schemes can be viewed as special cases. This survey provides an overview of the latest NOMA research and innovations as well as their applications. Thereby, the papers published in this special issue are put into the content of the existing literature. Future research challenges regarding NOMA in 5G and beyond are also discussed.
1,303 citations
Uppsala University1, University of Trieste2, University of Oxford3, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust4, Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library5, University of Hohenheim6, University of Pennsylvania7, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais8, Fujita Health University9, Aalborg University10, University of Vermont11, Mount Carmel Health12, Sapienza University of Rome13, Kristianstad University College14, Medical University of Vienna15, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis16, VU University Medical Center17, HAN University of Applied Sciences18, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg19, Peking Union Medical College20, Université libre de Bruxelles21, Rabin Medical Center22
TL;DR: An agreement of basic nutritional terminology to be used in clinical practice, research, and the ESPEN guideline developments has been established and may help to support future global consensus efforts and updates of classification systems such as the International Classification of Disease.
1,294 citations
TL;DR: This work deploys LSTM networks for predicting out-of-sample directional movements for the constituent stocks of the S&P 500 from 1992 until 2015 and finds one common pattern among the stocks selected for trading – they exhibit high volatility and a short-term reversal return profile.
1,199 citations
TL;DR: There remains growing interest in magnesium (Mg) and its alloys, as they are the lightest structural metallic materials Mg alloys have the potential to enable design of lighter engineered systems, including positive implications for reduced energy consumption as mentioned in this paper.
1,173 citations
Kyriaki Michailidou1, Kyriaki Michailidou2, Sara Lindström3, Sara Lindström4 +393 more•Institutions (127)
TL;DR: A genome-wide association study of breast cancer in 122,977 cases and 105,974 controls of European ancestry and 14,068 cases and 13,104 controls of East Asian ancestry finds that heritability of Breast cancer due to all single-nucleotide polymorphisms in regulatory features was 2–5-fold enriched relative to the genome- wide average.
Abstract: Breast cancer risk is influenced by rare coding variants in susceptibility genes, such as BRCA1, and many common, mostly non-coding variants. However, much of the genetic contribution to breast cancer risk remains unknown. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study of breast cancer in 122,977 cases and 105,974 controls of European ancestry and 14,068 cases and 13,104 controls of East Asian ancestry. We identified 65 new loci that are associated with overall breast cancer risk at P < 5 × 10-8. The majority of credible risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms in these loci fall in distal regulatory elements, and by integrating in silico data to predict target genes in breast cells at each locus, we demonstrate a strong overlap between candidate target genes and somatic driver genes in breast tumours. We also find that heritability of breast cancer due to all single-nucleotide polymorphisms in regulatory features was 2-5-fold enriched relative to the genome-wide average, with strong enrichment for particular transcription factor binding sites. These results provide further insight into genetic susceptibility to breast cancer and will improve the use of genetic risk scores for individualized screening and prevention.
1,014 citations
University of Marburg1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg2, Rovira i Virgili University3, University of Göttingen4, Max Planck Society5, University of California, Los Angeles6, International School for Advanced Studies7, University of Melbourne8, University of Trieste9, Ikerbasque10, University of Toronto11, Nanyang Technological University12, National Institutes of Health13, Stanford University14, Shanghai Jiao Tong University15, Tongji University16, University of Seville17, Karolinska Institutet18, Drexel University19, Sichuan University20, Rice University21, Northwestern University22, University of Basel23, Zhejiang University24, Heidelberg University25, University of Tokyo26, Harvard University27, University of Utah28, University of Michigan29, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology30, Seoul National University31, Saarland University32, Columbia University33, Chinese Academy of Sciences34, Kazan Federal University35, Emory University36, University of California, Irvine37, Autonomous University of Barcelona38, University of Massachusetts Amherst39, Pennsylvania State University40, Ghent University41, Imperial College London42, National Tsing Hua University43, South China University of Technology44, University of Ulm45, Hebrew University of Jerusalem46, Huazhong University of Science and Technology47, Peking University48
TL;DR: An overview of recent developments in nanomedicine is provided and the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field are highlighted and translation to the clinic is highlighted.
Abstract: The design and use of materials in the nanoscale size range for addressing medical and health-related issues continues to receive increasing interest. Research in nanomedicine spans a multitude of areas, including drug delivery, vaccine development, antibacterial, diagnosis and imaging tools, wearable devices, implants, high-throughput screening platforms, etc. using biological, nonbiological, biomimetic, or hybrid materials. Many of these developments are starting to be translated into viable clinical products. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in nanomedicine and highlight the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field and translation to the clinic.
926 citations
Harvard University1, Hoffmann-La Roche2, Genentech3, Dresden University of Technology4, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven5, University of Barcelona6, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust7, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg8, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich9, Hospital for Special Surgery10
TL;DR: Tocilizumab, received weekly or every other week, combined with a 26‐week prednisone taper was superior to either 26‐ week or 52‐weekprednisone tapering plus placebo with regard to sustained glucocorticoid‐free remission in patients with giant‐cell arteritis.
Abstract: BackgroundGiant-cell arteritis commonly relapses when glucocorticoids are tapered, and the prolonged use of glucocorticoids is associated with side effects. The effect of the interleukin-6 receptor alpha inhibitor tocilizumab on the rates of relapse during glucocorticoid tapering was studied in patients with giant-cell arteritis. MethodsIn this 1-year trial, we randomly assigned 251 patients, in a 2:1:1:1 ratio, to receive subcutaneous tocilizumab (at a dose of 162 mg) weekly or every other week, combined with a 26-week prednisone taper, or placebo combined with a prednisone taper over a period of either 26 weeks or 52 weeks. The primary outcome was the rate of sustained glucocorticoid-free remission at week 52 in each tocilizumab group as compared with the rate in the placebo group that underwent the 26-week prednisone taper. The key secondary outcome was the rate of remission in each tocilizumab group as compared with the placebo group that underwent the 52-week prednisone taper. Dosing of prednisone an...
888 citations
TL;DR: This work demonstrates highly efficient and stable solar cells using a ternary approach, wherein two non-fullerene acceptors are combined with both a scalable and affordable donor polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and a high-efficiency, low-bandgap polymer in a single-layer bulk-heterojunction device.
Abstract: Technological deployment of organic photovoltaic modules requires improvements in device light-conversion efficiency and stability while keeping material costs low. Here we demonstrate highly efficient and stable solar cells using a ternary approach, wherein two non-fullerene acceptors are combined with both a scalable and affordable donor polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and a high-efficiency, low-bandgap polymer in a single-layer bulk-heterojunction device. The addition of a strongly absorbing small molecule acceptor into a P3HT-based non-fullerene blend increases the device efficiency up to 7.7 ± 0.1% without any solvent additives. The improvement is assigned to changes in microstructure that reduce charge recombination and increase the photovoltage, and to improved light harvesting across the visible region. The stability of P3HT-based devices in ambient conditions is also significantly improved relative to polymer:fullerene devices. Combined with a low-bandgap donor polymer (PBDTTT-EFT, also known as PCE10), the two mixed acceptors also lead to solar cells with 11.0 ± 0.4% efficiency and a high open-circuit voltage of 1.03 ± 0.01 V. Ternary organic blends using two non-fullerene acceptors are shown to improve the efficiency and stability of low-cost solar cells based on P3HT and of high-performance photovoltaic devices based on low-bandgap donor polymers.
887 citations
TL;DR: It becomes apparent that understanding the effects of specific immune interventions can elucidate definitive molecular or cellular nodes that are essential to maintain complex inflammatory networks that subserve diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
812 citations
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg2, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine3, Charité4, ETH Zurich5, University of Regensburg6, Dresden University of Technology7, University of Hasselt8, Robert Koch Institute9, Hannover Medical School10, National Institutes of Health11, Vanderbilt University12
TL;DR: This paper showed that high salt intake affects the gut microbiome in mice, particularly by depleting Lactobacillus murinus, and treatment of mice with L. murinus prevented salt-induced aggravation of actively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and salt-sensitive hypertension by modulating T helper 17 (TH17) cells.
Abstract: A Western lifestyle with high salt consumption can lead to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. High salt may additionally drive autoimmunity by inducing T helper 17 (TH17) cells, which can also contribute to hypertension. Induction of TH17 cells depends on gut microbiota; however, the effect of salt on the gut microbiome is unknown. Here we show that high salt intake affects the gut microbiome in mice, particularly by depleting Lactobacillus murinus. Consequently, treatment of mice with L. murinus prevented salt-induced aggravation of actively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and salt-sensitive hypertension by modulating TH17 cells. In line with these findings, a moderate high-salt challenge in a pilot study in humans reduced intestinal survival of Lactobacillus spp., increased TH17 cells and increased blood pressure. Our results connect high salt intake to the gut-immune axis and highlight the gut microbiome as a potential therapeutic target to counteract salt-sensitive conditions.
Christian R. Marshall, Daniel P. Howrigan1, Daniel P. Howrigan2, Daniele Merico +326 more•Institutions (98)
TL;DR: In this article, a centralized analysis pipeline was applied to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls, and a global enrichment of copy number variants (CNVs) was observed in cases (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, P = 5.7 × 10-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies.
Abstract: Copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, genome-wide investigation of the contribution of CNV to risk has been hampered by limited sample sizes. We sought to address this obstacle by applying a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. A global enrichment of CNV burden was observed in cases (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, P = 5.7 × 10-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR = 1.07, P = 1.7 × 10-6). CNV burden was enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8 × 10-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P = 7.3 × 10-5). Genome-wide significant evidence was obtained for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. Suggestive support was found for eight additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consisted predominantly of CNVs mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a reference model based on the concept of Skin Model Shapes, which serves as a digital twin of the physical product in design and manufacturing, and address model conceptualization, representation, and implementation as well as applications along the product life cycle.
TL;DR: The pathophysiology of the cytokine storm is summarized; the type, effects, and kinetics of cytokine production are described; and new promising therapeutic strategies focusing on the endothelium, as a source and a target of cytokines are described.
Abstract: Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Sepsis is a severe clinical syndrome related to the host response to infection. The severity of infections is due to an activation cascade that will lead to an autoamplifying cytokine production: the cytokine storm. Cytokines are a broad category of relatively small proteins (<40 kDa) that are produced and released with the aim of cell signaling. Our understanding of the processes that trigger this tremendous amount of cytokine production has made dramatic progress over the last decades, but unfortunately, these findings could not translate yet into effective treatments; so far, all clinical trials targeting cytokine production or effects failed. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiology of the cytokine storm; to describe the type, effects, and kinetics of cytokine production; and to discuss the therapeutic challenges of targeting cytokines. New promising therapeutic strategies focusing on the endothelium, as a source and a target of cytokines, are described.
Zhengzhou University1, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust2, University of Bern3, Policlinico Umberto I4, University of Paris5, University of Pavia6, Goethe University Frankfurt7, University of Bergen8, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg9, Erasmus University Rotterdam10, University of Bologna11, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova12, King's College London13, University of Southern Denmark14
TL;DR: The first update of the 2013 EFSUMB (European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology) Guidelines and Recommendations on the clinical use of elastography is presented, focused on the assessment of diffuse liver disease.
Abstract: We present here the first update of the 2013 EFSUMB (European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology) Guidelines and Recommendations on the clinical use of elastography with a focus on the assessment of diffuse liver disease. The short version provides clinical information about the practical use of elastography equipment and interpretation of results in the assessment of diffuse liver disease and analyzes the main findings based on published studies, stressing the evidence from meta-analyses. The role of elastography in different etiologies of liver disease and in several clinical scenarios is also discussed. All of the recommendations are judged with regard to their evidence-based strength according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. This updated document is intended to act as a reference and to provide a practical guide for both beginners and advanced clinical users.
TL;DR: Three new genome-wide significant nonsynonymous variants associated with Alzheimer's disease are observed, providing additional evidence that the microglia-mediated innate immune response contributes directly to the development of Alzheimer's Disease.
Abstract: We identified rare coding variants associated with Alzheimer's disease in a three-stage case–control study of 85,133 subjects. In stage 1, we genotyped 34,174 samples using a whole-exome microarray. In stage 2, we tested associated variants (P < 1 × 10−4) in 35,962 independent samples using de novo genotyping and imputed genotypes. In stage 3, we used an additional 14,997 samples to test the most significant stage 2 associations (P < 5 × 10−8) using imputed genotypes. We observed three new genome-wide significant nonsynonymous variants associated with Alzheimer's disease: a protective variant in PLCG2 (rs72824905: p.Pro522Arg, P = 5.38 × 10−10, odds ratio (OR) = 0.68, minor allele frequency (MAF)cases = 0.0059, MAFcontrols = 0.0093), a risk variant in ABI3 (rs616338: p.Ser209Phe, P = 4.56 × 10−10, OR = 1.43, MAFcases = 0.011, MAFcontrols = 0.008), and a new genome-wide significant variant in TREM2 (rs143332484: p.Arg62His, P = 1.55 × 10−14, OR = 1.67, MAFcases = 0.0143, MAFcontrols = 0.0089), a known susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease. These protein-altering changes are in genes highly expressed in microglia and highlight an immune-related protein–protein interaction network enriched for previously identified risk genes in Alzheimer's disease. These genetic findings provide additional evidence that the microglia-mediated innate immune response contributes directly to the development of Alzheimer's disease.
TL;DR: This protocol update describes an adaptation of the existing protocol that modifies the technique that has been used to generate improved mouse models that better reflect the nature of IBDs in humans.
Abstract: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) result in diarrhea and abdominal pain with further potential complications such as tissue fibrosis and stenosis Animal models help in understanding the immunopathogenesis of IBDs and in the design of novel therapeutic concepts Here we present an updated version of a protocol we published in 2007 for key models of acute and chronic forms of colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitro-benzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), oxazolone and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) This protocol update describes an adaptation of the existing protocol that modifies the technique This protocol has been used to generate improved mouse models that better reflect the nature of IBDs in humans In TNBS and oxazolone colitis models, topical administration of hapten reagents results in T-cell-mediated immunity against haptenized proteins and luminal antigens By contrast, to generate DSS colitis models, mice orally receive DSS, causing death of epithelial cells, compromising barrier function and causing subsequent inflammation The analysis of the acute colitis models can be performed within 1-2 weeks, whereas that of the chronic models may take 2-4 months The strengths of the acute models are that they are based on the analysis of short-lasting barrier alterations, innate immune effects and flares The advantages of the chronic models are that they may offer better insight into adaptive immunity and complications such as neoplasia and tissue fibrosis The protocol requires basic skills in laboratory animal research
University of Göttingen1, City College of New York2, University of São Paulo3, University of Toronto4, Aalborg University5, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg6, Greifswald University Hospital7, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital8, Medical University of South Carolina9, University of Pennsylvania10, Technische Universität Ilmenau11, University of Oldenburg12, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne13, Paris 12 Val de Marne University14, University of New South Wales15, University of Aberdeen16, University of Trento17, University of Lisbon18, University of Kiel19, Technical University of Dortmund20, Ruhr University Bochum21, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich22, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center23, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences24, University of Siena25, The Catholic University of America26, University College London27, University of Copenhagen28, Fukushima Medical University29, Massachusetts Institute of Technology30, University of Tübingen31
TL;DR: Structured interviews are provided and recommend their use in future controlled studies, in particular when trying to extend the parameters applied, to discuss recent regulatory issues, reporting practices and ethical issues.
TL;DR: It is shown that different EMT-TFs have complementary subfunctions in driving pancreatic tumour metastasis, and that Depletion of Zeb1 suppresses stemness, colonization capacity and in particular phenotypic/metabolic plasticity of tumour cells, probably causing the observed in vivo effects.
Abstract: Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-associated death. Partial activation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program (partial EMT) was considered a major driver of tumour progression from initiation to metastasis. However, the role of EMT in promoting metastasis has recently been challenged, in particular concerning effects of the Snail and Twist EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs) in pancreatic cancer. In contrast, we show here that in the same pancreatic cancer model, driven by Pdx1-cre-mediated activation of mutant Kras and p53 (KPC model), the EMT-TF Zeb1 is a key factor for the formation of precursor lesions, invasion and notably metastasis. Depletion of Zeb1 suppresses stemness, colonization capacity and in particular phenotypic/metabolic plasticity of tumour cells, probably causing the observed in vivo effects. Accordingly, we conclude that different EMT-TFs have complementary subfunctions in driving pancreatic tumour metastasis. Therapeutic strategies should consider these potential specificities of EMT-TFs to target these factors simultaneously.
University of British Columbia1, University of Calgary2, Harvard University3, Johns Hopkins University4, International Society of Nephrology5, Veterans Health Administration6, Merck & Co.7, University of Groningen8, Concord Repatriation General Hospital9, University of Freiburg10, University of Michigan11, Tufts University12, University of Zurich13, University of California, San Diego14, Panamerican University15, University of Alberta16, University of Sydney17, Karolinska Institutet18, University of Washington19, University College London20, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg21
TL;DR: An action plan and performance framework based on ten themes to strengthen CKD surveillance, tackle major risk factors for CKD, and enhance understanding of the genetic causes of CKD is presented.
University of Copenhagen1, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne2, University of Michigan3, Ramon Llull University4, Purdue University5, European School of Management and Technology6, Aarhus University7, University of Surrey8, Royal Holloway, University of London9, Maastricht University10, Johannes Kepler University of Linz11, Copenhagen Business School12, Royal Institute of Technology13, University of Southern California14, Simon Fraser University15, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg16, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee17, RWTH Aachen University18, University of Southern Denmark19, Polytechnic University of Milan20, Babson College21, Imperial College London22
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present opportunities for future research on OI, organized at different levels of analysis, and discuss some of the contingencies at these different levels, and argue that future research needs to study OI - originally an organisational-level phenomenon.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the main perspectives and themes emerging in research on open innovation (OI). The paper is the result of a collaborative process among several OI scholars – having a common basis in the recurrent Professional Development Workshop on ‘Researching Open Innovation’ at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management. In this paper, we present opportunities for future research on OI, organised at different levels of analysis. We discuss some of the contingencies at these different levels, and argue that future research needs to study OI – originally an organisational-level phenomenon – across multiple levels of analysis. While our integrative framework allows comparing, contrasting and integrating various perspectives at different levels of analysis, further theorising will be needed to advance OI research. On this basis, we propose some new research categories as well as questions for future research – particularly those that span across research domains that have so far developed in isolation.
University of Bern1, University of Toronto2, Niigata University3, University of Lausanne4, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University5, Copenhagen University Hospital6, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg7, University of California, San Francisco8, Medical University of Graz9, Radboud University Nijmegen10, Geneva College11, University of Helsinki12, University College Dublin13, Mayo Clinic14, Tokyo Medical and Dental University15, Paris Descartes University16, National Defense Medical College17, St James's University Hospital18
TL;DR: Members of the ITBCC were able to reach strong consensus on a single international, evidence-based method for tumor budding assessment and reporting and it is proposed that this method be incorporated into colorectal cancer guidelines/protocols and staging systems.
TL;DR: This Account highlights the current state-of-the-art in hydrogen storage using LOHC systems and introduces fundamental aspects of a future hydrogen economy and derives therefrom requirements for suitable LohC compounds.
Abstract: ConspectusThe need to drastically reduce CO2 emissions will lead to the transformation of our current, carbon-based energy system to a more sustainable, renewable-based one. In this process, hydrogen will gain increasing importance as secondary energy vector. Energy storage requirements on the TWh scale (to bridge extended times of low wind and sun harvest) and global logistics of renewable energy equivalents will create additional driving forces toward a future hydrogen economy. However, the nature of hydrogen requires dedicated infrastructures, and this has prevented so far the introduction of elemental hydrogen into the energy sector to a large extent. Recent scientific and technological progress in handling hydrogen in chemically bound form as liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) supports the technological vision that a future hydrogen economy may work without handling large amounts of elemental hydrogen. LOHC systems are composed of pairs of hydrogen-lean and hydrogen-rich organic compounds that st...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the latest research on both green 5G techniques and energy harvesting for communication, and some technical challenges and potential research topics for realizing sustainable green wireless networks are also identified.
Abstract: The stringent requirements of a 1000x increase in data traffic and 1 ms round-trip latency have made limiting the potentially tremendous ensuing energy consumption one of the most challenging problems for the design of the upcoming 5G networks. To enable sustainable 5G networks, new technologies have been proposed to improve the system energy efficiency, and alternative energy sources are introduced to reduce our dependence on traditional fossil fuels. In particular, various 5G techniques target the reduction of the energy consumption without sacrificing the quality of service. Meanwhile, energy harvesting technologies, which enable communication transceivers to harvest energy from various renewable resources and ambient radio frequency signals for communication, have drawn significant interest from both academia and industry. In this article, we provide an overview of the latest research on both green 5G techniques and energy harvesting for communication. In addition, some technical challenges and potential research topics for realizing sustainable green 5G networks are also identified.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated resource allocation algorithm design for multicarrier non-orthogonal multiple access (MC-NOMA) systems employing a full-duplex (FD) base station for serving multiple HD downlink and uplink users simultaneously.
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate resource allocation algorithm design for multicarrier non-orthogonal multiple access (MC-NOMA) systems employing a full-duplex (FD) base station for serving multiple half-duplex (HD) downlink and uplink users simultaneously. The proposed algorithm is obtained from the solution of a non-convex optimization problem for the maximization of the weighted sum system throughput. We apply monotonic optimization to develop an optimal joint power and subcarrier allocation policy. The optimal resource allocation policy serves as a system performance benchmark due to its high computational complexity. Furthermore, a suboptimal iterative scheme based on successive convex approximation is proposed to strike a balance between computational complexity and optimality. Our simulation results reveal that the proposed suboptimal algorithm achieves a close-to-optimal performance. In addition, FD MC-NOMA systems employing the proposed resource allocation algorithms provide a substantial system throughput improvement compared with conventional HD multicarrier orthogonal multiple access (MC-OMA) systems and other baseline schemes. In addition, our results unveil that FD MC-NOMA systems enable a fairer resource allocation compared with traditional HD MC-OMA systems.
TL;DR: Tantalum-doped tungsten oxide forms almost ohmic contacts with inexpensive conjugated polymer multilayers to create a hole-transporting material with a small interface barrier, which eliminates the use of ionic dopants that compromise device stability.
Abstract: A major bottleneck delaying the further commercialization of thin-film solar cells based on hybrid organohalide lead perovskites is interface loss in state-of-the-art devices. We present a generic interface architecture that combines solution-processed, reliable, and cost-efficient hole-transporting materials without compromising efficiency, stability, or scalability of perovskite solar cells. Tantalum-doped tungsten oxide (Ta-WO x )/conjugated polymer multilayers offer a surprisingly small interface barrier and form quasi-ohmic contacts universally with various scalable conjugated polymers. In a simple device with regular planar architecture and a self-assembled monolayer, Ta-WO x –doped interface–based perovskite solar cells achieve maximum efficiencies of 21.2% and offer more than 1000 hours of light stability. By eliminating additional ionic dopants, these findings open up the entire class of organics as scalable hole-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells.
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg1, University of Florence2, Utrecht University3, Paris Descartes University4, UCL Institute of Child Health5, Istanbul University6, Charles University in Prague7, University of Bonn8, VU University Amsterdam9, University of Paris10, University College London11, University of Grenoble12, University of Freiburg13, University of Greifswald14, University of Ulm15, University of Tübingen16, University of Lisbon17, University of Barcelona18, HCL Technologies19, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich20
TL;DR: In patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy requiring surgery, hippocampal sclerosis was the most common histopathological diagnosis among adults, and focal cortical dysplasia was the second most common lesion in both groups.
Abstract: BackgroundDetailed neuropathological information on the structural brain lesions underlying seizures is valuable for understanding drug-resistant focal epilepsy. MethodsWe report the diagnoses made on the basis of resected brain specimens from 9523 patients who underwent epilepsy surgery for drug-resistant seizures in 36 centers from 12 European countries over 25 years. Histopathological diagnoses were determined through examination of the specimens in local hospitals (41%) or at the German Neuropathology Reference Center for Epilepsy Surgery (59%). ResultsThe onset of seizures occurred before 18 years of age in 75.9% of patients overall, and 72.5% of the patients underwent surgery as adults. The mean duration of epilepsy before surgical resection was 20.1 years among adults and 5.3 years among children. The temporal lobe was involved in 71.9% of operations. There were 36 histopathological diagnoses in seven major disease categories. The most common categories were hippocampal sclerosis, found in 36.4% of...
TL;DR: Various synthetic methods and modifying concepts of 1D-photoanodes (nanotubes, nanorods, nanofibers, nanowires) based on titania, hematite, and on α-Fe2O3/TiO2 heterostructures, for PEC applications are described.
Abstract: Solar driven photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC-WS) using semiconductor photoelectrodes represents a promising approach for a sustainable and environmentally friendly production of renewable energy vectors and fuel sources, such as dihydrogen (H2). In this context, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and iron oxide (hematite, α-Fe2O3) are among the most investigated candidates as photoanode materials, mainly owing to their resistance to photocorrosion, non-toxicity, natural abundance, and low production cost. Major drawbacks are, however, an inherently low electrical conductivity and a limited hole diffusion length that significantly affect the performance of TiO2 and α-Fe2O3 in PEC devices. To this regard, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructuring is typically applied as it provides several superior features such as a significant enlargement of the material surface area, extended contact between the semiconductor and the electrolyte and, most remarkably, preferential electrical transport that overall suppress charge carrier recombination and improve TiO2 and α-Fe2O3 photoelectrocatalytic properties. The present review describes various synthetic methods and modifying concepts of 1D-photoanodes (nanotubes, nanorods, nanofibers, nanowires) based on titania, hematite, and on α-Fe2O3/TiO2 heterostructures, for PEC applications. Various routes towards modification and enhancement of PEC activity of 1D photoanodes are discussed including doping, decoration with co-catalysts and heterojunction engineering. Finally, the challenges related to the optimization of charge transfer kinetics in both oxides are highlighted.
TL;DR: The design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and the methodology for drilling and deployment are described, including the online triggering and data filtering systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis.
Abstract: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, was completed in 2011 and enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and our methodology for drilling and deployment. We also describe the online triggering and data filtering systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis. Due to a rigorous pre-deployment protocol, 98.4% of the DOMs in the deep ice are operating and collecting data. IceCube routinely achieves a detector uptime of 99% by emphasizing software stability and monitoring. Detector operations have been stable since construction was completed, and the detector is expected to operate at least until the end of the next decade.
TL;DR: A rapid search in PubMed shows that using "flow cytometry immunology" as a search term yields more than 68 000 articles, the first of which is not about lymphocytes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The marriage between immunology and cytometry is one of the most stable and productive in the recent history of science. A rapid search in PubMed shows that, as of July 2017, using “flow cytometry immunology” as a search term yields more than 68 000 articles, the first of which, interestingly, is not about lymphocytes. It might be stated that, after a short engagement, the exchange of the wedding rings between immunology and cytometry officially occurred when the idea to link fluorochromes to monoclonal antibodies came about. After this, recognizing different types of cells became relatively easy and feasible not only by using a simple fluorescence microscope, but also by a complex and sometimes esoteric instrument, the flow cytometer that is able to count hundreds of cells in a single second, and can provide repetitive results in a tireless manner. Given this, the possibility to analyse immune phenotypes in a variety of clinical conditions has changed the use of the flow cytometer, which was incidentally invented in the late 1960s to measure cellular DNA by using intercalating dyes, such as ethidium bromide. The epidemics of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s then gave a dramatic impulse to the technology of counting specific cells, since it became clear that the quantification of the number of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells was crucial to follow the course of the infection, and eventually for monitoring the therapy. As a consequence, the development of flow cytometers that had to be easy-to-use in all clinical laboratories helped to widely disseminate this technology. Nowadays, it is rare to find an immunological paper or read a conference abstract in which the authors did not use flow cytometry as the main tool to dissect the immune system and identify its fine and complex functions. Of note, recent developments have created the sophisticated technology of mass cytometry, which is able to simultaneously identify dozens of molecules at the single cell level and allows us to better understand the complexity and beauty of the immune system.