Showing papers by "University of Exeter published in 1968"
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that both peak flow and base flow are related to drainage density in the same way, and that the drainage density derived by a particular method can be related only to one type of flow.
Abstract: Actual discharges from two experimental catchments are related to the corresponding measurements of the length of channel flow; within a single catchment this is equivalent to drainage density. Drainage densities ranging from less than 1.0 to nearly 10.0 are associated with discharges ranging from 0.15 to nearly 20.0 c.f.s. per square mile. In each catchment all discharge values (Q) and drainage density values (Dd) are related by a function approximately of the form Q ∝ Dd2, which is then discussed in relation to studies made of the variation of streamflow and drainage density between catchments. It is suggested that both peak flow and base flow are related to drainage density in the same way. Studies which include drainage density as a basin characteristic and which relate it to water yield should acknowledge that its value varies within any one catchment, and therefore that the drainage density values derived by a particular method can be related only to one type of flow. In Great Britain the w...
186 citations
TL;DR: Gut analyses of carcasses sent from various parts of Britain revealed that game birds were taken more by stoats than weasels; the chief bird prey of the latter was passerines.
Abstract: Information on the food habits of stoats and weasels was obtained chiefly from gut analyses of carcasses sent from various parts of Britain. Lagomorphs, small rodents and birds form the bulk of the food taken by these predators. The three food classes appear to be equally important to stoats, whereas weasels obtain nearly half of their food from small rodents. Microtus was the most important small rodent in the diet of both stoats and weasels. Game birds were taken more by stoats than weasels; the chief bird prey of the latter was passerines.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the eye-gaze and speech of 10 S s were measured in dyadic social situations and the experimental design allowed a full investigation of the establishment of hierarchies of eye gaze dominance, a discussion of which was made in terms of L ANDAU's hierarchy index.
81 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the performance of skilled typists on texts ranging from prose to random letters, with the aim of discovering some of the factors that support its fluency, and found that speed and errors were the same for prose and random word texts, and although performance got progressively worse on more degraded texts the biggest decline came between first-and zero-order random letter texts.
Abstract: The performance of skilled typists was examined on texts ranging from prose to random letters, with the aim of discovering some of the factors that support its fluency. It was found that speed and errors were the same for prose and random word texts, and although performance got progressively worse on more degraded texts the biggest decline came between first- and zero-order random letter texts. The results were discussed in the context of several hypotheses about transcription processes, some assuming a statistical, left-to-right encoding of letters and others assuming linguistic encoding, either preserving the linguistic units in response units or translating the linguistic units into letter responses under the control of a sequencing process.
77 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that pupils from the Informal schools were significantly superior in divergent thinking abilities, and the hypothesis that informal, progressive teaching would promote these abilities more than formal, more subject-centred teaching was confirmed.
Abstract: Summary. This research was designed to evaluate the effects of differing teaching approaches on divergent thinking abilities, the hypothesis being that informal, progressive teaching would promote these abilities more than formal, more subject-centred teaching. Two-hundred-and-eleven children, 11 to 12 years old, of all ability levels, were tested, half coming from ‘Formal’ and half from ‘Informal’ primary schools which were matched for verbal reasoning quotient (VRQ) and socioeconomic background. The results showed that pupils from the Informal schools were significantly superior in divergent thinking abilities. The difference in means often reached the .01 level of significance and was in no case in the unpredicted direction. The hypothesis was thus confirmed.
A subsidiary hypothesis—that the correlation between VRQ and divergent thinking abilities would decrease as the VRQ of each sub-group rose—was also supported. As expected, these correlation values were generally higher in the Informal schools.
69 citations
TL;DR: Stochastic models based upon the assumption that the periods spent in each stage of development, excluding the possibility of death, are independent random variables with a characteristic form of probability distribution are proposed for the development of a biological organism through recognizable distinct stages.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper is concerned with stochastic models for the representation of the development of a biological organism through recognizable distinct stages. The models are based upon the assumption that the periods spent in each stage of development, excluding the possibility of death, are independent random variables with a characteristic form of probability distribution. Within each stage the organism is liable to be taken by predators or to die from other causes, and incidents of this type are assumed to occur as events in a Poisson process. The development of the theory for various forms of distribution of the period spent in a given stage is considered, including the negative exponential and second and third order special Erlangian distributions. An example is given of the application of the proposed models to the analysis of sampling data from a study of the life cycle of the grasshopper, Corthippus parallelus. The main features of the life cycle of a biological organism exhibit a similar pattern over a wide variety of different types and species. The birth of the organism occurs at a clearly defined point in time and the organism then passes through a period of growth and development until it reaches maturity. In certain types of organism this process is characterized by transition through a number of distinct and easily recognizable states in turn. An insect, for example, passes through a succession of larval instars. In other types of organism the process of development is less well defined, although it is usually possible to divide the life cycle into discrete states by reference to the presence or absence or to the size of characteristic features of the organism. At every moment of its life the organism is liable to suffer death, either as a result of the action of predators, of accidents or for other reasons. If the organism does reach maturity, its life will eventually be terminated, either by natural or other causes. In order to carry out quantitative studies of a population of a given type of organism it is often helpful to set up a mathematical model to represent the process of birth, development and death. Since there will generally be variations from one organism to another within the same population, such a model must preferably embody a stochastic or random element, as the assessment of individual variability will form an essential part of the description of the life cycle. The main features which must be taken into account are the distributions of the times of birth, of the periods spent in each stage of development and of mortality in the various stages. The process of growth, as revealed by the size of the organism at any given stage in its development, may also be of interest. This paper is concerned with a model which was originally developed to describe the life cycle of the grasshopper, Corthippus parallelus. The model is, however, of more general application, not only to other biological organisms, but also to studies of the structure of human populations. For example, the 'population' may correspond to a large organization, 'birth' may correspond to the recruit
66 citations
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the day-to-day variability of S q has been studied by using IGY data for a world wide network of stations and correlation coefficients for ranges in H at different pairs of stations were calculated.
46 citations
01 Nov 1968
45 citations
TL;DR: The Theory of Quantitative Economic Policy as discussed by the authors, by K. A. Fox, J. K. Sengupta and E. Thorbecke, 1966, p. 120s.
Abstract: The Theory of Quantitative Economic Policy. By K. A. Fox, J. K. Sengupta and E. Thorbecke. Amsterdam, North‐Holland, 1966. xxiii + 514 pp. 834″. 120s.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the response accuracy as a function of the length of delay and the duration of exposure to the target, and found that response accuracy increases linearly with logarithmically increasing delay and decreases with log-arithmic increase of exposure duration.
Abstract: Stylus aiming responses were made in the dark after the brief illumination of a target, and during or before the target exposure. Response accuracy was measured as a function of length of delay and of the duration of target exposure. Error increases linearly with logarithmically increasing delay and, within the limits investigated, decreases with logarithmic increase of exposure duration.
TL;DR: In this paper, two successive phases of Alpine folding have been recognized in the Mesozoic cover, both of which occurred after the main northward horizontal transport of the Lower Pennine nappes.
Abstract: The Lukmanier region in the central-southern Swiss Alps contains parts of three important structural and stratigraphic units: the Gotthard Massif in the north, the parautochthonous Mesozoic cover of this massif, and the Lucomagno Massif, a frontal part of the Lower Pennine nappe complex to the south. Two successive phases of Alpine folding have been recognized in the Mesozoic cover, both of which occurred after the main northward horizontal transport of the Lower Pennine nappes. The earlier phase, called Phase B, produced three large-scale fold zones in the cover, with a penetrative axial-plane schistosity that strikes east-west and dips steeply north; fold hinge lines are markedly curved in the plane of the schistosity due to differential strain effects. Deformed fossils and ooids indicate the principal axes of Phase B strain and show that the steeply plunging, micaceous mineral lineation, which is found on most schistosity surfaces, is parallel to Phase B maximum strain extension. Regional Phase B folds were modified to various extents by Phase B movements on tectonic slides that lie parallel to the axial-plane schistosity and form the east-west contacts of both massifs with the Mesozoic rocks. The subsequent phase of deformation, called Phase V, produced no large-scale structures, but corrugated bedding and Phase B schistosity and mineral lineation mainly in the southern half of Lukmanier. Fold axial planes strike southeast and dip gently northeast, and fold axes plunge gently southeast. Complex systems of joints and rare, local strike-slip faults developed after Phase V, probably during postorogenic regional uplift. Effects of both phases of Alpine folding are found in the Gotthard and Lucomagno Massifs. Phase B produced the schistosity that strikes east-west and dips steeply north in both massifs, and the shapes of augen, together with deformed schlieren in the Hercynian granodiorite in the Gotthard Massif, indicate that the orientations of Phase B strain axes are similar to those in the Mesozoic cover, with the mineral lineation on the schistosity in both Massifs being parallel to Phase B maximum strain extension. Very intense Phase B deformation in the Gotthard Massif was restricted mainly to mylonitization in narrow east-west zones, and such movements in one zone of ancient paragneisses appear to have controlled the position of the Scopi synclinal zone, the most northerly large-scale Phase B fold zone in the Mesozoic cover. Phase V deformation had little effect in the Gotthard Massif, but Phase V folds are found everywhere in the Lucomagno Massif: their orientation is similar to Phase V folds in the Mesozoic cover. Complex systems of joints in both Massifs probably developed at about the same time as similar joints in the Mesozoic cover. Alpine metamorphism, generally of lower almandine-amphibolite facies, produced a diversity of porphyroblasts in the Mesozoic cover, and they show a variety of textural relations with phases of deformation. These relations change across the area and are due to migration of phases of deformation from south to north relative to stationary metamorphic conditions. Porphyroblast textures also show that shape and predeformational orientation may be important factors controlling amounts of porphyroblast rotation. Regional considerations of Alpine events in Lukmanier and adjacent areas lead to the conclusion that the main northward horizontal transport of the Lower Pennine nappes preceded Phase B deformation in Lukmanier, and in turn Phase B preceded and initiated, by uplift of the Gotthard Massif, the main northward horizontal transport of the Ultrahelvetic and Helvetic nappes.
TL;DR: The results support the hypothesis that high pressures of oxygen are mutagenic in E. coli by supporting the possibility that at the time of pressure increase relatively more mutant than normal cells were in the resistant state and that during the period of exposure these might divide, thus giving an increase in mutant frequency and even a increase in the total number of mutants.
TL;DR: The authors used written descriptions of physical characteristics and a questionnaire concerning personality traits to determine whether or not there is a perceived relationship between body type and personality and found that stereotypes are held and that these largely correspond to Sheldon's original (1942) hypotheses concerning physique and "temperament".
Abstract: Written descriptions of physical characteristics and a questionnaire concerning personality traits were used to determine whether or not there is a perceived relationship between body type and personality. Results showed that stereotypes are held and that these largely correspond to Sheldon's original (1942) hypotheses concerning physique and ‘temperament.’
TL;DR: In this paper, the Granite Harbour Intrusive complex is represented by post-tectonic quartz monzonite, biotite-orthoclase granite, aplite and lamprophyre, all of probable lower Paleozoic age.
Abstract: Seven major rock units have been distinguished in the previously unmapped region around the head of the Mariner Glacier. The oldest is the Robertson Bay Group that includes Precambrian-Cambrian metasediments and interbedded volcanic rocks that are altered to biotite-grade schist in places. This sequence is overlain by the Camp Ridge Quartzite, a formation of the Bowers Group, probably lower Paleozoic in age and consisting chiefly of shallow-water quartzose sediments. Folding and metamorphism took place after the deposition of the Camp Ridge Quartzite, but the time of deformation is uncertain. The Granite Harbour Intrusive Complex is represented by post-tectonic quartz monzonite, biotite-orthoclase granite, aplite, and lamprophyre, all of probable lower Paleozoic age. Ferrar Group lavas and flat-lying Beacon Group sediments of Lower Mesozoic age, overlie a peneplain surface that truncates the older rocks. The youngest rocks in the area mapped belong to the olivine basalt-phonolite-trachyte associa...
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify stages in village change and propose a threefold typology of change which allows the villages to be grouped according to their status structures: high, middle and low.
Abstract: Summary
THE CHANGING SYSTEM OF RURAL STRATIFICATION: The recent concern among rural sociologists with the growing interconnection between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ areas and the development of ‘suburbia’ and commuter villages has led to the questioning of the validity and usefulness of the rural-urban continuum and the concept of community. This study is concerned with a transitional area, i.e. one which is neither ‘truly rural’ or ‘truly urban’ and attempts to identify stages in village change. The starting point is the analysis of the village class structure, distinguishing between the groups which are expanding, the professional and managerial group and the skilled workers, and those which are declining, the farm workers and unskilled labourers. To some extent these changes are redefining the village class structure. The position of the farmer within this changing structure is then considered. Here three status groups, high, middle and low, are distinguished and the position of each is examined. The analysis shows that members of the high status group, which have a predominantly middle class background and orientation, fit easily into the developing village middle class. The low status farmer, on the other hand, is experiencing a decline in his position and is exhibiting class and status consciousness. Having examined some of the main elements of change within the eleven surveyed parishes, a threefold typology of change is formulated which allows the villages to be grouped according to their status structures. The typology is then illustrated by examining an example of each of the three types of villages distinguished.
Zusammenfassung
DER WANOEL IN DER SCHICHTONG DER LANDLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT: Die neuere Beschaftigung der Landsoziologen mit der wachsenden Integration landlicher und stadtischer Gebiete und mit der Ent-wicklung von Satellitenstadten und Pendlerdorfern hat die Frage nach der Stichhaltigkeit und Brauchbarkeit des Land-Stadt-Konti-nuums und nach einer Konzeption der Gemeinschaft aufgeworfen. Die vorliegende Studie behandelt ein Ubergangsgebiet, das weder ausgesprochen landliche noch betont stadtische Zuge aufweist, und versucht, Stadien im Wandel des Dorfes herauszuarbeiten. Ausgangs-punkt ist die Sozialstruktur des Dorfes; es wird zwischen expandie-renden Gruppen (solche der gehobenen Berufe mit leitenden Funk-tionen und die Facharbeiter) und abnehmenden Gruppen (in der Landwirtschaft Beschaftigte und ungelernte Arbeiter) unterschieden. Bis zu einem gewissen Grad lassen diese Veranderungen Ruck-schlusse auf die Klassenstruktur des Dorfes zu. Die Stellung der Landwirtschaft in diesem Prozess wird dann behandelt. Dazu werden drei Statusgruppen, hoch, mittel und tief, unterschieden und deren Stellung untersucht. Es zeigt sich, das Angehorige der hohen Statusgruppe, die vorwiegend mittelstandisch ausgerichtet sind, fur die sich entwickelnde Mittelklasse des Dorfes qualifiziert sind. An-dererseits erlebt der Landwirt der unteren Gruppe eine Verschlechte-rung seiner Stellung, er zeigt Klassen- und Standesbewustsein. Nach Untersuchung der wichtigsten Elemente des Wandels in den II Gemeinden wird eine dreifache Typologie entworfen, die es erlaubt, die Dorfer nach ihrer Statusstruktur zu gruppieren. Eine Erklarung dazu crfolgt an Hand eines Beispiels aus jedem der drei Dorftypen.
TL;DR: The arc transfer process has been used for growing crystals of Al 2 O 3 (without and with Ni doping), CaWO 4, CoO, Fe2 O 3, NiFe 2 O 4, NiO (without, with Li-doping), La 2O 3, SiC, TiO 2, VO 2, UC and ZrO 2 as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Two experiments on refractoriness were carried out in which the warning, first and second signals, S0, S1 and S2 respectively, were all single-valued, and the distributions of random intervals between S0 and S1, and S 1 and S 2 were the same.
Abstract: Two experiments on refractoriness were carried out in which the warning, first and second signals, S0, S1 and S2 respectively, were all single-valued, and the distributions of random intervals between S0 and S1, and S1 and S 2 were the same. In the first experiment the intervals in a trial were statistically independent: the null hypothesis, that the latencies of the two responses would be similar, was rejected, but the results were also found to agree with no existing alternative hypothesis. In the second experiment the intervals in a trial were conditionally related and the second response was found to be faster than in the first experiment. This is discussed in the context of the issue of serial or parallel processing of information.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is described which interprets the extremity, confidence and salience of an opinion as different functions of the positively and negatively evaluated attributes ascribed to the object of this opinion.
Abstract: A model is described in this paper which interprets the extremity, confidence and salience of an opinion as different functions of the positively and negatively evaluated attributes ascribed to the object of this opinion. An experiment is described which tests the predictions of this model. The results of this experiment, while substantially confirming these predictions, also suggest that negatively evaluated attributes have relatively greater weight in this situation. The value of the model in explaining already established findings is discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the conduction electron spin resonance linewidths of Li particles in neutron-irradiated LiF are presented as a function of temperature and at a frequency of 9.27 GHz.
Abstract: Measurements of the conduction electron spin resonance linewidths of Li particles in neutron-irradiated LiF are presented as a function of temperature and at a frequency of 9.27 GHz. A temperature range of 20 to 500°K was covered, and a genuine reversible temperature dependence of the linewidths was observed. The results are interpreted in terms of a temperature dependent surface relaxation mechanism and a temperature dependent intrinsic one. The latter has a room temperature value of 45 mG which compares favourably with the theoretical prediction of Overhauser. It is shown that the assumptions made for the analysis are compatible with the results of other workers.
TL;DR: Ten species, including one new to the British Isles and two new to science, were found to be present in Spirorbis during the last fortnight in September, 1966 and 1967.
Abstract: IntroductionDuring the last fortnight in September of 1965, 1966 and 1967 littoral species of Spirorbis were collected by the author and, during the early part of April 1966, sublittoral species were collected by the British Museum (Natural History) and University of London Sub-Aqua Expedition. Ten species, including one new to the British Isles and two new to science, were found to be present. Details of their occurrence, together with the descriptions of the new species, are contained in this report. Representative series of the material collected are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). In this account, specimens collected by the author are indicated by (T.H.) and those collected by the Sub-Aqua Expedition by (S-Aq. Ex.).
TL;DR: In this paper, optical and magnetic features of a class II low-latitude auroral event on the 25-26 May 1967 were measured at the Norman Lockyer Observatory, Sidmouth (geographic co-ordinates 50°41′N, 3°13′W).
TL;DR: In this article, a new method for the preparation of highly pure tetramethylgermane by the use of cadmium dimethyl is described, and observations of the melting point, vapour pressure, liquid density, coefficient of cubical expansion and refractive index are reported.
TL;DR: In this article, the conduction electron spion resonance was observed in bulk samples of magnesium and the linewidth ranges from 240 gauss to 310 gauss and the g-factor was found to be 2.009 ± 0.002.
TL;DR: In this paper, the symmetry properties of an n-electron correlation function are determined by those of the spin-orbital products which they replace in Ψ0, and this is not in general true for an open-shell state.
Abstract: The resolution of a correlated wave function Ψ about an orbital approximation Ψ0 for any state of an N-electron system is discussed with particular reference to the symmetry conditions which the n-electron correlation functions of Xn must satisfy in order that Ψ have the correct symmetry properties for the state in question. It is shown how for a closed-shell state the symmetry properties of the correlation functions are determined by those of the spin-orbital products which they replace in Ψ0, and how this is not in general true for an open-shell state. It is shown how the symmetry properties of an n-electron correlation function can always be uniquely defined by those of the (N-n)-electron spin-orbital product to which it is coupled in Xn , and the general symmetry conditions which the correlation functions must satisfy are derived.