Showing papers by "University of Exeter published in 1969"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have studied 29 school phobic youngsters (14 boys and 15 girls), of mean age 12 years 10 months (SD = 147 months) shortly before admission to an adolescent psychiatric in-patient unit, with a diagnosis of severe difficulty in attending school, severe emotional upset at the prospect of having to go to school, staying home during school hours with the parents' knowledge and absence of significant anti-social disorders.
Abstract: We have studied 29 school phobic youngsters (14 boys and 15 girls), of mean age 12 years 10 months (SD = 147 months) shortly before admission to an adolescent psychiatric in-patient unit The diagnosis was made when there was severe difficulty in attending school, severe emotional upset at the prospect of having to go to school, staying home during school hours with the parents' knowledge and absence of significant anti-social disorders Information was gathered from the patient and one parent, usually mother Most youngsters had completely refused to go to school (23) and the remainder went occasionally with great reluctance; this seemed to depend on the attitudes of parents, school and medical agencies Psychoses, gross physical illness, truancy, and neurotic disturbances other than school phobia resulting in absence from school were excluded The cases were classified, reliably, into 19 ‘acute’ (11 boys, 8 girk) and 10 ‘chronic’ (3 boys, 7 girls) school phobics This was done on the criterion of previous severe reluctance to attend school: at least 3 years of trouble-free attendance led to a classification as ‘acute’, the remainder were ‘chronic’ The mean age of the acutes (13 years 1 month) was significantly higher (P<0001) than that of the chronics (12 years 3 months) In the acutes, the school phobia had been present 5 months (SD =35 months) on average in the boys, and 1 year 5 months (SD = 165 months) on average in the girls; which was a significant difference (P<002) The mean time between onset of symptoms and complete refusal was 35 months [boys-2 months (SD = 2 months) girls-6 months (SD = 9 months)] The following features did not show significant differences between the acutes and chronics; social class of the patient's father (the typical social class was 5a on the Hall and Jones Scale of Occupational Prestige for Males), the mean age of mother when the child was bom, the number of only or youngest children in the family, birth complications, the number of severe illnesses, accidents and operations added to separations from mother in the first decade, missing some school without the parents' knowledge, suicidal gestures, the occurrence of symptoms on transfer to secondary school, somatic symptoms, frank mental illness in parents and IQ (WISC total score); 4 acute cases had symptoms coming on following a bereavement
164 citations
TL;DR: Extravert and introvert EEGs are compared, firstly across the whole frequency range (with eyes closed) and secondly across theta, alpha and beta ranges under alternating conditions of eyes closed/eyes open.
Abstract: Studies relating measures of the EEG to extraversion—introversion are reviewed and criteria set up for their evaluation. A new measure of mean dominant frequency is proposed. Extravert and introvert EEGs are compared, firstly across the whole frequency range (with eyes closed) and secondly across theta, alpha and beta ranges under alternating conditions of eyes closed/eyes open. With the eyes closed, the extravert EEG is higher in integrated output than the introvert EEG across the whole measured range, the differences in output being greater in the lower alpha range. Such differences in alpha are not so readily apparent with eyes closed when recording with a gross filter which fails to discriminate among within-alpha frequencies. However, with eyes open, and given monotonous visual stimulation, even a gross filter shows differential output. Prolonged recording also reveals differences in theta and beta these differences are stronger when the eyes are shut.
78 citations
51 citations
TL;DR: In a free operant situation, where four different sound reinforcements could be obtained to reduce mild sensory deprivation, extraverts maintained a higher response rate than introverts and made more changes among stimulation sources but without obtaining a higher total duration of sound stimulation as discussed by the authors.
42 citations
TL;DR: The theory of the flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid through an elastic tube is developed and applied to a simple model of the female urethra during micturition, and it is shown that an elastic constriction near the mid-point of the Urethra leads directly to an asymmetrical profile.
Abstract: The theory of the flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid through an elastic tube is developed and applied to a simple model of the female urethra during micturition. The importance of the fact that the flow velocity is comparable with the velocity of longitudinal elastic waves on the urethra is stressed. Flow rates and urethral profiles at different bladder pressures are calculated and found to agree qualitatively with experimental observations. In particular, it is shown that an elastic constriction near the mid-point of the urethra leads directly to an asymmetrical profile, funnelling down from the bladder neck to the constriction, and remaining narrow between the constriction and the external meatus, even in a urethra elastically symmetrical about the constriction. It is shown that the flow rate is governed by the elastic properties of the constriction, and that the effect of viscosity on the flow is relatively small, justifying the idealization that the fluid is inviscid.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the EEG of 29 Ss was examined during exposure to five different conditions of visual stimulation: (1) eyes shut, (2) eyes open in the dark, (3) viewing a blank screen, (4) viewing simple patterns, and (5) viewing more complex patterns.
Abstract: The resting EEG of 29 Ss is examined during exposure to five different conditions of visual stimulation: (1) eyes shut, (2) eyes open in the dark, (3) viewing a blank screen, (4) viewing a simple pattern, and (5) viewing a more complex pattern. Each condition is presented twice according to a random schedule (2 min per trial). For alpha and beta frequencies, EEG amplitude varies inversely with ascending visual complexity. For theta frequencies, this relation holds except for a reversal for Conditions 4 and 5.
38 citations
TL;DR: In producing initial responses the priming stimulus was found to be highly effective, and generalization occurred to the key alone, and within the range of 5 to 355 priming trials the maximum effect was obtained with 30 trials.
Abstract: Grain displayed behind a transparent response key was used as a stimulus to prime the pecking response of pigeons. After different numbers of primed responses reinforced by the delivery of food below the key, responses in extinction were measured in the absence of the priming stimulus. In producing initial responses the priming stimulus was found to be highly effective, and generalization occurred to the key alone. Within the range of 5 to 355 priming trials the maximum effect was obtained with 30 trials.
38 citations
TL;DR: It was shown that trainees make more and detect relatively fewer errors than qualified and trainee typists, while for all typists errors are made more often per letter in long or degraded words and are relatively less likely to be detected.
Abstract: The errors and error detections made by qualified and trainee typists were examined, when they were given a passage of prose that included pseudo-words and words made up of random consonants. It was shown that trainees make more and detect relatively fewer errors. For all typists errors are made more often per letter in long or degraded words and are relatively less likely to be detected.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of computing the bi-variate normal integral with particular reference to the need for a procedure suitable for general computer application is addressed, and three methods which involve the reduction of the general twofold integral to a form which is effectively a single integral are considered.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper is concerned with the problem of calculating the bi-variate normal integral, with particular reference to the need for a procedure suitable for general computer application. Three methods which involve the reduction of the general twofold integral to a form which is effectively a single integral are considered. The methods are compared on the basis of the computing time required for a given accuracy of approximation and it is shown that the most suitable alternative in a given case can be determined mainly upon the basis of the correlation coefficient. A computing procedure involving the use of the most appropriate method of reduction in a particular case is put forward.
29 citations
29 citations
TL;DR: The effects of signaled unavoidable shock on positively reinforced lever-pressing behavior were investigated in this paper, where rats were alternately presented with periods of "safe" and "warning" signals.
Abstract: The effects of signaled unavoidable shock on positively reinforced lever-pressing behavior were investigated. Rats were alternately presented with periods of “safe” and “warning” signals. During the “warning” periods brief shocks occurred randomly and independent of the animals’ behavior. Rats with a history of positively reinforced lever-pressing showed both postshock bursts of responding (attack) and suppression of appetitive lever-pressing. These two effects of shock were described as occurring concurrently but with each predominating in one of two stages. Control Ss with no history of positively reinforced lever-pressing failed to attack the lever when shocked, suggesting that such a history was crucial to the production of aggressive behavior.
TL;DR: The construction and validation of a test of anal characteristics (Ai3) is described, used in a cross-cultural study in Ghana, where Ghanaian students scored significantly higher on this test than did their British counterparts.
Abstract: The construction and validation of a test of anal characteristics (Ai3) are described. This test was used in a cross-cultural study in Ghana. Ghanaian students scored significantly higher on this test than did their British counterparts, a result that was interpreted in the light of the educational system in Ghana. Some problems in the use of personality inventories in alien cultures are discussed.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an experiment was carried out on skilled touch typists in which they were asked to type texts that differed in word structure and word length, and it was predicted from certain assumptions about the reading process that there should be significant effects of structure, length and their interaction.
Abstract: As an extension to an earlier study on typing, an experiment was carried out on skilled touch typists in which they were asked to type texts that differed in word structure and word length. It was predicted from certain assumptions about the reading process that there should be significant effects of structure, length and their interaction. These predictions were confirmed.
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the current flow is nearly horizontal throughout the region of importance and that the "layer equations" are therefore approximately true, however, it is not possible to define a current function for it.
TL;DR: Seismic refraction surveys of the buried channels of the Exe near Exmouth indicate the presence of an early period of channelling into New Red Sandstone breccias to a base in excess of −52 m* followed by a period of gravel infilling of these channels and then their partial re-excavation as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Seismic refraction surveys of the buried channels of the Exe near Exmouth indicate the presence of an early period of channelling into New Red Sandstone breccias to a base in excess of −52 m* followed by a period of gravel infilling of these channels and then their partial re-excavation to a base in excess of −30 m. Terraces formed during stillstands within the early regression occur at depths of −25, −31·4, and −36 m and within the later regression at −5·8, −10.4, −13.7, −17·1, −22 and −27·1 m. Control of the orientation of the channels by fault planes within the New Red Sandstone is also indicated. Correlation of the periods of channelling with early and late Weichselian sea-level lows is suggested, indicating a middle Weichselian (Paudorfian) age for the gravels. Similarities with buried channels occurring in Southern Ireland are noted and wider correlations attempted.
TL;DR: In this article, an uncomfortable conflation between liberal and Left-wing ideology has emerged as a result of the specific discursive strategy of right-wing commentators to obfuscate distinctions between these ideological stances.
Abstract: Free population movement promises greater human liberties and improved economic performance. Inevitably, however, there are critics. Most vocally, the conservative Right points towards the erosion of Western welfare systems, the large migratory movements that a No Borders policy may precipitate, and the lowering of living standards in rich countries to approximate those in poor countries. This paper argues that, although the claims of the Right are often exaggerated, these objections have served to paste over important differences between advocates of No Borders, producing some unlikely bedfellows in opposition to conservative arguments. In particular, an uncomfortable conflation between liberal and Left-wing ideology has emerged as a result of the specific discursive strategy of Right-wing commentators to obfuscate distinctions between these ideological stances. After outlining the arguments of the Right for context, this paper responds to this conflation by distancing a Left-wing No Borders position from a free-market liberal No Borders position. It does this by using Left-wing arguments to criticize liberal No Borders ideology, and concludes by suggesting some key features of a Left-wing No Borders position.
TL;DR: If a S is asked to monitor two simultaneous auditory speech messages and to report only on the occurrence of target words appearing at random in either message, then it is shown that he will fail to detect all of them but will detect significantly more than half.
Abstract: If a S is asked to monitor two simultaneous auditory speech messages and to report only on the occurrence of target words appearing at random in either message, then it is shown that he witt fail to detect all of them but will detect significantly more than half. The targets used in these experiments were immediate repeats of text words. The results reject theories that part of the sensory input is blocked or that all is recognized. Detection performance was a function of rate of speech and of intertarget interval; there was a small, not significant, effect of instruction to recognize message content.
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalization of a theorem on off-diagonal hypervirial relations is obtained and used to demonstrate when to expect exact solutions of eigenvalue problems using the hyper-virial method.
Abstract: A generalization of a theorem on off-diagonal hypervirial relations is obtained and is used to demonstrate when to expect exact solutions of eigenvalue problems using the hypervirial method. Links are established between the hypervirial method and other approximation methods. The harmonic oscillator and hydrogen atom problems are given as examples.
TL;DR: It is suggested that parasites found in adult Atlantic and Pacific salmon in rivers are rarely, if ever, the same worms that are carried to sea by smolts but are of marine origin and are residues of a marine life cycle, and that two biological races of E. crassum exist, a marine and a fresh-water one.
Abstract: The occurrence, size and maturity changes of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch) have been studied in smolts and adult Salmo salar L. and S. trutta L. of the River Exe and other Devon rivers. Adult parasites are found only in salmon and sea trout migrating up river to spawn, and range in size from small and immature to large and mature, though rarely gravid, worms. It is concluded that they are acquired and only become fully mature in the sea and gravid worms are lost on or before arrival in the rivers. During the upstream migration of salmon there is a selective loss of larger and more mature parasites and the survivors do not increase in length or mature, due to the intestine becoming a progressively more unfavourable habitat as the period of fasting continues. As few salmon return to the sea, most parasites in fresh-water die before breeding. In sea trout, which feed in fresh-water, parasites continue to grow and probably mature on return to the sea. It is suggested that parasites found in adult Atlantic and Pacific salmon in rivers are rarely, if ever, the same worms that are carried to sea by smolts but are of marine origin and are residues of a marine life cycle, and that two biological races of E. crassum exist, a marine and a fresh-water one.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pattern of fractures and basic dykes occurring in an area of about 200 km2 of pre-Ketilidian gneisses near Frederikshab in southwest Greenland has been analyzed in terms of modern views on fracture formation.
TL;DR: The main response to a change in the degree of complexity of the search lists was an increase in the number of fixation pauses and visual regressions: the average duration of visual fixations did not change significantly.
Abstract: Eye movements were recorded during search through a series of cancellation tasks. The main response to a change in the degree of complexity of the search lists was an increase in the number of fixation pauses and visual regressions: the average duration of visual fixations did not change significantly.
TL;DR: In this article, the red line of atomic oxygen predawn enhancement was observed in the UK during the years 1965-1968 at Sidmouth, Devon and Earlyburn, Peebleshire, UK.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe an attempt to determine the corresponding lunar influence on the phase height of reflection in the hope that this would give some help in the interpretation of the measurements.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess what evidence is appropriate in answering various questions about Prohibition and do not seek to present any new historical evidence, however, they do not address the question of whether over-enlargement can lead to loss of definition.
Abstract: Prohibition was a fascinating episode in American history which has attracted the attention of a number of writers. This paper does not seek to present any new historical evidence. Perhaps, in history as well as in photography, over-enlargement can lead to loss of definition, so the object is to assess what evidence is appropriate in answering various questions about Prohibition.
TL;DR: Turnout in local elections is generally very much smaller than in Parliamentary elections as discussed by the authors, and the proportion of electors who vote in local election(the "turnout" is usually very much lower than in Parliament elections.
Abstract: T H i ? proportion of electors who vote in local elections(the ‘turnout‘) is generally very much smaller than in Parliamentary elections. In a sample of 59 local authorities1 the average ward turnout in thelocalelectionsheld between 1964and 1967 wasabout40percent, butthismean figure conceals wide variations. The lowest recorded turnout in the elections studied was under 10 per cent in one ward in a county borough, and the highest was over 70 per cent in two wards in urban districts; but in the bulk of county borough elections between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of the electorates voted, and in non-county boroughs and urban districts the main range was between 30 per cent and 60 per cent. These variations in the proportions of electors who voted are considerable and turnout has been correlated to a number of factors in an attempt to discover whether any of them are associated significantly to the varied degrees of public participation in elections.
TL;DR: The granitic sheets of Tremearne are believed to have originated from the roof of the Tregonning granite and to have undergone lateral differentiation from leucogranite to aplite with associated pegmatite in a direction away from this granite as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The granitic sheets of Tremearne are believed to have originated from the roof of the Tregonning granite and to have undergone lateral differentiation from leucogranite to aplite with associated pegmatite in a direction away from this granite. Several types of banding are described from the pegmatite-rich region at the Megiliggar Rocks. Some decimetre-scale banding is the result of intrusion of “magmatic” aplitic material, but coarse pegmatite bands are believed to have grown in solid aplite. A close examination of centimetre-scale banding and fine-banding in aplite (line rock) indicates that this is related to pegmatite development and is metasomatic. The mobility of alkalies and the concentration of potash in pegmatite relative to aplite is discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the relative intensities for the production of γ-rays by inelastic neutron scattering from iron have been measured at 90° with 4.3 MeV and 5.3 MEV neutrons.
TL;DR: In several experiments, rats and pigeons were reinforced on a chained schedule which varied in its second component but which always had a variable interval schedule as its first component.
Abstract: In several experiments, rats and pigeons were reinforced on a chained schedule which varied in its second component but which always had a variable interval schedule as its first component Occasionally, the reward which normally followed responding in the second component was omitted On these frustrative non-reward occasions responding immediately subsequent to non-reward was sometimes elevated and sometimes depressed The relevance of the elevation and depression effects to behavioural measures of frustration in the double runway was discussed University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA