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Showing papers by "University of Exeter published in 1970"


Book
02 Nov 1970
TL;DR: A new edition of the universally acclaimed and widely-used textbook on fungal biology has been completely re-written, drawing directly on the authors' research and teaching experience as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This new edition of the universally acclaimed and widely-used textbook on fungal biology has been completely re-written, drawing directly on the authors' research and teaching experience. The text takes account of the rapid and exciting progress that has been made in the taxonomy, cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, pathology and ecology of the fungi. Features of taxonomic relevance are integrated with natural functions, including their relevance to human affairs. Special emphasis is placed on the biology and control of human and plant pathogens, providing a vital link between fundamental and applied mycology. The book is richly illustrated throughout with specially prepared drawings and photographs, based on living material. Illustrated life-cycles are provided, and technical terms are clearly explained. Extensive reference is made to recent literature and developments, and the emphasis throughout is on whole-organism biology from an integrated, multidisciplinary perspective.

598 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical method has been developed for solving the appropriate differential equations and boundary conditions to study the perturbation of alternating electric current by a sharp discontinuity of conductivity in a conductor.
Abstract: Summary The two-dimensional problems of interest in studying the perturbation of alternating electric current by a sharp discontinuity of conductivity in a conductor are considered, and their applicability to geophysical problems discussed. A numerical method has been developed for solving the appropriate differential equations and boundary conditions. The method has been applied to a vertical discontinuity in conductivity such as at a continental-oceanic interface. The two polarization cases are solved, and the fields and current distributions are determined in detail.

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a small catchment has been calibrated for a period of 17 months prior to building activity by deriving multiple regression equations relating peak flow, runoff amount and runoff percentage to precipitation characteristics at different times of the year, by evaluating unit hydrographs, by establishing suspended sediment rating curves, and by using two adjacent catchments as controls.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
14 Nov 1970-Nature
TL;DR: It seems that the hardness of diamond lies between 6,000 and 10,400 kg mm−2 with no evidence of anisotropy, and observations of abrasion on diamond surfaces have established marked anisOTropy in wear resistance.
Abstract: A NUMBER of methods may be used to determine the hardness of solids. The most reproducible and most widely used for crystalline solids are those in which the size of an indentation is measured after the surface of the specimen has been subjected to deformation by an indenter under a known normal load. Ideally, the indenter material should be considerably harder than the specimen in order to avoid inaccuracies due to deformation of the indenter tip, but this implies that the hardness of diamond cannot be measured, for it is the hardest indenter material available. A limited amount of data concerning the hardness of diamond, using the static indentation technique, has nevertheless been published. More than thirty years ago the Knoop indenter was developed and used to measure the hardness of a wide range of ductile and brittle materials. This indenter produces an indentation in the form of a parallelogram with one diagonal at least seven times longer than the shorter diagonal. In that early work, the hardness of diamond was quoted as 8,000–8,500 kg mm−2 (ref. 1). No details were given concerning the normal load used, the type of deformation associated with the indentation or the crystallographic relationships between the indenter and the indented diamond surface. It was reported subsequently that the hardness of a (001) diamond surface, again using the Knoop indenter and a normal load of 500 g, was 6,000–6,500 kg mm−2. Apparently, anisotropy in the hardness could not be detected at that time2. Bernhardt3 gave a limiting value of 10,000 kg mm−2 on the (111) surface. He used a conventional square based pyramidal indenter and a normal load of 200 g. Kruschov and Berkovich4, using an indenter in the form of a three sided pyramid with an angle of 65° between its geometrical axis and the side faces, derived a hardness of 10,060 kg mm−2 from one indentation also on a (111) plane and with a load of 200 g. On the basis of a very limited number of indentations, therefore, it seems that the hardness of diamond lies between 6,000 and 10,400 kg mm−2 with no evidence of anisotropy. On the other hand, studies of abrasion on diamond surfaces have established marked anisotropy in wear resistance. These observations have been used to suggest that the directions of high and low wear resistance represent the hard and soft directions respectively on a given diamond surface. For example, it has been proposed5 that, on the (001) plane of diamond, the hard directions are 〈110〉 and the soft directions are 〈100〉. It is now clear that directions of high wear resistance, on a given crystal plane, are not necessarily the hard directions6.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed recent experimental work and its theoretical interpretation concerned with the density effect on the energy loss of charged particles in matter with particular reference to electrons and muons and concluded that such an effect has not been substantiated experimentally, and that the predicted radiative corrections are likely to be small.
Abstract: Recent experimental work and its theoretical interpretation concerned with the density effect on the energy loss of charged particles in matter is reviewed with particular reference to electrons and muons. Recent proposals that radiative corrections should result in a significant reduction in the ionization loss at very high energies are analyzed in some detail. It is concluded that such an effect has not been substantiated experimentally, and that the predicted radiative corrections are likely to be small (\ensuremath{\sim}1%).

61 citations



Ilan Pappe1
01 Jan 1970

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
L.H. Long1
TL;DR: In this article, a unified mechanism for the pyrolysis of diborane was proposed, based on the assumption that the initial act of decomposition is neither symmetric nor asymmetric fission.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new method for finding the biases and covariances of moment estimators to order n-2 is outlined and compared with existing solutions, which is likely to be particularly useful for cases where moment estimation is complicated.
Abstract: SUMMARY A new method for finding the biases and covariances of moment estimators to order n-2 is outlined and compared with existing solutions. It is thought that the new approach is likely to be particularly useful for cases where moment estimation is complicated. The application of the method to mixtures of normal distributions is considered in some detail and some numerical results are included.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
E. C. Wragg1
TL;DR: The last few years have seen considerable changes in the teaching of foreign languages both in England and the United States as mentioned in this paper, with the development of a wide variety of new and interesting teaching materials, particularly visual ones, and an increasing tendency to base teaching on real situations, such as shopping, family life, travel and leisure.
Abstract: T HE last few years have seen considerable changes in the teaching of foreign languages both in England and the United States. With the development of a wide variety of new and interesting teaching materials, particularly visual ones, and an increasing tendency to base teaching on real situations, such as shopping, family life, travel and leisure, foreign language teachers have begun to devote much more of their lessons to the development of oral skills than was previously the case. It is not unusual to find classes of comparative beginners able to sustain simple conversations without strain, and many teachers deliberately build up to a situation where interaction for 10, 15, 20 minutes or longer will be entirely in the foreign language. Many teachers postpone any form of writing or reading in the early stages, and even those who introduce their classes to these skills from

32 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the recall of briefly exposed letters was measured by whole report and partial report procedures, and cues for partial report were presented in advance, or in random, constrained or non-random sequence.
Abstract: Recall of briefly exposed letters was measured by whole report and partial report procedures. The cues for partial report were presented in advance, or in random, constrained or non-random sequence...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that since there is some evidence that in temperate climates this species is capable of breeding in the field in water of normal salinity but that in tropical climates successful breeding occurs only in brackish water, its salinity and temperature tolerances may be mutually variable.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An expeditionary force of the Indian Army landed in Turkish territory at the head of the Persian Gulf almost immediately upon the declaration of war by Britain against Turkey on 5 November 1914 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An expeditionary force of the Indian Army landed in Turkish territory at the head of the Persian Gulf almost immediately upon the declaration of war by Britain against Turkey on 5 November 1914. After winning some minor engagements against Turkish forces, it marched into Basra, the chief town of southern Mesopotamia, on the 23rd. The subsequent course of the campaign in Mesopotamia included a number of setbacks for the British. The principal city, Baghdad, was not captured until after nearly two and a half years of fighting, and the chief northern city, Mosul, not indeed until after an armistice had been signed with Turkey. Even so, by the time hostilities ceased, large areas in the south had been under continuous British occupation for four years and the possibility of further advance was throughout the war present in the minds of British leaders, whether in London, Simla or Mesopotamia itself. Against this background of military conquest and a pre-war diplomacy among the European powers, excluding Russia, in which Mesopotamia had been marked out as the British sphere if Turkey was partitioned, it is unsurprising that the political future of the country should have been much discussed within British official circles. War aims went through several phases whose study contributes to understanding of British aims in the war as a whole.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the last few years, the study of African agricultural history has spread from a few specialists to a much wider public as part of the surge of interest in the African past connected with the independence of the new African nations.
Abstract: T is only in the last few years that the study of African agricultural history has spread from a few specialists to a much wider public as part of the surge of interest in the African past connected with the independence of the new African nations. Nor is it only historians who are concerned, since the intensified study of the theory of economic growth and its application to underdeveloped countries has led economists and political scientists to turn to the historical record for enlightenment and guidance. Nevertheless it is somewhat surprising that the study of African agricultural history-at any rate insofar as it relates to West Africa-should have been relatively neglected in Britain since West African agricultural products have been entering this country in considerable quantities since the i 890's. We have long been familiar with cocoa, coffee, bananas, ginger, and other obviously tropical products, but it is not always realized what large quantities of palm-oil, palm-kernel oil, and groundnut oil go into our soap and margarine; although farmers are well aware of their dependence on groundnuts to provide the protein content of their cattle cake. It is, however, extremely doubtful whether many people appreciate the close link between their daily pint of milk and the northern Nigerian peasant wielding his hoe under the scorching sun. The basic figures for West African crop exports have been summarized in Tables I, 2, and 3.2 In i960 Africa produced 9i per cent of the world's total supply of palm-kernel oil, amounting to 825,ooo metric tons, and of this total, 663,000 metric tons or 8o per cent were produced in West Africa-the great bulk (429,000 metric tons) coming from Nigeria. In palm-oil Africa was not quite so dominant, producing 67 per cent of the world's supply, of which West Africa provided just under half; but Nigeria, though it had slipped behind the Congo, was still a major producer exporting I 92,000 metric tons. In cocoa production West Africa's dominance of the world market is well known. Of 840,000 metric tons of cocoa which entered into world trade in I 960, Africa produced 76 per cent, nearly all of which came from three West African countries-Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) 308,ooo metric tons, Nigeria I95,000 metric tons, and Ivory Coast go,ooo metric tons. Finally, in groundnut production, although Africa's share of the world's total was only 29 per cent in i960,

Journal ArticleDOI
D. Pitt1
TL;DR: Disk electrophoresis of enzyme extracts on Polyacrylamide gel, using α-naphthyl esters as substrates, indicated the existence of multiple forms of acid phosphatase and carboxylic esters in both healthy and infected tissues.
Abstract: Enzyme extracts from healthy potato tuber tissues and tissue culture cells showed varying phosphohydrolytic activity towards a range of phosphate esters. Infection of tissues by Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethyhr. resulted in increased acid phosphatase activity towards some substrates and decreased activity towards others. Changes in several carboxylic esterase activities occurred following tissue infections. Disk electrophoresis of enzyme extracts on Polyacrylamide gel, using α-naphthyl esters as substrates, indicated the existence of multiple forms of acid phosphatase and carboxylic esterases in both healthy and infected tissues.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article used a "peg-word" system to memorize a single list of 10 nouns in different orders, and no decline in performance was found, and a control group improved on successive trials but at all times recalled less than the mnemonic group.
Abstract: Can the same mnemonic system be used repeatedly without deterioration in performance through interference? Ss used a "peg-word" system to memorize a single list of 10 nouns in different orders. No decline in performance was found. A control group improved on successive trials but at all times recalled less than the mnemonic group.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a two-level, quasi-geostrophic model has been extended in several ways; the grid spacing has been halved, greatly reducing numerical errors, and the lateral East-West span of the flow domain is much increased.
Abstract: Numerical experiments with a two-level, quasi-geostrophic model, described by Davies and Davies (1969), have been extended in several ways; the grid spacing of the previous model has been halved, greatly reducing numerical errors, and the lateral East-West span of the flow domain is much increased. Using this model a preliminary study is made of some of the large-scale features of the dynamics of baroclinic wave blocking by the formation of cold anticyclonic cells in high latitudes. In order to facilitate the computational work and the interpretation of the numerical results, a simple, idealized distribution of the large-scale thermal characteristics of an ocean and a continental region is chosen. Two variants of the model are compared : model (a) is based on a heating function (independent of longitude) describing the climatological annual average over ocean surfaces : in model (b) the flow domain is divided into two longitudinal (North-South) zones; heating functions, roughly characteristic of annual and winter averages over the ocean surfaces, are used over one zone and heating functions, roughly characteristic of similar averages over land surfaces, are employed over the other zone. Time integrations for the models have been carried out for periods of 110 days. Blocking does not take place in model (a) but in model (b) the computed flow charts and the K′ (t) function (total model eddy kinetic energy) lead to the interesting result that ‘blocking’ takes place in high latitudes of the ‘land mass’ area at broad scale minima of K′, strongly suggesting that the blocking phenomenon is associated with global scale parameters. In the model those minima of K′ associated with a large-scale, longitudinal, land-sea temperature differential of about 2°C led to blocking, but the minima associated with temperature differentials appreciably less than this did not produce blocking. The results also indicate an approximately linear dependence of the time scale of blocking on the large-scale, longitudinal, land-sea heating function differential. The prediction that blocking is associated with broad scale minima of K′ has been studied in an analysis of Northern Hemisphere synoptic charts for the winter of 1956–57, which include a well-formed blocking situation. Estimates of eddy kinetic energy were made for both surface and 500 mb charts for the sections (a) between 50°W and 60°E, (b) between 110°W and 120°E, and for (c) the whole Northern Hemisphere. In each of these cases K′ dropped to a well marked minimum just before the incidence of a characteristic blocking situation over north-west Europe from 21 December to 28 December, the behaviour of K′ (t) over this period being closely analogous to that found in the model blocking situations. Another objective of the study is to make a comparison of two formulations of sub-grid scale representation. In the first instance, this is taken in the often-used form A°2 u, where u is the appropriate velocity component and A is an invariant of space and time; in the second case A is linked to model values of grid-scale temperature gradient. A comparison indicates a much higher (and therefore more realistic) degree of variability of flow pattern leading to a 50 per cent higher value for the computed ratio of eddy to zonal kinetic energy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The electric field 1 km from the coast at Sidmouth due to sea tides in the English Channel is 5 × 10 −5 V m − 1 (peak to peak) at the time of spring tides and 2.5 × 10−5 Vm −1 (peak-to-peak) at time of neap tides.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship found between the fields of internal and external origin is of the form that would be expected if the earth currents were due simply to electromagnetic induction by the moving and varying ionospheric current systems associated with them.
Abstract: Many geomagnetic studies are concerned with time-varying magnetic fields at the Earth’s surface, and their relation to electric current systems in the upper atmosphere and in the Earth. There are, for example, many recent (as well as many earlier) studies of the Solar and Lunar diurnal variation fields, and of the ionospheric and earth current systems associated with them. These studies have led to the development of various methods and formulae for separating the surface field into parts of external and internal origin, and for determining the ionospheric currents that correspond to the external part. Further, the relationship found between the fields of internal and external origin is of the form that would be expected if the earth currents were due simply to electromagnetic induction by the moving and varying ionospheric current systems. A study of this relationship can lead to information about the conductivity of the Earth at various depths. This requires the solution of various mathematical problems on the electromagnetic induction of currents in concentric spheres and spherical shells of non-uniform conductivity, and involves the evaluation of self and mutual induction effects in these conductors. One of the important problems is to estimate the influence of currents induced in the relatively highly conducting oceans, and the screening effects of these currents on the conducting layers of the earth below. In the earlier studies the current systems and magnetic fields were expressed in terms of series of spherical harmonics and many valuable results were obtained in this way. When, however, it is desired to study detailed features of certain fields, such as the great enhancement of the Sq field near the dip equator, or, again, when one attempts to solve an induction problem which has, as one of the conductors, a thin shell with abrupt changes in conductivity, as at the surface of the Earth, then this method leads to difficulties owing to the slow convergence of the spherical harmonic expansions required. In the solution of such induction problems, the numerical work involved in solving the infinite sets of simultaneous equations, that are found for the coefficients of the required spherical harmonic expansions, is often prohibitive, and the solution obtained by truncating the series at a point that would make the numerical work possible very inaccurate. (See for example, the discussion by Ashour (1965a) of a problem considered by Rikitake & Yokoyama (1955)). Hence, alternative methods of treating these problems have been sought.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Basipetal polar transport of auxin in stems, hypocotyls, petioles, and coleoptiles of a range of plant species is now well established and studies of IAA-14C transport, using the agar-block method, have shown that polar auxin movement is acropetal in root segments from several species.
Abstract: 14C from indol-3yl-(acetic acid-2-14C) (IAA-14C) was transported in a weak but definitely polar manner through segments of young and matured regions of pea roots. Greater quantities of 14C-labelled material moved acropetally than basipetally. Up to 70 per cent of radioactivity originally present in donor agar blocks was taken up by the root segments, but only approxi mately 2 to 3 per cent of this emerged into the receiver agar blocks. Any differences in uptake, transport, or binding of auxin were very slight in the three regions of root studied. The IAA-14C was metabolized during passage through the root segments, yielding two principal radioactive products. The identities of these were not determined, but they appeared to have auxin activity and may be formed spontaneously, but more slowly, in solutions of IAA-14C. IAA-14C was transported into receiver blocks more readily than its radioactive derivatives. INTRODUCTION Basipetal polar transport of auxin in stems, hypocotyls, petioles, and coleoptiles of a range of plant species is now well established (Goldsmith, 1969). There has, however, been some considerable doubt until recently as to the pattern of auxin movement in roots. Studies of IAA-14C transport, using the agar-block method, have shown that polar auxin movement is acropetal in root segments from several species (Pilet, 1964; Kirk and Jacobs, 1968; Wilkins and Scott, 1968; Scott and Wilkins, 1968). On the other hand, some workers have found that in root segments of some species, auxin transport is so poor that no significant amounts of radio activity appeared in agar receiver blocks with either acropetal or basipetal transport. This was found to be the case for root segments of Convolvulus (Bonnett and Torrey, 1965), Vicia faba (Yeomans and Audus, 1964), and Pisum sativum (Wilkins and Scott, 1968). The experiments described below investigated the transport of 14C from IAA-2-14C in root segments of P. sativum cv. Alaska, using a relatively high auxin concentration and long transport periods. METHODS Segments 5 mm long were cut from seedling roots of 2-day-old dark-grown seedlings of P. sativum cv. Alaska. All handling of root segments, and transport tests, were carried out in dim green light and darkness. Cylinders of 1-5 per cent agar gel, 3 mm X 3 mm, were used 1 Present address: 15 Carlton Crescent, East Leake, nr. Loughborough, Leics., U.K. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.83 on Fri, 21 Oct 2016 04:45:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 960 Hillman and Phillips—Transport of Indol-3yl-acetic Acid in Roots as donor and receiver blocks. Donor blocks contained 5-7 X 10~5 M IAA-2-14C (specific activity, 5-27 m Ci/mM). Segments and agar blocks were arranged for 14C-transport studies in the natural vertical position (apical end lowermost). Each segment, plus donor and receiver blocks, was placed on a separate aluminium planchet, covered with an inverted glass vial, and allowed to stand in darkness at 25±10C for varying periods of time. Five segments were used per treatment, and each treatment was duplicated. Each group of five agar receiver blocks was pooled for radioactivity measurement. Donor blocks were assayed individually, but counts obtained from five individual donors were totalled to correspond with the data obtained from receiver blocks. Agar blocks were trans ferred to 25-mm diameter aluminium plancheis and processed according to the method of McCready (1963). All receiver-block planchets were timed for 1000 counts, and donor blocks for 4000 counts. Standard, unused, donor blocks yielded a mean of 3470 cpm per block. Agar blocks were extracted by the freeze-extraction method of Jones and Phillips (1964) with five 2-ml aliquots of 80 per cent methanol. Root segments were coarsely ground and steeped in 2-ml aliquots of methanol for 24 h at 0 °C. Pooled methanolic extracts were con centrated under vacuum, and either loaded on Whatman No. 1 chromatography paper (development in isopropanol : ammonia (S.G. 0-88):water: : 10:1:1), or incorporated into a circle of Green's lens tissue for measurement of total counts. Chromatograms were divided into 10 equal transverse strips. Each strip was eluted with either 5 ml 80 per cent methanol (for radioassay), or with distilled water for bioassay. Methanol eluates were concentrated on lens tissue for radioactivity measurements. Bioassays were statistically analysed using the short-cut procedure of Tukey (1953). Standard deviations of radioactivity data were calculated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of the standard estimators of the mean of an exponential distribution is evaluated when this basic distribution is contaminated by another of the same type, and it is found that the sample mean is asymptotically fully efficient for the average mean of a mixture.
Abstract: SUMMARY The performances of the standard estimators of the mean of an exponential distribution are evaluated when this basic distribution is contaminated by another of the same type. Surprisingly, perhaps, it is found that the sample mean is asymptotically fully efficient for the mean of a mixture. For small samples, on the other hand, a comparison of the two standard statistics with the appropriate optimal linear statistics in terms of the mean squared error and bias shows that for relatively coarse mixtures there is a lot of room for improvement. With this in mind, other usable linear estimators are proposed and shown to be almost always preferable to the standard exponential statistics for the population mean. The emphasis is mainly on long-tailed contamination, but the behaviour of the two standard statistics and the new statistics in short-tailed mixtures is also discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the conduction electron spin resonance linewidths for various samples of lithium and beryllium at frequencies of 9.27 GHz and 33 and 80 MHz were measured.
Abstract: Measurements are presented of the conduction electron spin resonance linewidths for various samples of lithium and beryllium at frequencies of 9.27 GHz and 33 and 80 MHz, the samples having dimensions which are large compared with the appropriate skin depth. An increase in the linewidths and certain line shape anomalies as measured at 9.27 GHz at low temperatures, are discussed in terms of relaxation in an impure surface layer. A value of χs = 1.6 × 10−7 c.g.s. units has been deduced for the spin susceptibility of beryllium.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The environment in which Leptosphaeria -infected seed germinates is shown to be of great importance with regard to the subsequent development of symptoms on the seedlings.
Abstract: The environment in which Leptosphaeria -infected seed germinates is shown to be of great importance with regard to the subsequent development of symptoms on the seedlings. When seed is sown in Vermiculite the effects of the disease are most severe in a temperature range of 10–20 °C when conditions are neither too dry nor too wet. When infected seed was sown in seven different agricultural soil types, symptoms were more marked in loams and considerably less evident on seedlings grown in chalky soil of high pH.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The orderly structure and revised emphasis given to the data by this method of record construction, as well as the speed of retrieval and ease of maintenance, provided valuable assistance to the general practitioner during consultations.
Abstract: During a five-week period, which began in January 1970, an on-line computer record maintenance and retrieval system was in operation in an Exeter general practice for use in patient management. The doctor and his secretary used visual display units, and had immediate access for 3 hours each evening through a Post Office telecommunication line to a computer disc file 180 miles away. The on-line record system was compared with an alternative system, in which print-outs of the computer-based record were amended in handwriting by the doctor, and input to computer file by his secretary. The orderly structure and revised emphasis given to the data by this method of record construction, as well as the speed of retrieval and ease of maintenance, provided valuable assistance to the general practitioner during consultations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Teacher's attitude to guideance and country selling was discussed in this article, where the authors present a survey of teachers' attitudes to guiding and selling in the 1970s.
Abstract: (1970). TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TO GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING. Educational Research: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 220-224.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the phase path variation in phase path of a stable continuous wave transmission that during the daytime is reflected from the E -region, was monitored for several months during the period 1964-1965.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the structural policies of E.C. member states, and consider their impact upon the structure of farming, and make an assessment of the measures included in the Mansholt Plan and in subsequent Community proposals designed to raise farmers' living standards and to reduce the cost of the Common Agricultural Policy.
Abstract: The outcome of the Common Agricultural Policy, with its “managed” market for farm products, has been high prices and surplus production, the disposal of which incurs a heavy expenditure on market support. At the same time, structural changes have been relatively insignifcant in the absence of a coherent E.E.C. programme, and, farms remain predominantly small and uneconomic. Financial and social pressures have compelled the Comission of the E.E.C. to admit that the Common Agricultural Policy needs to be radically re-appraised. In December 1968, far-reaching proposals, the so-called “Mansholt Plan”, were put forward by the Comission. This paper outlines and compares the structural policies of E.E.C. member States, and considers their impact upon the structure of farming. An assessment is also made of the measures included in the Mansholt Plan and in subsequent Community proposals designed to raise farmers' living standards and to reduce the cost of the Common Agricultural Policy.