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Showing papers by "University of Exeter published in 1976"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the relationships between the planktonic and benthic foraminiferids in these areas gives a measure of proximity to or isolation from the ocean, which is useful tools in the interpretation of palaeoecology and in the reconstruction of former patterns of water circulation.

117 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The density of 8CB has been measured between 28 and 5O°C and the volume change at the SA-N and N-I transitions determined The SA appears to be first order as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The density of 8CB has been measured between 28 and 5O°C and the volume change at the SA-N and N-I transitions determined The SA-N appears to be first order The implications of the results are discussed with respect to the molecular packing in the unusual structure of the cyanobiphenyls in which the layer spacing is about 14 times the molecular length

109 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated the differences in the perceived similarity of reproductions of paintings by the use of multidimensional scaling techniques using the INDSCAL model and found that a group of art-trained students are significantly different from non-art students in terms of their differential weighing of a set of common dimensions.
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that individuals may attend to different dimensions in making an overall judgment of similarity between complex stimuli. The present study investigated the nature of differences in the perceived similarity of reproductions of paintings by the use of multidimensional scaling techniques. Using the INDSCAL model, a group of art-trained students are shown to differ significantly from a group of nonart students in terms of their differential weighing of a set of common dimensions. The same subjects’ preferences are examined in relation to these differences by use of the PREFMAP hierarchy of models. While the simplest (vector) model was found to be appropriate for almost all subjects, large differences in vector direction and average subject ideal-point location are found. Implications for future studies of responses to art are discussed.

71 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, state thermodynamic data extracted from experimental studies and applied to mineral assemblages in orthogneiss, metasedimentary gneisses, and metabasites were applied to show that conditions of late Archean (2,850 m.y.) upper amphibolite facies were P676solid≈7.0 kb, T≈630° C, and rose to P671solid ≥10.5 kb, and T ≈810° C in adjacent granulite facia.
Abstract: Standard state thermodynamic data extracted from experimental studies and applied to mineral assemblages in orthogneisses, metasedimentary gneisses and metabasites show that conditions of late Archean (2,850 m.y.) upper amphibolite facies were P solid≈7.0 kb, T≈630° C, and rose to P solid≈10.5 kb, T≈810° C in adjacent granulite facies. The estimates of solid pressure for the granulite facies suggest a late Archean crustal thickness of ca. 35 km, comparable to present day continental crust. Upper amphibolite facies assemblages were in equilibrium with $$P_{H_2 O}$$ about one half P solid, while granulite assemblages equilibrated at much lower $$P_{H_2 O}$$ , varying from about one tenth P solid in quartzofeldspathic gneisses to one third P solid in more basic layers.

70 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Macpherson as mentioned in this paper argued that the only way in which the Levellers' statements in these documents could be presented as consistent, was by ascribing to them a set of suppressed assumptions, a version of the theory of Possessive Individualism also imputed to the other seventeenth-century writers discussed.
Abstract: THEhvellers were once a favourite topic for idealisticdemocrats seeking the origins of twentieth-century liberal society. This view was incisively attacked by C. B. Macpherson in his Political Theory of Possessive Individualism,’ a work considered by many to be a ‘healthy corrective’ to enthusiastic accounts of Leveller democracy.2 Macpherson’s case involved two interrelated exercises, one historical, the other theoretical. The historical involved scrutinizing ‘the record’ : reprinted Leveller tracts, together with the transcript known as ‘The Putney Debates’. The theoretical exercise involved advancing the view that the only way in which the Levellers’ statements in these documents could be presented as consistent, was by ascribing to them a set of suppressed assumptions, a version of the theory of Possessive Individualism also imputed to the other seventeenth-century writers discussed. This he did by suggesting readings of the text which differed from those who championed the Levellers as democrats, and by pointing to hitherto unnoticed inconsistencies between different doc~ments.~ Macpherson’s interpretation of the Levellers has won a grudging acceptance. A number of writers, notably Peter Laslett and Keith Thomas have produced evidence to question Macpherson’s view of their franchise demands, but no one has reviewed Macpherson’s reading of the ‘standard texts’, nor has the theoretical position attributed by him to the Levellers been ~riticized.~ In what follows I want

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the lowest lichen limit is maintained by peak discharges which occur on average at least once or twice each year and that the annual series are fairly consistent for the lowest limit and range from 1·14 to 1·37 years.
Abstract: The identification of channel capacity associated with a particular frequency of peak discharges is necessary for discharge estimation for planning purposes at ungauged sites. Although lichen limits have been suggested to be useful for this purpose, previous studies have not elaborated their hydrological significance. Lichen limits are clearly defined on the sides of rock channels in New England. Australia and they are analyzed in relation to discharge at 6 gauging stations with up to 52 years of continuous record. It is demonstrated that the lowest lichen limit is maintained by peak discharges which occur on average at least once or twice each year. Recurrence intervals based on Annual Series and on Annual Exceedance Series are calculated and for the annual series are fairly consistent for the lowest lichen limit and range from 1·14 to 1·37 years. Lichenometry can be applied to the analysis of river channels in relation to the frequency of peak discharges. By reference to growth curves based upon lichens on Armidale tombstones it is shown that lichenometry may be employed to indicate dates for channel modification due to the removal of blocks and to dam construction and also to date the rock surface between lichen limits. Detailed analysis of the record from gauging stations indicates that where several lichen limits occur in a channel cross section each limit is related to periods when peak discharges exceeded the limits on at least 5 occasions. The lichen-free surfaces were then recolonized by Parmelia spp. and the size of the lichen thalli indicates the time elapsing since these frequent high discharges.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A method has been developed which allows isolation of 0.3--0.5 g of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in five days starting from 10 pig hearts; the method does not involve initial preparation of mitochondria.
Abstract: A method has been developed which allows isolation of 0.3–0.5 g of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in five days starting from 10 pig hearts the method does not involve initial preparation of mitochondria. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and the cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase may conveniently be recovered from side fractions. The product mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase is homogeneous as judged by various electrophoretic techniques and by N-terminal analysis. Crystals of the enzyme have been obtained both from concentrated, essentially salt-free, solutions and from solutions of ammonium sulphate. The amino acid composition, N and C-terminal amino acid sequences and subunit molecular weight have been determined; these characteristic properties are compared with those of the cytoplasmic isozyme from the same source.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the residual saturation of filter cakes which have been drained by vacuum has been measured and the effects of varying particle size, shape and distribution, type of wetting fluid and cake size have been assessed.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A large body of literature has been devoted to studying the response of the social fabric to largescale upheaval, focusing on the manner in which individuals and groups respond to the dislocation of their accustomed social setting.
Abstract: A extensive literature (rf disaster studies has grown up since the Second World War, documenting the behaviour of groups and communities afflictal by tornados, earthquakes, floods and other forms of lai^e-scale devastation.' These studies, following the lead given by earlier writers on disasters such as Prince, Queen and Mann and Carr,^ concentrate upcm the response of the social fabric to largescale upheaval, upon the manner in which individuals and groups respond to the dislocation of their accustomed social setting, upon the w^y in which the tasks of rescue and recovery are organised, and upon the sequence and mechanisms by which the normal patterns (rf social functioning are restored. Many ossibly, too, it has been su^Kted recently,'' because disaster researchers are preoccupied with the 'bolt-from-the-blue' hypothesis about disasters, these sequences, virtually without exception stan from the onset of a disaster, treating any prior events in a cursory manner, if at alL'' Typically, such sequences begin with a warning oi danger, and move through the onset of danger to the probleins of alarm, panic and rescue. Consequently, none

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The half-life showed no dependence on the age or sex of the blood donor, and a major, possibly the only, pathway of metabolism is by hydrolysis to methacrylic acid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tactical allocation problems in the health service (particularly the hospital) field which have been tackled by the mathematical programming approach are considered and examples of the successful implementation of such models in the literature have only been found for the area of menu planning.
Abstract: The paper first considers tactical allocation problems in the health service (particularly the hospital) field which have been tackled by the mathematical programming approach. Examples of such problem areas are those of hospital admissions scheduling, nurse staff assignment, menu planning and the location of hospitals. However, examples of the successful implementation of such models in the literature have only been found for the area of menu planning. A number of proposed mathematical programming models are discussed for strategic problems which relate to planning the prevention and control of disease or population growth. The paper then outlines and comments on a number of potentially very valuable studies concerned with determining the mix and volume of different types of patients or cases to be given various forms of treatment or care.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: On the basis of ontogenetic studies of pure cultures submerged in a constant flow of water, Actinospora megalospora Ingold is redescribed and emended, and three other new fungi are described and illustrated and the new combination Brachiosphaera jamaicensis (Crane & Dumont) Nawawi is proposed.
Abstract: On the basis of ontogenetic studies of pure cultures submerged in a constant flow of water, Actinospora megalospora Ingold is redescribed and emended, and three other new fungi, Porocladium aquaticum Descals, Brachiosphaera tropicalis Nawawi and Clavariana aquatica Nawawi are described and illustrated. The new combination Brachiosphaera jamaicensis (Crane & Dumont) Nawawi is proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of the overall secular trends shows that the rates for both males and females reached a peak in 1963 and subsequently declined at a steady rate, with particular reference to the effect of the detoxification of the domestic gas supply during the period of study.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the variations in suicide rates in the 161-171 local authorities in England and Wales during the 11-year period 1961-71. Analysis of the overall secular trends shows that the rates for both males and females reached a peak in 1963 and subsequently declined at a steady rate. Virtually the whole of this reduction is associated with the fall in the number of poisonings by domestic gas. Suicide rates were about 50 per cent higher in males than in females and tended to increase with increasing age and, in general, were higher in the county boroughs than in the (more rural) county authorities. There is a marked variation in terms of geographical area, with the highest rates being reported in the London and South-East Region and the lowest rates in the South-East Wales and Northern Regions. There are also systematic differences between the various conurbations, with the highest rates in London and South-East Lancashire and the lowest in Merseyside and the West Midlands. The variations between individual local authorities are then considered and it is shown that as much as 99 per cent of the total variation can be explained in terms of a small number of variables which represent the general characteristics of the the local authority and the population. The most important of these variables is the proportion of single-person housegolds, which accounts for about three-quarters of the variation in the male suicide rates and more than half of the variation in female suicide rates. The significance of these results is discussed, with particular reference to the effect of the detoxification of the domestic gas supply during the period of study. Language: en

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tomatine was found mainly in the final supernatant, with small amounts in the microsomes, and it is suggested that tomatine accumulates in the vacuoles and/or soluble phase of the cytoplasm and is possibly synthesized in microsomal organelles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Inhibitor studies with cycloheximide and actinomycin D suggested that de novo synthesis of acid phosphatase occurred following imbibition, and Gibberellie acid stimulated activation, but not de noVO synthesis, of all three molecular forms of the enzyme.
Abstract: Acid phosphatase activity was present in unimbibed barley seed, but rose during incubation of embryoless half-seeds and isolated aleurone layers, and was further increased by 10-6 M gibberellie acid (GA3). Release of total acid phosphatase activity from half-seeds and aleurone layers was markedly enhanced by GA3. Inhibitor studies with cycloheximide and actinomycin D suggested that de novo synthesis of acid phosphatase occurred following imbibition. Gel filtration, electrophoresis, and [14C]leucine incorporation studies revealed that a single molecu lar form of acid phosphatase was present in dry seed, whereas on incubation two further forms arose. A proportion of the three molecular forms of the enzyme was synthesized de novo. Gibberellie acid stimulated activation, but not de novo synthesis, of all three molecular forms of acid phosphatase. Although a small amount of one of the molecular forms was secreted in the absence of GA3, the presence of gibberellin greatly increased secretion of the same form of acid phosphatase.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the mechanism of geotropic response in sunflower stems is likely to involve the participation of both auxin and gibberellin, but that these experiments do not suggest that lateral displacement of these hormones is part of such a mechanism.
Abstract: SUMMARY Distribution of radioactivity from [3H] GA1 and [14C] IAA within the tissues of isolated 25 or 3 cm long segments cut from the first internodes of sunflower seedlings was unaffected by displacement from a vertical to horizontal position This was true whether the agar donor blocks were applied uniformly across the apical cut end of the segments, or where asymmetric donors were used Neither downward nor upward lateral transport of gibberellin or auxin was influenced Similarly, use of a lateral donor technique failed to reveal any effect of gravity upon transport across the stem segment to a lateral agar receiver block on the opposite flank Experiments on etiolated Zea mays coleoptile segments confirmed the existence in this organ of gravity-induced lateral transport of [14C] IAA No growth curvatures occurred in upright sunflower stem segments incubated with GA1 or GA3 apical donor blocks applied uniformly or asymmetrically, although elongation growth was enhanced Horizontally positioned segments exhibited only very weak negative geotropic curvatures when in contact with plain agar blocks, but [3H] GA1 (2 × 10-6M) donors induced marked curvatures when applied either uniformly or asymmetrically to the apical ends Asymmetric donor blocks containing IAA induced growth curvatures in both upright and horizontal stem segments It is concluded that the mechanism of geotropic response in sunflower stems is likely to involve the participation of both auxin and gibberellin, but that these experiments do not suggest that lateral displacement of these hormones is part of such a mechanism Differences in levels of endogenous gibberellins that are correlated with direction of geotropic curvature may be a consequence of preferential hormone synthesis or transport in the lower or upper sides of horizontally positioned orthogeotropic organs

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a special committee of enquiry was set up to consider whether, and if so how, company accounts should allow for changes in costs and prices, having regard to established accounting conventions based on historic costs, and other possible accounting methods of allowing for price changes, and to make recommendations.
Abstract: In July 1973 the UK government announced that a special committee of enquiry was to be set up “to consider whether, and if so how, company accounts should allow for changes in costs and prices, having regard to established accounting conventions based on historic costs, the proposal for current general purchasing power accounting put forward by the Accounting Standards Steering Committee, and other possible accounting methods of allowing for price changes, and to make recommendations”. The twelve‐person committee under Francis Sandilands produced its 364‐page report (Cmnd.6225) in September 1975. The committee recommended that a system of current cost accounting should be adopted for listed companies, large unlisted companies, and nationalised industries for accounting periods beginning after 24 December 1977. It also recommended that a special steering group should be set up to oversee the introduction of current cost accounting. In November 1975 the government gave its qualified approval to the Sandilands recommendations, and agreed to set up a special steering group under the chairmanship of Mr. Douglas Morpeth. It is hoped that this group will produce a statement on this subject in the latter part of 1976.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Triticum aestivum varieties showed a wide range of disease reaction ranging from the high resistance of Elite Lepeuple, Maris Dove, Mar is Ensign, Chalk and Tommy to the high susceptibility of Rothwell Sprite.
Abstract: SUMMARY Seedling leaves, flag leaves, culms and heads of wheat genotypes were evaluated under glasshouse and field conditions for reaction to Septoria tritici. Parameters used for resistance screening were the incubation and latent periods, disease and sporulation levels, and 1000 grain weight. Significant correlations were obtained between reactions of different plant organs and between field and glasshouse tests; significant interspecific and intraspecific differences occurred for all screening parameters. Triticum aestivum varieties showed a wide range of disease reaction ranging from the high resistance of Elite Lepeuple, Maris Dove, Maris Ensign, Chalk and Tommy to the high susceptibility of Rothwell Sprite, Sovereign, Cardinal, Maris Ranger and Maris Templar.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purified phospholipase from Botrytis cinerea had no macerating effect on a variety of plant tissues, nor did it cause disruption of isolated protoplasts from these tissues, while studies with mitochondria from mung beans revealed no effects of the enzyme upon the respiratory activity of these organelles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of the 41 species discussed below, 34 are endemic; it is considered that these have evolved from immigrant ancestors which reached New Zealand by long-distance dispersal from Australia in 16 cases while one group of three species appears to be of South American origin.
Abstract: The 16 species of Agromyzidae hitherto known in New Zealand and the subantarctic islands have been revised, all further material has been examined and 19 new species are described: Melanagromyza senecionella, Hexomyza coprosmae, Cerodontha sylvesterensis, Liriomyza oleariae, L. wahlenbergiae, L. craspediae, L. watti, L. plantaginella, L. hebae, L. vicina, L. penita, L. homeri, Phytoliriomyza cyatheae, P. bicolorata, P. huttensis, P. convoluta, P. tearohensis, Phytomyza improvisa, P. lyalli. Two additional undescribed species are recorded. The genus Hexomyza Enderlein and the subgenus Icteromyza Hendel of the genus Cerodontha Rondani are recorded for the first time in New Zealand. Of the 41 species discussed below, 34 are endemic; it is considered that these have evolved from. 17 immigrant ancestors which reached New Zealand by long-distance dispersal from Australia in 16 cases while one group of three species appears to be of South American origin.

Journal ArticleDOI
J. Gurnell1
TL;DR: The effects of baiting a Longworth trap with whole oats and the density of traps on an area, or sampling intensity, on trapping and estimating Wood mice were studied on two neighbouring woodland plots in November 1971.
Abstract: The effects of baiting a Longworth trap with whole oats and the density of traps on an area, or sampling intensity, on trapping and estimating Wood mice were studied on two neighbouring woodland plots in November 1971. Standard capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methods were used for two weeks followed by five nights of removal trapping. The presence of bait significantly increased the likelihood of capturing marked and unmarked animals. By increasing the sampling intensity a greater proportion of the population was sampled, although the number of animals captured per trap night decreased. These results have been related to the “effective” number of traps on an area. Observations on population structure, weather, movement and capturing marked and unmarked animals have been made. CMR population estimates closely resembled the cumulative number of individuals captured in each study and were for the main part lower than the estimates from the removal trapping carried out at the end of the studies.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Raising the temperature tended to increase the rate of 14CC>2 evolution into CC>2-free air both in the light and dark, so that the light/dark (L/D) ratio did not greatly vary.
Abstract: The CO2 compensation point at 25 °C and 250 pEinsteins m-2 s_1 was measured for 27 bryo phyte species, and was found to be in the range of 45-160 pi CO2 1 1 air. Under the same con ditions Zea mays gave a value of 11 pi 1_1 and Hordeum vulgare 76 pi 1 1. The rate of loss of photosynthetically fixed 14CC>2 in the light and dark in six bryophytes (three mosses, two leafy liverworts, one thalloid liverwort) was determined in C02-free air and 100% O2. The rate of 14C02 evolution in the light was less than that in the dark in CL2-free air, but in 100% O2 the rate in the light increased, so that in all but the leafy liverworts it was greater than that in the dark. Raising the temperature tended to increase the rate of 14CC>2 evolution into CC>2-free air both in the light and dark, so that the light/dark (L/D) ratio did not greatly vary. The lower rate of loss of 14CC>2 in the light compared to the dark could be due to partial inhibition of 'dark respiration' reactions in the light, a low rate of glycolate synthesis and oxidation, or partial reassimilation of the 14CC>2 produced, or a combination of some or all of these factors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several features of photosynthesis in L. leptolepis placed this species in an intermediate position between classical C3 and C4 plants, and its high productivity in comparison with other conifers is discussed.
Abstract: Observations that deciduous larch species can show annual growth increments equal to or greater than evergreen conifers, and that the saturating light intensity for photosynthesis in needles of Larix leptolepis was almost twice those for several evergreen conifers, led to a study of the photosynthetic mechanism in L. leptolepis. Several features of photosynthesis in L. leptolepis placed this species in an intermediate position between classical C3 and C4 plants. Incorporation of 14 C from 14 CO2 by enzyme preparations of larch needles was eight times greater with PEP as substrate than with ribulose bis phosphate; a chlorophyll a/b ratio of 3.5 was obtained; needles possessed a green starch-containing endodermis but with little orientation of mesophyll cells to this "bundle sheath"; no clear ultrastructural dimorphism was observed between chloroplasts of mesophyll and endodermal cells; a CO2 -compensation point of 20 μl-l-1 was recorded; and the first measurable product of photosynthesis appeared to be malate rather than phospho-glyceric acid. These results are discussed in relation to the deciduous habit of L. leptolepis and its high productivity in comparison with other conifers.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1976-Nature
TL;DR: FitzPatrick et al. as mentioned in this paper reported new investigations carried out on the Teindland soil profile first described by E. A. FitzPatrick and found evidence which suggests that a fossil microflora contained within the soil can be assigned to two distinct phases of geological time, the Middle Devensian interstadial and the Ipswichian stage.
Abstract: THIS paper reports new investigations carried out on the Teindland soil profile first described by E. A. FitzPatrick1. The section (grid ref. NJ 3297 8570) lies at an altitude of about 101 m OD in a disused quarry within Teindland Forest, 5 km south-west of Fochabers in Grampian Region, Scotland. The present study presents evidence which suggests that a fossil microflora contained within the soil can be assigned to two distinct phases of geological time, the Middle Devensian interstadial and the Ipswichian stage. This is augmented by stratigraphic analyses which suggest that the site is of wider significance for the Quaternary chronology of the area than has been appreciated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the fluidisation velocity for both the pure components and for the mixtures can be described by an equation of the type proposed by Richardson and Zaki.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two lipolytic enzymes have been separated and partially purified from potato tubers and one possessed acyl hydrolase activity toward a number of p -nitrophenyl fatty acyl derivatives, the relative activity depending on the fatty acy chain length.