Institution
University of Exeter
Education•Exeter, United Kingdom•
About: University of Exeter is a education organization based out in Exeter, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 15820 authors who have published 50650 publications receiving 1793046 citations. The organization is also known as: Exeter University & University of the South West of England.
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University of Exeter1, ETH Zurich2, Bureau of Meteorology3, Université catholique de Louvain4, China Meteorological Administration5, Iowa State University6, Met Office7, Joseph Fourier University8, South African Weather Service9, Climate Central10, University of Victoria11, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory12
TL;DR: The authors assesses long-term projections of climate change for the end of the 21st century and beyond, where the forced signal depends on the scenario and is typically larger than the internal variability of the climate system.
Abstract: This chapter assesses long-term projections of climate change for the end of the 21st century and beyond, where the forced signal depends on the scenario and is typically larger than the internal variability of the climate system. Changes are expressed with respect to a baseline period of 1986–2005, unless otherwise stated.
1,719 citations
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TL;DR: The implementation of the TLS parameterization in the macromolecular refinement program REFMAC is described, which gives improved refinement statistics and in particular an improvement in R and free R values of several percent.
Abstract: An essential step in macromolecular refinement is the selection of model parameters which give as good a description of the experimental data as possible while retaining a realistic data-to-parameter ratio. This is particularly true of the choice of atomic displacement parameters, where the move from individual isotropic to individual anisotropic refinement involves a sixfold increase in the number of required displacement parameters. The number of refinement parameters can be reduced by using collective variables rather than independent atomic variables and one of the simplest examples of this is the TLS parameterization for describing the translation, libration and screw-rotation displacements of a pseudo-rigid body. This article describes the implementation of the TLS parameterization in the macromolecular refinement program REFMAC. Derivatives of the residual with respect to the TLS parameters are expanded in terms of the derivatives with respect to individual anisotropic U values, which in turn are calculated using a fast Fourier transform technique. TLS refinement is therefore fast and can be used routinely. Examples of TLS refinement are given for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and a transcription activator GerE, for both of which there is data to only 2.0 A, so that individual anisotropic refinement is not feasible. GAPDH has been refined with between one and four TLS groups in the asymmetric unit and GerE with six TLS groups. In both cases, inclusion of TLS parameters gives improved refinement statistics and in particular an improvement in R and free R values of several percent. Furthermore, GAPDH and GerE have two and six molecules in the asymmetric unit, respectively, and in each case the displacement parameters differ significantly between molecules. These differences are well accounted for by the TLS parameterization, leaving residual local displacements which are very similar between molecules and to which NCS restraints can be applied.
1,711 citations
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TL;DR: An astonishing variety of natural photonic structures exists: a species of Brittlestar uses photonic elements composed of calcite to collect light, Morpho butterflies use multiple layers of cuticle and air to produce their striking blue colour and some insects use arrays of elements to reduce reflectivity in their compound eyes.
Abstract: Millions of years before we began to manipulate the flow of light using synthetic structures, biological systems were using nanometre-scale architectures to produce striking optical effects. An astonishing variety of natural photonic structures exists: a species of Brittlestar uses photonic elements composed of calcite to collect light, Morpho butterflies use multiple layers of cuticle and air to produce their striking blue colour and some insects use arrays of elements, known as nipple arrays, to reduce reflectivity in their compound eyes. Natural photonic structures are providing inspiration for technological applications.
1,698 citations
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Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute1, London Research Institute2, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven3, Max Planck Society4, GATC Biotech5, Université catholique de Louvain6, Centre national de la recherche scientifique7, University of Exeter8, Institut national agronomique Paris Grignon9, Pablo de Olavide University10, University of Málaga11, University of Salamanca12, University of Sussex13, Salk Institute for Biological Studies14, Stanford University15, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory16, TigerLogic17, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science18, Russian Academy of Sciences19, Technical University of Denmark20
TL;DR: The genome of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which contains the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet recorded for a eukaryote, is sequenced and highly conserved genes important for eukARYotic cell organization including those required for the cytoskeleton, compartmentation, cell-cycle control, proteolysis, protein phosphorylation and RNA splicing are identified.
Abstract: We have sequenced and annotated the genome of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which contains the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet recorded for a eukaryote: 4,824. The centromeres are between 35 and 110 kilobases (kb) and contain related repeats including a highly conserved 1.8-kb element. Regions upstream of genes are longer than in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), possibly reflecting more-extended control regions. Some 43% of the genes contain introns, of which there are 4,730. Fifty genes have significant similarity with human disease genes; half of these are cancer related. We identify highly conserved genes important for eukaryotic cell organization including those required for the cytoskeleton, compartmentation, cell-cycle control, proteolysis, protein phosphorylation and RNA splicing. These genes may have originated with the appearance of eukaryotic life. Few similarly conserved genes that are important for multicellular organization were identified, suggesting that the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes required more new genes than did the transition from unicellular to multicellular organization.
1,686 citations
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Stockholm Resilience Centre1, Stockholm University2, University of Copenhagen3, University of Exeter4, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences5, University of Arizona6, Scott Polar Research Institute7, Stanford University8, Université catholique de Louvain9, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research10, Australian National University11, Wageningen University and Research Centre12, University of Potsdam13
TL;DR: The risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate temperature rises and cause continued warming on a “Hothouse Earth” pathway even as human emissions are reduced is explored.
Abstract: We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate temperature rises and cause continued warming on a "Hothouse Earth" pathway even as human emissions are reduced. Crossing the threshold would lead to a much higher global average temperature than any interglacial in the past 1.2 million years and to sea levels significantly higher than at any time in the Holocene. We examine the evidence that such a threshold might exist and where it might be. If the threshold is crossed, the resulting trajectory would likely cause serious disruptions to ecosystems, society, and economies. Collective human action is required to steer the Earth System away from a potential threshold and stabilize it in a habitable interglacial-like state. Such action entails stewardship of the entire Earth System-biosphere, climate, and societies-and could include decarbonization of the global economy, enhancement of biosphere carbon sinks, behavioral changes, technological innovations, new governance arrangements, and transformed social values.
1,685 citations
Authors
Showing all 16338 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Frank B. Hu | 250 | 1675 | 253464 |
John C. Morris | 183 | 1441 | 168413 |
David W. Johnson | 160 | 2714 | 140778 |
Kevin J. Gaston | 150 | 750 | 85635 |
Andrew T. Hattersley | 146 | 768 | 106949 |
Timothy M. Frayling | 133 | 500 | 100344 |
Joel N. Hirschhorn | 133 | 431 | 101061 |
Jonathan D. G. Jones | 129 | 417 | 80908 |
Graeme I. Bell | 127 | 531 | 61011 |
Mark D. Griffiths | 124 | 1238 | 61335 |
Tao Zhang | 123 | 2772 | 83866 |
Brinick Simmons | 122 | 691 | 69350 |
Edzard Ernst | 120 | 1326 | 55266 |
Michael Stumvoll | 119 | 655 | 69891 |
Peter McGuffin | 117 | 624 | 62968 |