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Showing papers by "University of Florida published in 1980"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model is presented in which demand deposits backed by fractional currency reserves and public insurance can be beneficial, and the case for demand deposits, reserves, and deposit insurance rests on costs of illiquidity and incomplete information.
Abstract: A model is presented in which demand deposits backed by fractional currency reserves and public insurance can be beneficial. The model uses Samuelson's pure consumption-loans model. The case for demand deposits, reserves, and deposit insurance rests on costs of illiquidity and incomplete information. The effect of deposit insurance depends upon how, and at what cost, the government meets its insurer's obligation — something which is not specified in practice. It remains possible that demand deposits and deposit insurance are a distortion, and reserve requirements serve only to limit the size of this distortion.

992 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings indicated that both hemisphere-hemispace mechanisms and hemisphere-hand connections contributed to laterality effects, and a pseudoneglect phenomenon was observed.

849 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A detailed study of the photochemistry of iodine and its oxides indicates that iodine species may play an important role in the tropospheric photochemical system as mentioned in this paper, which can lead to the catalytic removal of troposphere O3, the enhancement of the NO2/NO ratio, the destruction of HxOy free radicals, and the conversion of HO2 to OH.
Abstract: A detailed study of the photochemistry of iodine and its oxides indicates that iodine species may play an important role in the tropospheric photochemical system. Methyl iodide, often observed in the marine troposphere with an average concentration of 5-10 ppt, is photolyzed and thereby produces I atoms. Chemical interactions with O3, HxOy, and NOx cause I to be converted to other inorganic compounds such as IO, HOI, IONO2, and I2. The production of these species and their subsequent recycling back to I can lead to the catalytic removal of tropospheric O3, the enhancement of the NO2/NO ratio, the destruction of HxOy free radicals, and the conversion of HO2 to OH. Ultimately, tropospheric inorganic iodine is removed by heterogeneous processes. Calculations using a numerical model to simulate tropospheric photochemistry indicate that iodine may have a strong impact upon the atmospheric O3-NOx-HxOy system. The magnitude of these effects is dependent upon the value of several uncertain rate constants and the primary source distributions of CH3I and other organic and inorganic iodine compounds.

404 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
08 Aug 1980-Science
TL;DR: This study provides direct evidence that long-term ethanol consumption, in the absence of malnutrition, produces neuronal loss in the central nervous system.
Abstract: Quantitative neurohistological techniques were used to examine the hippocampal complex of laboratory rats maintained on ethanol-containing or control diets for 5 months followed by a 2-month alcohol-free period. Chronic ethanol consumption resulted in a significant loss of hippocampal pyramidal and dentate gyrus granule cells. This study provides direct evidence that long-term ethanol consumption, in the absence of malnutrition, produces neuronal loss in the central nervous system.

393 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The apparent digestibility coefficients for 4 size classes of the green turtle Chelonia mydas feeding on the seagrass Thalassia testudinum were measured in Union Creek, Great Inagua, Bahamas, from September 1975 to August 1976.
Abstract: The apparent digestibility coefficients for 4 size classes of the green turtle Chelonia mydas feeding on the seagrass Thalassia testudinum were measured in Union Creek, Great Inagua, Bahamas, from September 1975 to August 1976. The values ranged from 32.6 to 73.9% for organic matter; from 21.5 to 70.7% for energy; from 71.5 to 93.7% for cellulose; from 40.3 to 90.8% for hemicellulose; and from 14.4 to 56.6% for protein. Digestive efficiency increased with increases in water temperature and body size. There was no seasonal variation in the nutrient composition of T. testudinum blades. Grazing on T. testudinum may be limited by its low quality as a forage, a result of its high fiber content and possible low protein availability. Turtles did not graze at random over the extensive beds of T. testudinum, but maintained “grazing plots” of young leaves by consistent recropping. They thus consumed a more digestible forage-higher in protein and lower in lignin-than the ungrazed, older leaves of T. testudinum. The selectivity of green turtles for either a seagrass or algal diet may reflect the specificity of their intestinal microflora.

377 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved analytic characterization of diffuse spectral irradiance (skylight) for the wavelength range 280-380 nm and solar zenith angle range from 0 to 85° was presented.
Abstract: We present an improved analytic characterization of diffuse spectral irradiance (skylight) for the wavelength range 280–380 nm and solar zenith angle range from 0 to 85°. The formulas achieve greater accuracy by (a) focusing on ratio representations and (b) adjusting the parameters to the more precise radiative transfer calculations of Dave, Braslau and Halpern.

346 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of the effect of a reference point on risky choice behavior is presented and the results are also discussed in terms of the Fishburn and Kahneman-Tversky models, as well as other theories of risky decision making.
Abstract: Two recent models of risky decision making developed by Fishburn Fishbijrn, P. C. 1977. Mean-risk analysis with risk associated with below-target returns. Amer. Econ. Rev.67 116-126. and by Kahneman and Tversky Kahneman, D., A. Tversky. 1979. Prospect theory: an analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica47 262-291. have emphasized the importance of a target return or a reference point in determining preferences and choices among gambles. Target returns and reference points represent variations on the concept of an aspiration level, an old idea in theories of decision making. Additional evidence on the need to incorporate such a concept in the analysis of risky choice behavior is presented in this paper. In three experiments, the relationship of pairs of gambles to an assumed reference point was varied by adding or subtracting a constant amount from all outcomes. The results demonstrate that such translations of outcomes can result in the reversal of choice within pairs of gambles. The effect of such translations on choice depended on whether the size of the translation was sufficient to insure that one gamble in a pair had outcome values either all above or all below the reference point, while the other gamble had outcome values both above and below the reference point. A model of the effects of a reference point on risky choice behavior is presented and the results are also discussed in terms of the Fishburn and Kahneman-Tversky models, as well as other theories of risky decision making.

337 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a discussion is presented mathematically and verbally upon mathematical programming sector models in which both price and quantity are endogenous variables and the discussion covers both the theoretical properties and the empirical concerns which must be faced in applying such models.
Abstract: The question, "Why use a mathematical programming model at the sectoral level?" is addressed. To address this question, discussion is presented mathematically and verbally upon mathematical programming sector models in which both price and quantity are endogenous variables. The discussion covers both the theoretical properties and the empirical concerns which must be faced in applying such models. Discussion is also presented upon the usefulness of the modeling approach for policy analysis. Selected bibliograpic citations' use of the approach in policy analysis are given.

330 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Microscopical examination reveals that the apparent stimulation of bone ingrowth into the surface pores of the implant is the reason for the increased rate of bond formation, and weight bearing might be allowed much earlier, thus reducing the recuperation period.
Abstract: Skeletal fixation of permanent implants by new methods such as fixation by mechanical interlocking of bone with porous prosthetic coatings or chemical bonding with bioactive materials shows growing potential. This paper reports on the resulting skeletal fixation of a combined porous and bioactive material. Metal plugs with a porous metal fiber coating impregnated with hydroxyapatite were implanted for 2, 4, and 12 weeks and were compared to the parent porous, nonbioactive, metal fiber material. Statistical analysis of the interfacial failure shear stress, as obtained by mechanical testing, shows there is a marked influence of hydroxyapatite impregnation on the rate of bone ingrowth and the strength of the interfacial bond the few weeks following surgery. Microscopical examination reveals that the apparent stimulation of bone ingrowth into the surface pores of the implant is the reason for the increased rate of bond formation. The results are of particular clinical interest: with an increased rate of bone ingrowth, weight bearing might be allowed much earlier, thus reducing the recuperation period.

316 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients with right-hemisphere disease (RHD) performed significantly worse than subjects with LHD when asked to discriminate between faces, to discriminating between emotional faces, and to name emotional scenes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Completion responses were collected for two sets of sentence contexts, which were designed to produce different distributions of probabilities for the primary responses.
Abstract: Completion responses were collected for two sets of sentence contexts, which were designed to produce different distributions of probabilities for the primary responses. The subject population consisted of undergraduate college students. For each context, responses and their respective probability of occurrence are listed, and an index of the primary responses is provided. It is hoped that these normative materials will facilitate comparison among future studies of the effects of sentence contexts on word processing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on the risk preferences for below target returns of 224 managers from the U.S. Canada, and Europe and find that the distribution of risk preferences tended to be stable over a wide range of experimental conditions: diversity of background of managers, the size of outcomes below target, and the context of the decision process personal versus managerial.
Abstract: This paper reports on the risk preferences for below target returns of 224 managers from the U.S. Canada, and Europe. When only non-ruinous losses were involved, 71% of the managers were risk seeking for below target returns. The distribution of risk preferences tended to be stable over a wide range of experimental conditions: diversity of background of the managers, the size of outcomes below target, and the context of the decision process personal versus managerial. When ruinous losses were introduced for 75 of the managers, 64% switched to risk averse behavior. Empirical findings concerning the relationship between risk preferences for below target returns and several demographic characteristics of managers are also reported.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients who received continuous-course irradiation had approximately 10% higher 5-year survival rates than patients who were treated by the split-course technique, and the rate of development of late radiation complications was similar for the 2 treatment techniques.
Abstract: Therapeutic results of split-course vs. continuous-course external beam irradiation were analyzed retrospectively in 468 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, and supraglottic larynx who were treated with curative intent at the University of Florida between September 1964 and August 1976. 214 patients received split-course treatment and 254 were treated by the continuous-course method. Except for the planned 14–16 day interruption after 2820–3000 rad in the split-course group, the techniques and total doses of irradiation did not differ. Local control was poorer for all T-stages in patients who were treated by the split-course technique. Control of neck disease by irradiation alone was also poorer among split-course irradiation patients. For each stage of disease, patients who received continuous-course irradiation had approximately 10% higher 5-year survival rates than patients who were treated by the split-course technique. The rate of development of late radiation complications was similar for the 2 treatment techniques. Routine use of the split-course technique has been discontinued since the dose required to compensate for the rest interval is unknown.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The geometric mean plus 1 SD appears to be the most useful limit of normalcy for IgE levels and overlaps with normal values are largest for urticaria, eczema, and allergic rhinitis and least for patients with allergic asthma.
Abstract: Serum IgE levels were measured by a paper-disc radioimmunoassay technique (PRIST) in 425 nonallergic subjects and in 570 patients with asthma, 244 with allergic rhinitis, 48 with asthma and eczema (atopic dermatitis), 49 with eczema but without asthma, and 57 with chronic urticaria. The data are presented for age groups in geometric means and standard deviations and by modal distribution. Normal mean IgE levels for the total sample were 32 IU/ml with highest levels (mean of 51 IU/ml) in school-age children. The highest IgE levels were found in patients with both asthma and eczema (mean of 985 IU/ml), followed by asthma alone (305 IU/ml), eczema alone (273 IU/ml), and allergic rhinitis (171 IU/ml). The values for our United States population were higher than those reported from Scandinavian countries but lower than those reported from Canada. The geometric mean plus 1 SD (64 IU/ml for infants, 150 IU/ml for schoolchildren, and 100 to 120 IU/ml for all other age groups) appears to be the most useful limit of normalcy. Overlaps with normal values are largest for urticaria, eczema, and allergic rhinitis and least for patients with allergic asthma.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigators with 45S5 bioglass have demonstrated that the formation of a SiO2-rich layer and a calcium phosphate film on its surface in an aqueous environment is associated with the film bonding the bioglasses to bone.
Abstract: Bioglass, which has a composition of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, phosphorous pentoxide and silica, has been shown to bond to living bone. This ability is dependent on controlled surface reactions. Investigators with 45S5 bioglass have demonstrated that the formation of a SiO2-rich layer and a calcium phosphate film on its surface in an aqueous environment is associated with the film bonding the bioglass to bone. The objects of this research were: 1. To study SiO2 dependence on the formation of a silica-rich layer and calcium phosphate films on a bioglass surface in a simulated physiological solution, and 2. To establish a correlation between in vitro surface reactions and in vivo bonding ability. It was discovered that three types of reactions occur in a simulated physiological solution depending on bioglass composition: 1. A calcium phosphate film and SiO2-rich layer form simultaneously and the reaction rate is fast for bioglasses which have a lower content of SiO2 (approximately 46 mol% SiO2). 2. A SiO2-rich layer forms first and a calcium phosphate film develops later between the aqueous environment and the SiO2-rich layer for bioglasses whose SiO2 content is between 46--55 mol %. 3. A calcium phosphate film does not form for glasses whose SiO2 content is more than 60 mol %.

Journal ArticleDOI
02 May 1980-Science
TL;DR: Naloxazone treatment blocks the analgesic effects of morphine for at least 24 hours but does not prevent death from high doses of morphine, suggesting analgesic but nonlethal opiate effects may be mediated by the high-affinity subpopulation of opiate receptors.
Abstract: Naloxazone, a hydrazone derivative of the opiate antagonist naloxone, has a high affinity for opiate receptor binding sites. Naloxazone injections reduce opiate receptor binding to extensively washed mouse brain membranes for more than 24 hours, suggesting that the effect is irreversible. High-affinity binding sites are abolished by this treatment, whereas low-affinity sites are unaffected. Naloxazone treatment blocks the analgesic effects of morphine for at least 24 hours but does not prevent death from high doses of morphine. Thus analgesic but nonlethal opiate effects may be mediated by the high-affinity subpopulation of opiate receptors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model for adeno-associated virus DNA replication is presented which agrees in detail with a general model for eucaryotic DNA replication originally proposed by Cavalier-Smith.
Abstract: The inverted terminal repetition in adeno-associated virus type 2 DNA has been sequenced. The terminal repetition contain 145 nucleotides of which the first 125 nucleotides can self-base pair to form a T-shaped hairpin structure. Both restriction endonuclease analysis with SmaI and BglI and direct sequence analysis of the SmaI fragments provide evidence for two sequences in the region of the terminal repetition between nucleotides 44 and 81. The two sequences represent an inversion of the first 125 nucleotides of the terminal repetition. Based on these data a model for adeno-associated virus DNA replication is presented which agrees in detail with a general model for eucaryotic DNA replication originally proposed by Cavalier-Smith (T. Cavalier-Smith, Nature [London] 18:672--684, 1976).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Protoplasts isolated from embryogenic suspension cultures derived from immature embryos of pearl millet gave rise to cell masses, which upon transfer to a hormone-free medium formed embryoids, which further developed into plantlets with roots and shoots.
Abstract: Protoplasts isolated from embryogenic suspension cultures derived from immature embryos of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) gave rise to cell masses. These cell masses upon transfer to a hormone-free medium formed embryoids, which further developed into plantlets with roots and shoots.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results show that S. saprophyticus should be accepted as an important urinary tract pathogen of young female patients in the United States.
Abstract: This study was designed to determine whether Staphylococcus saprophyticus was an important cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), as has been reported by European, but not by American, investigators, S. saprophyticus was the second most common cause of UTI in young (mean age, 20 years), sexually active female outpatients without known preexisting kidney disease or preceding manipulation of the urinary tract. Most cases presented as acute cystitis, but frank pyelonephritis and UTI in pregnant females were observed. The organism was rarely found as a contaminant in urine cultures. When present in the mucocutaneous flora of the anal-urogenital area, the organism was significantly associated with UTI by the same organism. These results show that S. saprophyticus should be accepted as an important urinary tract pathogen of young female patients in the United States. A simple adequate laboratory identification may be based on resistance to novobiocin (disk diffusion test), absence of hemolysis and coagulase, and intense pigment production (65% of strains yellow, 35% white).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Some of the variation in the severity of influenza infections may be explained by two factors: the site of initial infection and previous infection with heterotypic influenza virus.
Abstract: An infection established throughout the total respiratory tract of mice with a highly lung adapted influenza virus (H0N1) led to death from viral pneumonia. The 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) was approximately the same as the 50% infectious dose (ID(50)). An infection with the same virus initiated in the nasal mucosa spread to the trachea and lungs over a 3- to 5-day period but was not lethal except at very high infecting doses. The LD(50) was 30,000 times the ID(50). Mice that had recovered from a prior infection with A/PC/73(H3N2) demonstrated enhanced recovery (heterotypic immunity) when challenged with A/PR/8/34(H0N1). Heterotypically immune mice infected while anesthetized with this potentially lethal virus stopped shedding virus from the nose, trachea, and lungs by day 7 and recovered. Heterotypically immune mice, infected awake, stopped shedding virus from the nose by day 5, and, in fact, the virus did not spread to the trachea or lungs. Thus, some of the variation in the severity of influenza infections may be explained by two factors: the site of initial infection and previous infection with heterotypic influenza virus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: With the development of histamine Hz-receptor antagonists, principally cimetidine, a nonsurgical therapeutic alternative to surgical therapy became available and treatment with cimetazine has been shown to be effective in reducing gastrinoma symptoms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an instrumental study of the phonetic contrast between English /ptk/ and /bdg/ produced by Saudi Arabians reveals that native-language phonetic norms may carry over to production of target-language sounds.
Abstract: This instrumental study of the phonetic contrast between English /ptk/ and /bdg/ produced by Saudi Arabians reveals that native-language phonetic norms may carry over to production of target-language sounds. Despite the existence of phonetic interference, however, the present cross-sectional study suggests that Saudi learners gradually approximate the phonetic norms of English, at least insofar as several temporal acoustic correlates of stop voicing are concerned. The Saudis' English speech, although not typically Arabic or English in phonetic terms, seems to be the product of a fairly stable interlanguage phonetic system which admits the possibility of phonetic strategies by individual speakers.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1980-Cortex
TL;DR: Results showed more rapid improvement in skills with the right hand than with the left for both sexes, extending evidence for left-hemisphere motor dominance to a population including females as well as males.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The yearly incidence of root colonization and extramatrical spores of vesicular-arbuscular (-VA) mycorrhizal fungi were determined for six agronomic crops grown in monoculture for 7 yr on a newly-formed succession of cereal crops.
Abstract: The yearly incidence of root colonization and extramatrical spores of vesicular-arbuscular (-VA) mycorrhizal fungi were determined for six agronomic crops grown in monoculture for 7 yr on a newly c...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual analysis of the mentor relationship as an aspect of social learning and the career development of women is presented, with emphasis on role models and their impact on women's career development.
Abstract: This article presents a conceptual analysis of the mentor relationship as an aspect of social lear ning and the career development of women. The discussion consists of three sections, the first of which deals with the socializing process of modeling with emphasis on role models and their im pact on women's career development. Part two discusses the mentor relationship as an aspect of social learning. This section defines and analyses the term mentor in regard to related concepts. The significance of mentor relationships as shown in the literature is presented separately as studies relative to each sex. A model is presented that depicts the career stages and functional relationships within each stage. The last section discusses some of the reasons for the present lack of mentor relationships for women in regard to the analysis presented in the first two sections.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the physics controlling recombination in polysilicon p-n-junction solar cells and develop analytical models characterizing this recombination, whose parameters can be related directly to experiment.
Abstract: The physics controlling recombination in polysilicon p-n-junction solar cells is described. Analytic models characterizing this recombination, whose parameters can be related directly to experiment, are developed. The analysis reveals that, in general, the description of intragrain and grain-boundary recombination in a polysilicon solar cell requires the solution of a nonlinear three-dimensional boundary-value problem. Cases of practical interest for which this problem is tractable are discussed. The analysis predicts an \exp (qV/2kT) dependence (the reciprocal slope factor is exactly two) for carrier recombination at a grain boundary within the junction space-charge region of a nonilluminated, forward-biased cell. This result, and others of the analysis, are consistent with preliminary experimental data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of 29 eyes with nonglaucomatous optic atrophy, 13 (44%) were misdiagnosed as showing glaucoma by at least one observer, and of four optic disc features specifically analyzed, neuroretinal rim pallor proved to be 94%.
Abstract: • In order to test the hypothesis that glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous optic disc cupping can be distinguished ophthalmoscopically, three ophthalmologists experienced in assessing optic dics were asked to view fundus stereophotographs as "unknowns." Of 29 eyes with nonglaucomatous optic atrophy, 13 (44%) were misdiagnosed as showing glaucoma by at least one observer. Of four optic disc features specifically analyzed, neuroretinal rim pallor proved to be 94% specific for nonglaucomatous atrophy, while focal or diffuse obliteration of the neuroretinal rim was 87% specific for glaucoma. These two signs are the most useful in making the distinction. Thinning of the rim was more common in glaucoma than in nonglaucomatous atrophy, but was only 47% specific for glaucoma. Laminar dots were present in both types of excavation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hydrilla does not fit any of the present photosynthetic categories, and may have to be placed into a new group, together with other submersed aquatic macrophytes that have environmentally variable CO(2) compensation points.
Abstract: The CO 2 compensation point of the submersed aquatic macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata varied from high (above 50 microliters per liter) to low (10 to 25 microliters per liter) values, depending on the growth conditions Plants from the lake in winter or after incubation in an 11 C/9-hour photoperiod had high values, whereas summer plants or those incubated in a 27 C/14-hour photoperiod had low values The plants with low CO 2 compensation points exhibited dark 14 CO 2 fixation rates that were up to 30% of the light fixation rates This fixation reduced respiratory CO 2 loss, but did not result in a net uptake of CO 2 at night The low compensation point plants also showed diurnal fluctuations in titratable acid, such as occur in Crassulacean acid metabolism plants However, dark fixation and diurnal acid fluctuations were negligible in Hydrilla plants with high CO 2 compensation points Exposure of the low compensation point plants to 20 micromolar 14 CO 2 resulted in 60% of the 14 C being incorporated into malate and aspartate, with only 16% in sugar phosphates At a high CO 2 level, the C 4 acid label was decreased A pulse-chase study indicated that the 14 C in malate, but not aspartate, decreased after a long (270-second) chase period; thus, the C 4 acid turnover was much slower than in C 4 plants Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity was high (330 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour), as compared to ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (20 to 25), in the plants with low compensation points These plants also had a pyruvate, Pi dikinase activity in the leaves of 41 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour, which suggests they are not C 3 plants NAD- and NADP + -malate dehydrogenase activities were 6136 and 245 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour, respectively Of the three decarboxylating enzymes assayed, the activities of NAD- and NADP + -malic enzyme were 1042 and 237 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour, while phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was only 02 Low compensation point Hydrilla plants fix some CO 2 into C 4 acids, which can be decarboxylated for later refixation, presumably into the Calvin cycle Refixation would be advantageous in summer lake environments where the CO 2 levels are high at night but low during the day Hydrilla does not fit any of the present photosynthetic categories, and may have to be placed into a new group, together with other submersed aquatic macrophytes that have environmentally variable CO 2 compensation points

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Elective neck irradiation (ENI) may be associated with an increased risk of local failure in oral tongue lesions as a result of a decreased proportion of treatment given with interstitial therapy.
Abstract: One hundred fifty-nine patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, and supraglottic larynx, and with clinically negative neck (Stage NO) were reviewed to determine the value of elective neck irradiation (ENI). The primary cancer was controlled in 125 patients; in these patients the neck failure rate was 1.9% with ENI and 18% without ENI. Recurrence in the neck in cases where the primary cancer was controlled was associated with an increased risk of death due to cancer. The primary cancer was not controlled in 34 patients; in these patients the neck failure rate was 25% with ENI and 67% without ENI. Ten of 11 patients in whom treatment failed both at the primary site and in the neck died of cancer despite attempts at surgical salvage. ENI may be associated with an increased risk of local failure in oral tongue lesions as a result of a decreased proportion of treatment given with interstitial therapy.