Showing papers by "University of Glasgow published in 1974"
TL;DR: The X-linked mottled mutants offer an excellent system for the study of mammalian copper metabolism and provide an animal model of the inherited human copper deficiency, Menkes kinky hair disease, which is also X- linked.
Abstract: THE results presented here show that a primary defect in copper transport underlies the mottled syndrome in the mouse. The X-linked mottled mutants thus offer an excellent system for the study of mammalian copper metabolism. They also provide an animal model of the inherited human copper deficiency, Menkes kinky hair disease1,2, which is also X-linked.
288 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, structural and morphological studies of carbons produced by pyrolysis of various hydrocarbons over iron and nickel foils have been carried out by high resolution electron microscopy.
186 citations
TL;DR: In four baboons subjected to unilateral sympathetic denervation, autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was studied bilaterally; no difference in the upper limit of autoreGulation was found between the intact and the sympathectomized hemisphere.
Abstract: The upper limit of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was studied in ten young baboons. Blood pressure was increased by infusing angiotensin, and cerebral blood flow was measured by the intracarotid 133xenon injection method. Autoregulation was maintained until blood pressure was 30-40% above resting values. At this blood pressure level, cerebrovascular resistance reached a maximum. Any additional increase in blood pressure resulted in an increase in cerebral blood flow and a decrease in cerebrovascular resistance; this situation is designated the "breakthrough of autoregulation." In four baboons subjected to unilateral sympathetic denervation, autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was studied bilaterally; no difference in the upper limit of autoregulation was found between the intact and the sympathectomized hemisphere. The breakthrough of autoregulation supposedly plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute hypertensive encephalopathy. The old concept of hypertensive cerebral vasospasm has b...
181 citations
TL;DR: Age and body mass showed surprising relationships with energy intake and most of the energy and protein in the diets came from the staple vegetable (taroin Kaul and sweet potato in Lufa), this was less so than in previous studies.
Abstract: Two village populations, Kaul in a coastal region and Lufa in a highland region, were studied each for 9-10 months. Measurements of food intake and total daily energy expenditure were made on individual subjects, 51 men and 69 women in Kaul and 43 men and 41 women in Lufa. Each individual was investigated during a period of 5-7 consecutive days. The way of life for all the people was moderately active - more so in the highlands - since they were subsistence farmers cultivating their own gardens for food. The mean daily energy intakes were 8.12 MJ (1940 kcal) for the Kaul men, 10.55 MJ (2520 kcal) for the Lufa men, 5.95 MJ (1420 kcal) for the Kaul women and 8.81 MJ (2105 kcal) for the Lufa women. There were almost no differences in the energy intakes of the non-pregnant non-lactating, the pregnant, and the lactating women in each village. The intakes of protein were low, providing 6.7, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.2% of the energy value of the diets of the Kaul men and women and the Lufa men and women respectively. Fat provided only about 10% of the energy in the highland diet and 17% in the coastal diet. Age and body mass showed surprising relationships with energy intake. Although most of the energy and protein in the diets came from the staple vegetable (taroin Kaul and sweet potato in Lufa), this was less so than in previous studies. A total of 1160 measurements of energy expenditure were made on various activities of the individual people and mean values are given for these activities. The pattern of daily energy expenditure is also shown. Lying, sitting and standing accounted for about 70% of the total day and 60% of the total energy expenditure. Walking occupied about 10% of the 24 h and between 20 and 27% of the energy output. Some of the results of food intake, particularly on the women in the coastal region, are very difficult to explain on currently accepted grounds.
168 citations
TL;DR: Infections with parasitic worms lead to the production of high levels of reaginic or IgE antibodies against parasite antigens, and greatly elevated levels of total IgE occur in most individuals infected with any one of a variety of helminths.
Abstract: HELMINTH parasites provide the most potent stimulus known for the biosynthesis of IgE. In every species which has been studied, infections with parasitic worms lead to the production of high levels of reaginic or IgE antibodies against parasite antigens1,2 and, in man, greatly elevated levels of total IgE occur in most individuals infected with any one of a variety of helminths including Ascaris lumbricoides3, Capillaria philipinensis4 and ancylostomes5.
158 citations
TL;DR: The product, pCmpUp, previously reported by Choi & Busch (1970) as being the 5′ end-group of rat hepatoma 28 S, 32 S and 45 S RNA, is not present in HeLa cell 28 S RNA or its precursors.
149 citations
TL;DR: In the valley sandurs of Markarfljot and Landmannalaugar as mentioned in this paper, sediments in complex lateral (transverse) bars are more variable in orientation than the channels which contain them.
Abstract: Sediments in the valley sandurs of Markarfljot and Landmannalaugar accrete in complex lateral (transverse) bars. Directional structures within the bars are more variable in orientation than the channels which contain them. This greater variability is mainly due to the diversification of the flow, at the low stage, as it moves through the accretion topography of the sandur. Different directional structures preferentially record different stages of the flow: imbrication and lineation form mainly in response to the high flow stage, and have a low degree of dispersion; cross-stratification records the low stage of flow, and has a wide dispersion. Cross-stratification is produced in four main ways: by small deltas, by megaripples, by ripple topped bars, and by migrating accretionary bar banks. Small deltas form at low flow stage; accretionary banks at high.
139 citations
TL;DR: The duration of inhibition at the EL 4 stage in calves infected with chilled L 3 was consistently between 16 and 18 weeks and maturation of the majority of the inhibited larvae occurred spontaneously after such a period and irrespective of season, which provides an explanation for the seasonal occurrence in Britain of inhibited EL 4 stages of O. ostertagi in cattle during the cold climate of late autumn and winter.
Abstract: Experiments are described which show that in a recently isolated field strain of the cattle nematode, Ostertagia ostertagi, the primary stimulus to the induction of inhibited development at the early fourth larval stage (EL4) in the host is chilling of the infective larvae (L3). Thus exposure of L3 to a temperature of 4 °C for 8 weeks prior to their oral administration to calves resulted in a mean of 66% of the established worm burden becoming inhibited at the EL4 stage. This provides an explanation for the seasonal occurrence in Britain of inhibited EL4 stages of O. ostertagi in cattle during the cold climate of late autumn and winter.If the L3 stages were exposed to chilling for a prolonged period (> 19 weeks), prior to infection of calves, then the prevalence of inhibited EL4 stages amongst the worms established declined. After 33 weeks chilling the worm population consisted almost entirely of adults and only 2% inhibited EL4 stages. This suggested that a selective mortality of inhibition prone L3 was taking place and explained why under natural grazing conditions inhibition prone L3 were not available on the pasture in spring.The duration of inhibition at the EL4 stage in calves infected with chilled L3 was consistently between 16 and 18 weeks and maturation of the majority of the inhibited larvae occurred spontaneously after such a period and irrespective of season. This period is equivalent to the duration of a normal winter in Britain when conditions unsuitable for the free living development of O. ostertagi larvae prevail.The induction of inhibition by the environmental stimulus of chilling, the fixed period for the duration of inhibition within the host and the spontaneous maturation of the inhibited larvae are characteristic of a true diapause.
132 citations
TL;DR: Grip strength is responsive to Sodium Salicylate and Prednisolone therapy but the change in association with the former was minimal—indicating insensitivity of the test.
Abstract: The intra-observer, inter-observer, day-to-day, week-to-week and diurnal variations in grip strength measurement have been studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the changes in grip strength measurements in a double-blind, cross-over trial of Sodium Salicylate and Prednisolone are reported. An intra-observer error of up to 9 mmHg was found and, in addition, there was also considerable variation in grip strength measurements between different observers. Grip strength is responsive to Sodium Salicylate and Prednisolone therapy but the change in association with the former was minimal—indicating insensitivity of the test. In clinical trials, measurement of grip strength should not only be performed by one observer for each patient but measurements should be made at the same time of day because of its diurnal variation. The inherent errors in the method should be considered when interpreting results of grip strength measurement in such trials.
127 citations
TL;DR: Virological examination of 385 patients with suspected heart disease and 26 with Bornholmdisease over a period of 6 years suggested that Coxsackie group B virus infections were associated with at least half the cases of acute myocarditis and one third of the Cases of acute non-bacterial pericarditis.
Abstract: Virological examination of 385 patients with suspected heart disease and 26 with Bornholm disease over a period of 6 years suggested that Coxsackie group B virus infections were associated with at least half the cases of acute myocarditis and one third of the cases of acute non-bacterial pericarditis. Complement-fixation tests revealed only a few cardiac illnesses associated with other infections (influenza and Mycoplasma pneumoniae). No evidence of infection was found in chronic cardiac disease.
114 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the very detailed information furnished by the CO is used in a complex way in the control of the femoral muscles.
TL;DR: It was concluded that vacuolation in the trabecular wall lining endothelium was a pressure-dependent phenomenon and that excessively high pressures cause occlusion of the canal by the distention of the outer part of the meshwork and prolapse of the endothelia.
TL;DR: Vascular permeability and the spread of protein-rich fluid has been assessed in experimental injury to the canine thoracic cord and the abnormal permeability decreased rapidly after trauma.
TL;DR: The main feature of the neural lesion was a distally progressive loss of myelinated nerve fibres, but evidence of segmental demyelination and remyelinated was seen in teased nerve fibre preparations.
Abstract: Laryngeal muscles and nerves were obtained from 42 horses, 3 of which suffered from laryngeal hemiplegia. Of the remaining 39 clinically normal horses, 30% (12) demonstrated pathological changes in the laryngeal musculature.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the first but not the second property is preserved under multiplication of these polynomials, and so may be the more tractible conjecture.
TL;DR: Intracranial volume/pressure compensation was tested in 16 patients with head injury by observing the change in intracranial pressure when 1 ml.
Abstract: Summary Intracranial volume/pressure compensation was tested in 16 patients with head injury by observing the change in intracranial pressure when 1 ml. of fluid was either injected or withdrawn through the ventricular catheter system used for monitoring intracranial pressure. Carotid angiography was also performed and showed that 8 patients had varying degrees of brain shift. Patients with brain shift had higher levels of baseline intracranial pressure and a greater sensitivity of pressure to the induced volume change. The degree of pressure sensitivity correlated more closely with the degree of brain shift ( P P
TL;DR: Results suggest that the national (UK) recommended energy requirements for boys and girls, aged 14 years, attending Glasgow schools in 1964 and 1971 are too high.
Abstract: 1. A study of the food intake, during a period of 7 consecutive days, was made on 192 boys and girls, aged 14 years, attending Glasgow schools in 1964. A similar study was done in 1971 on 419 boys and girls of the same age. The children came from all the various socio-economic backgrounds and were subdivided into four social groups.2. The heights and body-weights of the groups studied in 1964 and 1971 were similar but the percentage contribution of fat to the body-weight had increased in the boys.3. Between 1964 and 1971 there had been a decrease in the mean energy intake of both boys and girls of between 0.8 and 1.0 MJ (200–250 kcal)/d. A similar proportionate decrease had also occurred in the protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium and iron contents of the diet. However, no individual had a very low intake of protein.4. Only the boys of the poorest social group (4) showed a lower intake of nutrients than the other groups. There were almost no differences between the girls from the different socio-economic groups.5. Eating school meals did not affect levels of total energy and nutrient intake.6. The proportion of energy and nutrients derived from different food groups did not appear to have appreciably altered in the two surveys, although the amount of milk drunk had become less. Fish, eggs and cheese contributed surprisingly little to the diet.7. The combination, in both sexes, of a reduction in energy intake in 1971 compared to 1964, together with, for the boys, an increased body fat content, could be accounted for by a marked reduction in physical activity.8. Although a comparison of the energy intake of the fattest and of the thinnest boys showed no clear differentiation, there was a consistently lower energy intake, in all social groups, by the fattest girls (‘fattest’ 7.07 MJ (1690 kcal)/d; ‘thinnest’ 9.23 MJ (2207 kcal)/d).9. These and other recent results suggest that the national (UK) recommended energy requirements, at least for this group, are too high.
TL;DR: The growth of vaccinia virus in monolayers of BSC-1 cells enucleated by centrifugation in the presence of cytochalasin B has been studied and the production of virus particles was reduced to 8.3% compared with the yield from cy tochalasin-treated, uncentrifuged cells.
Abstract: The growth of vaccinia virus in monolayers of BSC-1 cells enucleated by centrifugation in the presence of cytochalasin B has been studied. No evidence for the production of infectious virus in these cells was obtained, and the production of virus particles was reduced to 8.3% compared with the yield from cytochalasin-treated, uncentrifuged cells. Virus DNA and early and late polypeptides were synthesized with normal timing in enucleate cells, but in reduced amounts; cleavage of structural polypeptide precursors P4a and Px also occurred in enucleate cells. Factories containing immature virus particles were demonstrated in enucleate cells by electron microscopy; these factories were reduced in number and size compared with those found in cytochalasin-treated, uncentrifuged cells.
TL;DR: The fate of lymphocytes collected after prolonged drainage of the neural duct of plaice, labeled in vitro with [5−3H]uridine and reintroduced intravenously into the same fish was followed by means of scintillation counting and autoradiography.
Abstract: The fate of lymphocytes collected after prolonged drainage of the neural duct of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), labeled in vitro with [5−3H]uridine and reintroduced intravenously into the same fish was followed by means of scintillation counting and autoradiography.
The characteristics of the lymphoid cell migration observed were very similar to those described in higher vertebrates. No significant numbers of labeled cells penetrated the thymus; the majority was found in the peripheral lymphoid organs, namely, the spleen and kidney. The cells lodging in the lymphoid organs had a capacity to synthesize, RNA, which the labeled cells in nonlymphoid organs lacked.
The autoradiographic study revealed that the population found in the white pulp of the spleen and kidney consisted mainly of small lymphocytes, whereas the labeled large lymphocytes were present in the liver and red pulp of spleen and kidney.
The relevance of the present findings to the understanding of the development of selective lymphoid cell migration is discussed.
TL;DR: The use of the voltage clamp technique is reported to compare the reversal potentials of the conductance increase produced by the excitatory transmitter and the application of L-glutamate at the insect neuromuscular junction.
Abstract: THERE is considerable evidence that L-glutamate is the excitatory transmitter both at the insect and crustacean neuromuscular junction1,2, and also in the vertebrate central nervous system3. Here we report the use of the voltage clamp technique to compare the reversal potentials of the conductance increase produced by the excitatory transmitter and the application of L-glutamate at the insect neuromuscular junction. We also investigated the ionic basis of the L-glutamate conductance increase using voltage clamping. These experiments could be carried out accurately because changes in resistance of the electrically excitable membrane caused by changes in membrane potential or by different ionic media do not affect the amplitude of the excitatory junctional currents or glutamate currents.
TL;DR: In this paper, two types of manorial or hacienda systems are distinguished, the Grund• and Gutsherrschaft, and their implications are analysed for the complex of conflicting relationships between landlords and peasants.
Abstract: In this paper it is argued that basically the same agrarian structure once predominated in both Europe and Latin America: the manorial or hacienda system. Two types of manorial or hacienda system are distinguished, the Grund‐ and Gutsherrschaft, and their implications are analysed for the complex of conflicting relationships between landlords and peasants. An attempt is made to single out the crucial factors which explain the development pattern of the system, and special emphasis is given to the dissolution process, particularly to one of its aspects—the proletarianization of the peasantry.
TL;DR: This work has examined relationships up to hatching stage in the sparrowhawk in Dumfriesshire, southern Scotland, where it still breeds in good numbers.
Abstract: SPARROWHAWKS (Accipiter nisus) in Britain have laid thin-shelled eggs throughout the period of DDT usage1, and in several predatory species in North America an inverse correlation has been shown between shell thickness and DDE levels in eggs, both in natural and in experimental situations2–4. It has been claimed that eggshell thinning is associated with reduced hatching success, and that both effects could be implicated in a sequence leading to population decline. We have examined these relationships up to hatching stage in the sparrowhawk in Dumfriesshire, southern Scotland, where it still breeds in good numbers. During 1971–73 full details were obtained from 325 nests, and eggs from 130 clutches were collected for analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, the past response of the atmosphere to fossil CO2 emission has been investigated and a novel and potentially valuable approach is presented to estimate future CO2 levels from this source.
Abstract: THE concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased from about 290 parts per million (ppm) by volume in 1900 (ref 1) to 323 ppm in 1972 (ref 2) and this increase is generally held to be due chiefly to combustion of fossil fuels Indeed by 1970 this artificial mechanism had introduced to the atmosphere an amount of CO2 equivalent to 22% of the natural or pre-industrial atmospheric inventory3 About half of the added CO2 seems to have been transferred to the other major reservoirs of the dynamic carbon cycle, the oceans and biosphere Before examining the threat to global climate and marine life4, future CO2 levels from this source must be predicted Before such extrapolations can be confidently applied, however, we must fully understand the past response of the atmosphere to fossil CO2 emission Since direct measurements of atmospheric CO2 are either not available or considered unreliable indirect methods of assessing the CO2 buildup must be invoked Here a novel and potentially valuable approach is presented
TL;DR: Cholesterol oxidase has been used in the qualitative analysis of model mixtures of hydroxylic steroids and the resulting ketones were completely separable by gas-liquid chromatography.
TL;DR: Findings prove that the 5.8 S Ribosomal sequence is present within HeLa cell ribosomal precursor RNA, in addition to the methylated nucleotide, two pseudouridylate residues were discovered in He La cell 5.
TL;DR: It was shown that this immunity to Fasciola hepatica could be transferred to recipients using either lymphoid cells or serum from infected donor rats, and the extent of the protection obtained by cells appeared to be related to the quantity and persistence of the antigenic stimulus in the donor.
TL;DR: The structures of two new germacranolides, glaucolide-A ( 1a ) and -B ( 1b ), isolated from more than 25 species of Vernonia from the Western Hemisphere, have been established by a series of chemical transformations, and spectral and X-ray crystallographic studies as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Ten patients with malignant melanoma were given immune stimulation by B.C.G. in combination with irradiated autologous tumour cells, and objective clinical improvement was observed in six patients.
TL;DR: Information on the biological activities of gibberellins (GAs) in the barley aleurone, Tangin bozu dwarf rice, dwarf pea, lettuce hypocotyl and cucumber hypocOTyl bioassays is reviewed and discussed in the context of GA structure-activity relationships.
Abstract: Information on the biological activities of gibberellins (GAs) in the barley aleurone, Tangin bozu dwarf rice, dwarf pea, lettuce hypocotyl and cucumber hypocotyl bioassays is reviewed and discussed in the context of GA structure-activity relationships The barley aleurone bioassay exhibits a limited response to GAs and it is suggested that this may be because the aleurone cells are able to carry out few GA interconversions Conse quently activity is determined by the degree of compatibility between the GAs and a receptor site In this assay high biological activity is associated with GAs having a 3/3-hydroxy-y lactone structure This activity is substantially enhanced by the additional presence of a 13a-hydroxyl group The substitution of a S-lactone or a S-lactol for a y-lactone results in reduced activity while 3/3,13a-dihydroxy GAs with either 20-carboxyl or 20-methyl functions are completely inactive The Tanginbozu dwarf rice bioassay responds to many more GAs than the barley aleurone system possibly because the rice seedlings can carry out extensive GA interconversions Under these circumstances GAs that are inactive per se can be meta bolically converted to active forms There is no interaction between the 3/3- and 13a-hydroxy functions of GA molecules in the rice assay Activity appears to be determined by the degree oxidation of the C-20 group The order of activity is usually y-lactone > 8-lactol > S-lactone > methyl > carboxyl It is suggested this may indicate that in rice seedlings C20-GAs are converted to C19-GAs via a Baeyer-Villiger type oxidation Activity in the dwarf pea bioassay is dependent upon GAs possessing both 3/S- and 13a-hydroxyl groups and is again related to the state of oxidation at the C-20 locus In the lettuce bioassay activity is restricted to GAs with a y-lactone function In some instances a 8-lactone, but not a 8-lactol, can substitute effectively This may imply that the applied C20-GAs are not converted to C19-GAs and that the response to the 8-lactone results from the six-membered ring mimicking the y-lactone at the receptor site Only GAs having a 19,10 or a 19,20 lactonic bridge show substantial activity in the cucumber bioassay The additional presence of either a 12a- or a 13a-hydroxyl group severely reduces activity
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative model is suggested to account for the trans-influence of both σ-donor and π-acceptor ligands on PtCl bonds.