Showing papers by "University of Glasgow published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the size, shape and orientation of the holes which cause failure initiation with the isotropic continuum analysis of F.A. Mc Clintock (1968), with particular reference to the effects of directionality and stress state on the condition for flow localization to occur between holes.
Abstract: The strain required to initiate ductile failure in three low-alloy, quenched and tempered steels has been determined in multi-axial stress-states. The ductility was found to depend markedly both on the orientation of the stress system with respect to the rolling direction and on the tri-axiality of the stress-state. In some cases, ductile failure occurred at plastic strains which were only a few times the yield strain. Metallographic studies have been used to compare the size, shape and orientation of the holes which cause failure initiation with the isotropic continuum analysis of F.A. Mc Clintock (1968). The application of ductile-fracture models to directional steels is discussed with particular reference to the effects of directionality and stress-state on the condition for flow localization to occur between holes.
1,282 citations
TL;DR: The kernel method of density estimation from continuous to multivariate binary spaces is described, finding its simple nonparametric nature together with its consistency properties make it an attractive tool in discrimination problems, with some advantages over already proposed parametric counterparts.
Abstract: SUMMARY An extension of the kernel method of density estimation from continuous to multivariate binary spaces is described. Its simple nonparametric nature together with its consistency properties make it an attractive tool in discrimination problems, with some advantages over already proposed parametric counterparts. The method is illustrated by an application to a particular medical diagnostic problem. Simple extensions of the method to categorical data and to data of mixed binary and continuous form are indicated.
600 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that W∗-algebras, with the exception of certain finite type I's, are not nuclear, and that these norms, with α and ν, can be mutually distinct.
168 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the highly characteristic general design of bulk nDNA, and of the majority of individual sub-fractions of n DNA, is shared by those fractions of nDNA that code for proteins which in turn implies that they have all evolved in response to the same major selection pressures.
157 citations
TL;DR: High blood-pressure is associated with high blood-lead levels, which might explain the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the area, according to a study of hypertensives in the West of Scotland.
137 citations
TL;DR: In young (6- to 8-week-old) NIH strain inbred mice expulsion of a primary infection of Trichinella spiralis began on day 8 and was virtually complete by day 11-5, while in older mice expulsion occurred 1 or 2 days earlier.
Abstract: In young (6- to 8-week-old) NIH strain inbred mice expulsion of a primary infection of Trichinella spiralis began on day 8 and was virtually complete by day 11-5. In older mice expulsion occurred 1 or 2 days earlier. Experience of a primary infection elicited strong immunity to challenge, whether the challenge was given immediately after worm expulsion (day 14) or delayed (day 42). Challenge infections were expelled rapidly the majority of worms being lost during the first day. Immunity to challenge was elicited by low-level primary infections and was effective against large ventionally accepted parameters of immunity to T. spiralis in mice which, it is considered, are applicable only to mice with a genetically determined low-level of responsiveness to the parasite.
127 citations
TL;DR: The mechanical behaviour of intrafusal muscle fibres during fusimotor stimulation and passive stretch was observed directly in muscle spindles isolated from the cat tenuissimus muscle.
Abstract: 1. The mechanical behaviour of intrafusal muscle fibres during fusimotor stimulation and passive stretch was observed directly in muscle spindles isolated from the cat tenuissimus muscle. 2. Mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres are of three functional types. Most spindles contain one slow nuclear bag fibre, one fast nuclear bag fibre, and four or five nuclear chain fibres. 3. Contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres is characterized by a long latency and very slow initial velocity, whereas the latency for the other intrafusal fibres is short and the inital velocity rapid. The mean time for maximum contraction (at 75 Hz to 100 Hz) and relaxation is significantly longer for slow nuclear bag fibres (0-8s) than for other intrafusal fibres (0-5 s). The contraction time of fast nuclear bag fibres is sometimes longer than that of nuclear chain fibres but the mean values are not significantly different; a difference in the time to attain 90% contraction is more obvious. 4. At low stimulation frequencies (10 Hz) contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres and in most fast nuclear bag fibres is smooth whereas nuclear chain fibres exhibit marked oscillations. Single stimuli elicit small local twitches in nuclear chain fibres and occasionally in fast nuclear bag fibres but produce no visible effect in slow nuclear bag fibres. 5. Maximum contraction of slow and fast nuclear bag fibres at body temperature is attained at a stimulation frequency of 75 Hz to 100 Hz, whereas a frequency of 150 Hz or more is required for maximum contraction of nuclear chain fibres. At 50 Hz at body temperature contraction in nuclear bag fibres is at least half the maximum, whereas in many spindles nuclear chain fibres show only a very small contraction at this frequency. 6. Contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres occurs at one or two discrete foci, most of which lie in the intracapsular region beyond the end of the fluid space. Weak contraction extends the primary sensory spiral by a small amount (2%-8%) at a low velocity (5%-10%s-1). When the fibre is passively stretched the spiral opens and then creeps back to about 75% of the extension at the end of the stretch due to yielding in the poles of fibre; creep is complete in 0-5s to 2-5s. 7. Contraction in fast nuclear bag fibres also occurs at one or two discrete foci, most of which lie in the intracapsular region beyond the end of the fluid space. Shortening of sarcomeres at the foci and extension of the sensory spiral are, however, up to eight times greater (up to 25%) than in slow nuclear bag fibres, and the velocity of stretch of the spiral is three to eight times greater (25%-40%s-1). Fast nuclear bag fibres exhibit little or no creep following passive stretch. 8. Contraction in the nuclear chain fibre bundle is localized to the intracapsular region, centered on a point in the intracapsular region between 0-9 mm and 1-6 mm from the spindle equator. Maximal contraction stretches primary and secondary sensory endings by 15% to 20%, at 30% to 40% s-1...
125 citations
TL;DR: The mean orientation of the directional structures is not always aligned with the mean stream direction, and the diversity of orientation is comparable with the diversity in orientation of directional structures in meandering streams as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Scottish streams of low sinuosity have four kinds of bars, three are bank-attached (lateral), and one is medial. Bar type is related to sinuosity, and as streams often increase in sinuosity away from source, there tends to be a variation in bar type successively downstream. The morphology and structure of the bars are related to grain size—gravel bars do not have the same bed forms and structures as those made of sand—and variations in flow stage. The bar head, composed mostly of gravel, forms during the high-flow stage, and as the flow falls so sediments of the lee face record the changing flow pattern. With further drop in water level the locus of sedimentation shifts to the bar tail where the dwindling flow may build diversely oriented bed forms and structures. Changes in the rate of fall, or differences in the maximum rise of water level, result in different proportions of sediment type being deposited.The mean orientation of the directional structures is not always alined with the mean stream direction, and the diversity of orientation is comparable with the diversity in orientation of directional structures in meandering streams. The variability in orientation is due to the effects of flood-produced bed forms in diverting the low-stage flow, stream sinuosity, and the changing orientation of the channel as it sweeps across the floodplain.
123 citations
TL;DR: The results show that following injury the central areas of the cord become rapidly and progressively ischaemic and the peripheral white matter does retain a reasonably normal flow depending on the magnitude of the impact force, however, the vessels in all these areas lose their ability to respond to normal physiological stimuli.
116 citations
TL;DR: The analyses showed that the consumer products examined were rarely the pure mineral talc, but rather were mixtures of various minerals; some samples consisted of three to five minerals, only one of which was talc.
Abstract: Representative consumer talcums and powders, including 20 body powders, baby powders, facial talcums, and also one pharmaceutical talc, were analyzed to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. Where known, all were formulated prior to 1973. Of the 20 products 10 contained detectable amounts of tremolite and anthophyllite, principally asbestiform, while some also contained fragmented forms of these minerals. The amounts ranged from tenths of a percent to over 14% by weight; two contained detectable amounts of chrysotile asbestos fiber. Eight contained quartz, seven ranging from 2 to 5%, with one as high as 35%. The analyses showed that the consumer products examined were rarely the pure mineral talc, but rather were mixtures of various minerals; some samples consisted of three to five minerals, only one of which was talc. Other common mineral phases included chlorite, platy serpentine, pyrophyllite, mica, and carbonate minerals. Kaolin additive was identified in two products. The single pha...
113 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Coulomb coupling constant αs have a momentum dependence suggested by asymptotic freedom formulae and the radiative transition widths Γ(ψ′ → 3.41, 3.50 and 3.55 + γ) are significantly smaller than those obtained in previous (one-channel) charmonium calculations.
TL;DR: The dynamic nuclear bag fibres have fewer and thinner elastic fibres around their polar regions as discussed by the authors, which is used to correlate indirectly other physiological and structural properties of these fibres with their innervation.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Nuclear bag fibres that are operated electrophysiologically by either static or dynamic γ axons are iontophoretically labelled with dye Subsequent histology shows that the nuclear bag fibres operated by static γ axons have thick elastic fibres around their polar regions that continue past the end of the fibres into the muscle The dynamic nuclear bag fibres have fewer and thinner elastic fibres around their polar regions This difference is used to correlate indirectly other physiological and structural properties of these fibres with their innervation In this way, it is inferred that the dynamic nuclear bag fibre is more sensitive to direct application of acetylcholine than the static nuclear bag fibre and that the ATPase of the static nuclear bag fibre is stable in both alkaline and acid conditions, whereas the dynamic nuclear bag fibre contains the acid-stable,—alkalinelabile form of ATPase
TL;DR: Conditions in which the process of ovulation is dissociated from nuclear maturation of the germ cell, resulting in the shedding of a primary oocyte are described.
Abstract: THE process of ovulation in mammals is induced by a surge of gonadotropic hormone(s) that precipitates a series of changes in the cellular layers of the Graafian follicle. The changes in the somatic cells are extensive, ranging from enzymatic transformation in the biosynthetic pathway for steroid hormones1,2 to morphological alterations in the membrana granulosa. In contrast, the only conspicuous modification in the germ cell is completion of the first meiotic division with extrusion of a polar body and formation of the second metaphase plate. The meiotic steps from diakinesis to first polar body formation are known to be programmed with considerable accuracy3,4 by the endogenous surge of luteinising hormone (LH), but a similar sequence of nuclear changes can also be initiated by injection of a preparation rich in LH activity, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)5–7. Although the changes in the somatic cells and oocyte within the mature follicle usually occur in concert, we describe here circumstances in which the process of ovulation is dissociated from nuclear maturation of the germ cell, resulting in the shedding of a primary oocyte.
TL;DR: Detailed examination of binding over the range 10-7–10-6 M suggests that membrane preparations from coleoptiles of Zea mays L., cv Kelvedon 33 contain at least two sets of high affinity binding sites for 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), with dissociation constants of 1.8×10-7 M.
Abstract: Detailed examination of binding over the range 10-7–10-6 M suggests that membrane preparations from coleoptiles of Zea mays L., cv Kelvedon 33 contain at least two sets of high affinity binding sites for 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), with dissociation constants of 1.8×10-7 M (site 1) and 14.5×10-7 M (site 2). Similar studies with 3-indolylacetic acid (IAA) also indicate two sets of binding sites, whose concentrations are closely comparable to those deduced for NAA. A substantial proportion of the total binding activity is retained in a detergent-solubilized preparation. Using [14C]NAA the interactions of a range of analogues with each of the binding sites have been examined with the aid of double reciprocal plots. The specificity of site 2 is compatible with that expected for an auxin receptor, in that only active auxins, antiauxin transport inhibitors are able to compete with [14C]NAA for the binding sites. Site 1 on the other hand is less specific, since it appears to bind all compounds tested, including physiologically inactive analogues.
TL;DR: The comparison of the cuticular hydrocarbons of L. migratoria, S. gregaria and four other Orthopetera suggests that the hydrocarbon pattern of cuticular lipids could be a useful, additional character in insect systematics.
TL;DR: The results do not support a mechanism whereby the enzyme methylates DNA by binding irreversibly and "walking" along it, and by measuring maximum levels of methylation of DNAs from different sources the proportion of unmethylated sites present in them is estimated.
Abstract: DNA methylase has been purified 405-fold from Krebs II ascites cells. The purified enzyme is homogeneous on SDS-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (molecular weight about 80,000) and the only product of the reaction with DNA is 5-methyl cytosine. Both native and denatured DNA are methylated by the enzyme; with calf thymus DNA the double stranded form is the better substrate but the enzyme preferentially methylates single stranded E.coli DNA even in "native" preparations. Our results do not support a mechanism whereby the enzyme methylates DNA by binding irreversibly and "walking" along it. By measuring maximum levels of methylation of DNAs from different sources we have estimated the proportion of unmethylated sites present in them. Homologous ascites DNA can be methylated, but only to about 5% of the level of the best substrate, undermethylated mouse L929 cell DNA. DNA isolated from growing cells or tissues is a better substrate than DNA from normal liver or pancreas, or from stationary cells.
TL;DR: Evidence from enzymic and chemical assays and from electron microscopy suggests that site 2, the auxin-specific binding site, is located in fractions enriched in plasma membrane, whereas site 1 is associated with Golgi membranes and/or endoplasmic reticulum.
Abstract: Further evidence is presented for the discrete nature of the two classes of high affinity auxin binding sites in corn (Zea mays L.) coleoptile membranes, site 1 and site 2. Fractions can be obtained by differential centrifugation that exhibit binding kinetics characteristic of site 2, but not site 1. Membrane preparations containing both binding sites may be resolved on sucrose gradients into a light and a heavy band, whose binding kinetics and analogue binding specificities correspond to those deduced for site 1 and site 2 respectively in unfractionated membranes. Evidence from enzymic and chemical assays and from electron microscopy suggests that site 2, the auxin-specific binding site, is located in fractions enriched in plasma membrane, whereas site 1 is associated with Golgi membranes and/or endoplasmic reticulum.
TL;DR: A pilot study designed to evaluate three simple indices of outcome—namely neurophysical, mental and social assessment scales reveals a clear cut relation between the duration of post-traumatic amnesia and the measures of disability devised.
Abstract: Increasing numbers of those concerned with the primary treatment and later care of individuals who sustain head injuries are becoming interested in the development of methods for assessing the outcome of severe brain damage. In the past such methods seldom involved balanced consideration of the physical, mental and social sequelae of injury. Moreover rehabilitation, which should involve restoration of patients to their fullest physical, mental and social capability, is often biased towards the improvement of physical disability alone. The long lasting and chronically disabling mental changes which occur so frequently, and which tend to cause the greatest difficulties for patients in terms of their reintegration into society, usually receive scant attention.
TL;DR: The effect of operating clothing on the dispersal of bacterial particles from the wearers was studied in a dispersal chamber and it was demonstrated that those made either from Ventile or non-woven fabric would reduce the bacterial dispersion fourfold.
Abstract: The effect of operating clothing on the dispersal of bacterial particles from the wearers was studied in a dispersal chamber. A comparison was made of six gowns as well as four types of trousers. The gowns were of three basic types, namely a conventional cotton type, disposable types made of non-woven fabric and those of the total-body exhaust system (Charnley type). The dispersal chamber could simulate conditions as expected both in down-flow unidirectional ultra-clean systems and in a conventional turbulent plenum-ventilated system. It was found that the disposable gowns would reduce the dispersal rate by about 30% in the simulated conventionally ventilated system and about 65% in the laminar flow system. The total-body exhaust system (Charnley) would reduce the count by 10-fold in the conventional ventilated system and by 66-fold in the laminar-flow system. The poor performance of the gowns in conventionally ventilated systems was caused by the dispersal of bacterial particles from underneath the gown (about 80%). This was not reduced by the disposable gown and only partially by the Charnley type. This small drop would be further decreased in a conventionally ventilated operating-room as only scrubbed staff would wear the gown. In order to overcome this poor performance in conventionally ventilated operating-rooms impervious trousers would be required. Four types were studied and it was demonstrated that those made either from Ventile or non-woven fabric would reduce the bacterial dispersion fourfold. As these tests had been carried out in an artificial environment checks were carried out in the unidirectional-flow operating-room during total-hip arthroplasty. This was done by comparing conventional cotton gowns with non-woven gowns and total-body exhaust gowns. The results showed good correlation between the operating room and the chamber with the non-woven fabric gown but the total-body exhaust system did not perform as well in the operating room (12-fold compared to 66-fold) the difference being possibly due to the contribution from the patient. However, as this comparison was that which would be most open to influence from other variables confidence could be placed on the chamber test results. Values were also obtained for the total number of bacterial particles dispersed by persons during a standard exercise wearing different clothing. This count was dependent on the clothing worn but a median count of between 1000 and 1500 bacterial particles/min. would be expected when conventional clothing was worn, with a range of between 300 and 19,000. This count could be reduced to about 100/min. if a total-body exhaust suit was worn (range 30-400).
TL;DR: Results show that the ability of T-lymphoblasts to extravasate into these sites is determined, to a large extent, by their tissue of origin, and OX-PLN failed to migrate to the gut of normal recipients but moved readily into the inflamed skin.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived simple theoretical models to assist in understanding the physical phenomena causing airflow through the opening of an enclosure with a single opening subjected to a turbulent impinging airstream and compared these with the results of experiments on a large scale model.
TL;DR: These findings argue against a simple, virally determined repressor model and emphasize the role of cellular controls in restricting the EBV cycle in virus‐carrying B‐lymphocyte lines of human origin.
Abstract: Two EBV-negative lymphoma lines of human B-cell origin, BJAB and Ramos, were compared with altogether six of their in vitro EBV-converted, EBNA- and EBV-DNA-carrying sublines (four of Ramos and two of BJAB derivation). All converted lines closely resembled the parental line with regard to karyotype and HL-A and B antigen typing. Induction of EBV antigens (EA and VCA) by P3HR-1 virus superinfection was either similar in the converted and the negative lines, or somewhat increased in certain converted lines. These findings argue against a simple, virally determined repressor model and emphasize the role of cellular controls in restricting the EBV cycle in virus-carrying B-lymphocyte lines of human origin. IUdR inducibility varied in the different converted lines. There was a possible relationship between average number of EBV-genome equivalents per cell and inducibility. Converted sublines did not differ from the original negative lines with regard to surface immunoglobulin and Fc receptors. There was a dramatic increase in complementconsuming ability, however, following EBV conversion. Among the EBV-positive lines, there was a linear relationship between complement-consuming and EBV-receptor activity, the latter measured by a quantitative absorption test.
Inductibilite Du Cycle Du Virus D'Epstein-Barr (EBV) Et Proprietes Des Marqueurs De La Surface Des Lignees De Lymphome EBV-Negatives Et De Leurs Sous-Lignees Transformees in vitro par L'EBV
Deux lignees de lymphome EBV-negatives provenant de cellules B humaines, BJAB et Ramos, ont ete comparees avec six de leurs sous-lignees transformees in vitro par l'EBV et portant l'EBNA et l'ADN de l'EBV (quatre sous-lignees Ramos et deux BJAB). Toutes les lignees transformees ressemblaient etroitement a la lignee parentale du point de vue du caryotype et du typage des antigenes B et HL-A. L'induction des antigenes de l'EBV (EA et VCA) par surinfection avec le virus P3HR-1 etait soit analogue dans les lignees transformees et les lignees negatives, soit legerement superieure dans certaines lignees transformees. Ces constatations ne concordent pas avec l'hypothese d'un modele de represseur simple, determine par le virus, et mettent en evidence le rǒle des contrǒles cellulaires dans la restriction du cycle de l'EBV dans les lignees de lymphocytes B d'origine humaine qui hebergent le virus. L'inductibilite sous l'effet de l'IUdR varie selon les lignees transformees. Il existe peut-ětre un rapport entre le nombre moyen d'equivalents du genome EBV par cellule et l'inductibilite. Les lignees transformees ne different pas des lignees negatives initiales du point de vue de l'immunoglobuline de la surface et des recepteurs Fc. On a toutefois constate une augmentation frappante de la capacite d'epuisement du complement apres la conversion par l'EBV. Dans les lignees EBV-positives, on a note un rapport lineaire entre l'epuisement du complement et l'activite des recepteurs de l'EBV, cette derniere ayant ete mesuree au moyen d'un test d'absorption quantitatif.
TL;DR: This work has attempted to extend findings from monkeys immune to Plasmodium knowlesi to natural human infections with P. falciparum in The Gambia, West Africa, where the entire population is exposed to infection and an effective immunity is only acquired over 4–5 yr.
Abstract: PROTECTIVE antibodies are involved in acquired immunity to malaria parasites1. Sera from monkeys immune to Plasmodium knowlesi contain antibodies which depress multiplication of the parasite in vitro2 by, it is believed, inhibiting the invasion of red cells by merozoites3,4. Antibodies inhibitory to parasites of a specific antigenic variant are of a higher titre than inhibitory antibodies which cross-react with different antigenic variants5. We have attempted to extend these findings to natural human infections with P. falciparum in The Gambia, West Africa, where P. falciparum malaria is hyperendemic. The entire population is exposed to infection and an effective immunity is only acquired over 4–5 yr (ref. 6). Immunity to P. falciparum can be passively transferred with IgG from immune Gambian adults7.
TL;DR: These studies on normal horses will provide information for future investigations into the structural and biochemical alterations in muscle disorders in the equine.
Abstract: The use of the technique of percutaneous needle biopsy in obtaining skeletal muscle samples in the horse is described. The biochemical, ultrastructural and histochemical investigations that can be carried out on this biopsy specimen are outlined. Analyses performed on the specimen may be used to obtain information on racing potential and state of fitness. These studies on normal horses will provide information for future investigations into the structural and biochemical alterations in muscle disorders in the equine.
TL;DR: Results obtained using Williams' model, with weakly damped transients as a result of using moderately long time delay, are compared with his data in which cell numbers show weak damping but biomass shows strong damping.
Abstract: The models of Monod and Williams, for the growth of unicellular organisms in chemostats, give strongly damped transients in the biomass and cell number when the flow rate of the chemostat is changed. A simple trick is used to incorporate time delay in these models while still allowing a conventional stability analysis. For long enough time delays the equilibrium point is unstable and limit cycles can be compared. Results obtained using Williams' model, with weakly damped transients as a result of using moderately long time delay, are compared with his data in which cell numbers show weak damping but biomass shows strong damping.
TL;DR: The general conclusion is that the discriminatory performance of the data bank can be usefully improved by making use of uncategorized observations.
Abstract: SUMMARY A Bayesian approach is made to the problem of using individuals of unconfirmed categories to provide information supplementary to a basic data bank of categorized observations. The exact analysis is briefly presented, followed by suggestions for more practicable approximate procedures, which are applied to examples involving medical and simulated data. The general conclusion is that the discriminatory performance of the data bank can be usefully improved by making use of uncategorized observations.
01 May 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, thin-film acoustooptic devices have been discussed in terms of the unique features in theoretical calculations which arise from the use of guided-wave structures.
Abstract: Many thin-film acoustooptic interaction experiments for Bragg modulators and deflectors, for mode converters, and for fast switches have been demonstrated. Due to the high-power density, long interaction length, and controllable dispersion associated with guided-wave structures, thin-film acoustooptic devices have proved to have advantages over their bulk wave counterparts. In this paper, thin-film acoustooptic devices are discussed in terms of 1) the unique features in theoretical calculations which arise from the use of guided-wave structures, 2) the possible device configurations which may improve efficiency and speed, 3) the thin-film material and fabrication problems, 4) the transducer efficiency bandwidth trade-off, and 5) a comparison with bulk acoustooptic devices and thin-film electrooptic devices. Recent experimental results for thin-film acoustooptic modulators and convolvers are included.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the mechanical properties of dynamic nuclear bag Fibres, static nuclear bag fibres, and nuclear chain fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanical properties of dynamic nuclear bag fibres, static nuclear bag fibres, and nuclear chain fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles. Observations on isolated spindles activated through the muscle nerve are reviewed and compared with preliminary observations on isolated spindles activated by static and dynamic fusimotor axons in the ventral roots. Maximal intrafusal tension is less than 10 mg, only about 1% of that produced by passive stretch that extends the sensory spirals by the same amount. Most spindles contain one slow and one fast nuclear bag fibre with significantly different contraction times and are operated by different fusimotor axons and several nuclear chain fibres whose contraction time is not significantly different from fast nuclear bag fibres, with which they may sometimes have innervation in common. Slow nuclear bag fibres exhibit creep following passive stretch, whereas other intrafusal fibres usually do not. Dynamic and static fusimotor axons always operate different nuclear bag fibres—dynamic nuclear bag fibres and static nuclear bag fibres—which are synonymous with slow and fast nuclear bag fibres, respectively. Static γ axons also operate nuclear chain fibres selectively and, in about 50% of spindles, one of them operates both the nuclear chain fibres and the static nuclear bag fibre.
TL;DR: Immunity to the adult stage of Trichinella spiralis, assessed by an acceleration of worm expulsion, was transferred to recipient mice with mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) or serum taken from infected donors.
Abstract: Immunity to the adult stage of Trichinella spiralis , assessed by an acceleration of worm expulsion, was transferred to recipient mice with mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) or serum taken from infected donors. Immunity was transferred most effectively by MLNC taken from donors infected for 8 days, i.e. donors actively responding to infection. Transfer of both MLNC and serum brought about a marked acceleration of worm expulsion in all cases, even where MLNC or serum given separately failed to transfer a significant degree of immunity.