Showing papers by "University of Glasgow published in 1979"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the conflict between capitalism and socialism is not necessarily in competition or conflict with each other, at least not conceptually (whether they could in practice coexist with one another is a different and empirical question).
Abstract: C A P I T A L IS M and socialism are generally taken to be irreconcilable opposites, and the conflict between their adherents has seemed so intense as to threaten the survival of the human species. In practice, no doubt, all sorts of compromises, accommodations and mixtures of the two are possible, but conceptually, considered as blueprints for the organization of society, capitalist and socialist ownership of the means of production appear mutually exclysive. I shall argue that this is by no means the case-that capitalism and socialism are, in fact, conceptually quite compatible; that a society be at the same time capitalist and socialist (by that I do not refer to a 'mixed economy') involves no contradiction. For it turns out, on closer examination than the matter usually receives, that capitalism and socialism are features of different parts of the social structure, and are therefore not necessarily in competition or conflict with one another-at least, not conceptually (whether they could in practice coexist with one another is a different and empirical question, which is raised by, for example, 'functionalist' theories of social structure'). In brief, while capitalism is a feature of society's economic organization, socialism is rather an aspect of its political system. In fact, as we shall see, socialism is a part of political democracy, and any democratic political system is therefore necessarily socialist.
5,034 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the generalized Cabibbo mixing angle connecting two types of quarks is predicted to be given order of magnitude wise by the square root of the corresponding quark mass ratio.
1,593 citations
421 citations
TL;DR: The Glasgow Coma Scale consists of three separate responses: eye opening (E), verbal (V), and motor responses (M), each classified by a series of grades of responsiveness.
Abstract: Since the Glasgow Coma Scale was described1 a great number of other contres have adopted it, and Langfitt2 has recommended its widespread use in assessing head injured patients. The scale consists of three separate responses: eye opening (E). verbal (V), and motor responses (M), each classified by a series of grades of responsiveness. Each subdivision of responsiveness can be allocated a number, better grades scoring higher.
301 citations
TL;DR: The first direct measurement of photon energy uptake during bathorhodopsin formation from bovine rhodopsIn is reported here on, and on its possible significance.
Abstract: Perception of light by the retina starts with the absorption of a photon by 11-cis retinal, which is covalently incorporated into the membrane-bound protein, rhodopsin1. The initial result of photon capture is the very rapid formation of a red-shifted species, bathorhodopsin2–4 (also known as prelumirhodopsin), which is (meta-)stable at liquid nitrogen temperature but which decomposes at higher temperatures, in the dark, through a series of intermediate stages, resulting in the release of all-trans retinal from the apoprotein, opsin. Bathorhodopsin formation is the only photochemical step in the overall reaction and, therefore, merits investigation. Several models for the process have been proposed, and have been critically reviewed5–8, although no consensus yet exists as to the nature or mechanism of formation of the batho intermediate. I report here on the first direct measurement of photon energy uptake during bathorhodopsin formation from bovine rhodopsin, and on its possible significance.
197 citations
166 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the anaemia in this disease and its underlying processes are broadly in line with the number of parasites in the blood and that the superior resistance of the Ndama cattle lies in their ability to control parasitaemia rather than their capacity to mount a more efficient erythropoietic response.
Abstract: The responses of susceptible Ndama and Zebu cattle to needle challenge with Trypanosoma congolense were followed using parasitological, haematological and radio-isotopic methods and compared with those of corresponding uninfected animals. In both breeds, infection became patent at the same time but peak parasitaemias were significantly lower, were attained later and were of short duration in the Ndama. All infected animals became anaemic, the severity of which correlated with the level and duration of parasitaemia. However, even when parasites could no longer be detected in the blood, packed cell volumes showed little tendency to recover. The anaemia was due to increased intravascular red cell destruction and was more pronounced in the Zebu. Haemodilution was not a feature. Increased red cell syntheisis occurred in infected animals of both breeds but particularly in the Zebu; this accounted for the capacity to maintain packed cell volume levels following the initial drop associated with parasitaemia. However, in most cases red cell synthesis was less than expected from the degree of anaemia, suggesting impairment of bone marrow function. Measurement of red cell iron utilization indicated that this was due to effective from re-utilization from degraded red cells arising from reticulo-endothelial blockade. It is concluded that the anaemia in this disease and its underlying processes are broadly in line with the number of parasites in the blood and that the superior resistance of the Ndama cattle lies in their ability to control parasitaemia rather than their capacity to mount a more efficient erythropoietic response.
136 citations
TL;DR: An intradermal test using an M faeni extract was demonstrated to be suitable for diagnostic use in horses previously accurately diagnosed as suffering from COPD and maximum intrathoracic pressure change (max delta Ppl) proved satisfactory, whereas changes in partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) did not.
Abstract: Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus were identified as common causes of respiratory hypersensitivity in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Rye grass pollen and an Actinomycete evoked respiratory allergy in a few horses. Not infrequently, individual horses were found to have respiratory hypersensitivity to two or more antigens. The methods used to examine for allergy were intradermal testing and inhalation challenge with environmental antigens. An intradermal test using an M faeni extract was demonstrated to be suitable for diagnostic use in horses previously accurately diagnosed as suffering from COPD. In contrast, the A fumigatus antigen used proved unsatisfactory for such a purpose. Skin reaction to M faeni and A fumigatus extracts by horses affected with COPD indicated that the hypersensitivity was a dual one--a weak response shortly after injection followed by an Arthus-like response 4 to 8 hours later. As a parameter for monitoring responses to inhalation challenge, maximum intrathoracic pressure change (max delta Ppl) proved satisfactory, whereas changes in partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) did not.
122 citations
TL;DR: During the aparasitaemic period following chemotherapy of all three strains of T. brucei infections in mice, successful transmission as shown by subsequent parasitaemia, was regularly achieved following the inoculation of homogenates of brain tissue into recipient mice.
120 citations
TL;DR: The world prevalence of hookworm infection in man exceeds the prevalence of almost all other helminthic infections and of other individual diseases, with the exception of only the common cold.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Hookworms are parasites of mammals, being most frequent in primates, carnivores, and ungulates, with a few species in other groups, including two aquatic mammals. Their natural distribution, which is determined primarily by the temperature requirements for development of their free-living stages, is equatorial, tropical, or sub-tropical. Three species of hookworm occur in man: Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum . The two principal hookworms, A. duodenale and N. americanus , have different geographical distributions. A. duodenale is sub-tropical and does not occur in the northern hemisphere above 52˚ latitude. Above 47˚ latitude its larvae require artificial shelter from the climate since the free-living stages require temperatures in excess of 22˚C. The optimum temperatures for N. americanus are higher, in the tropical range of 25–28˚C. The distributions of both species overlap, although one or other usually predominates. Whenever A. ceylanicum has been recovered from man, it has been found that it usually constitutes only a small proportion of mixed hookworm burdens. The world prevalence of hookworm infection in man exceeds the prevalence of almost all other helminthic infections and of other individual diseases, with the exception of only the common cold.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the primary role of lysozyme-like enzymes in marine bivalves is in utilization of bacteria.
Abstract: 1. 1. In the marine bivalves Mytilus edulis , Modiolus modiolus , Chlamys opercularis and Tellina tenuis , the enzyme lysozyme was primarily associated with the crystalline style and digestive gland. 2. 2. In contrast, in Mya arenaria lysozyme was associated with the gills and digestive gland. 3. 3. It is suggested that the primary role of lysozyme-like enzymes in marine bivalves is in utilization of bacteria.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the timing of SETi activity is only important at low walking speeds, and that at high speeds it simply provides a return force for the flexor muscle.
Abstract: A brief description is given of the anatomy, innervation and mechanical properties of the extensor tibiae muscles of the locust. Each is innervated by a ‘fast’ (FETi) and ‘slow’ (SETi) excitatory axon, one branch of a common inhibitor (CI) and a fourth small axon (DUMETi). The prothoracic and mesothoracic extensors contract more rapidly than the metathoracic muscle but exhibit a stronger ‘catch’, which can be relaxed by CI or FETi activity.
Records were made of electrical activity in the extensor motor nerves in all the legs of locusts and lubber grasshoppers. During standing only the SETi axons were active. During straight line walking in the locust all three motor axons were active, except in the metathoracic leg. A detailed description of the activity pattern of each axon is given. The activity in the grasshopper was similar, but rather more variable. Measurements were made of the mechanical responses of the extensor muscles to these patterns of activity. As walking speeds increased the response to SETi activity approached a constant tension or muscle length which could be strongly modulated by the phasic contractions due to FETi activity. It is suggested that the timing of SETi activity is only important at low walking speeds, and that at high speeds it simply provides a return force for the flexor muscle. The CI produces a slow effect and fires at the wrong time in the step to phasically relax the prothoracic or mesothoracic extensors, so it is suggested that its main role is in the relaxation of coxal muscles. The sources of motor neurone activity are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the antibody response of rats immunised with egg albumin (EA) and showed that suppression of the IgE antibody response may occur against a background of enhanced total antibody responsiveness in the offspring of immunised mothers.
Abstract: IMMUNOGLOBULIN E antibodies are produced in two circumstances: by all normal animals in infections with helminth parasites1,2, and by certain individuals against common environmental substances3. In these latter ‘atopic’ individuals, immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE are responsible for various disorders, which in man include hay fever, allergic asthma and allergies to foods and drugs. It is known that the antibody response of the young animal may be reduced or enhanced by maternal immunisation4–9. We have examined the antibody response of rats immunised with egg albumin (EA) and show here that both these effects can occur together: suppression of the IgE antibody response may occur against a background of enhanced total antibody responsiveness in the offspring of immunised mothers.
TL;DR: Cutaneous artifactual disease is part of the general syndrome of contrived disease, and depends upon finding lesions whose morphology is consistent and an emotionally immature patient, whose personality shows hysterical and masochistic traits.
Abstract: Cutaneous artifactual disease is part of the general syndrome of contrived disease. While classical examples are easy to recognize, it can present in unusual ways. Difficulties in recognition include the unusual doctor-patient relationship, the doctor's fear of missing organic disease, and the reality of the disease to the patient's family and the family doctor. The diagnosis depends upon finding lesions whose morphology is consistent and an emotionally immature patient, whose personality shows, or has shown, hysterical and masochistic traits. Lesions "arrive" fully developed. Once there they begin to heal, so that a continuous supply of new ones is necessary if the illness is to continue. High intelligence is compatible with the diagnosis, but a mature personality is not. The differential diagnosis is extensive. Investigations prove negative or equivocal; in the latter case, the investigator is led even further into unfamiliar territory. It is suggested that the essence of management is to keep in contact with the patient.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that poly(methylphenylsiloxane) is thermally more stable to weight loss than poly(dimethylsilyl groups) and that the stability decreases with increasing molecular weight and with replacement of terminal hydroxyl by trimethyl silyl group.
TL;DR: The adoptive immunization of infected thymectomised mice with mesenteric lymph node cells (including primed T blasts) from infected donors completely restores the normal host response and enhances the onset of crypt hyperplasia.
TL;DR: The effects of α‐adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on contractile responses of transmurally stimulated prostatic and epididymal portions of the rat isolated vas deferens were examined and prazosin produced the most straightforward inhibition of responses with relative resistance of the early rapid component.
Abstract: 1 The effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on contractile responses of transmurally stimulated prostatic and epididymal portions of the rat isolated vas deferens were examined. 2 Responses to single stimuli consisted of two phases, the first predominant in the prostatic and the second in the epididymal portion. The first phase was resistant to alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists but the second was reduced in a dose-related manner in the order of potency prazosin greater than azapetine greater than phentolamine greater than labetalol greater than yohimbine. 3 Both phases of the response to a single stimulus were reduced by clonidine but only the first could be reliably restored by yohimbine. 4 Trains of transmural stimuli produced biphasic responses, an early rapid component predominant in the prostatic and a slow secondary component predominant in the epididymal portion. The effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists on these responses were complex. Prazosin produced the most straightforward inhibition of responses with relative resistance of the early rapid component. Only yohimbine and phentolamine produced increases in responses which could be pre-junctional in origin. 5 The alpha-adrenoceptor agonists, oxymetazoline and clonidine, reduced while phenylephrine increased responses to trains of stimuli. 6 These results are discussed in relation to the nature of the innervation of rat vas deferens and the usefulness of the preparation in pharmacological tests for activity at alpha-adrenoceptors.
TL;DR: It was found that the 95 per cent confidence limits of a radiological estimate were ± 3½ weeks, that both distal femoral and upper tibial epiphyses were frequently present much earlier than 36 and 38 weeks respectively, and that in almost half of the growth‐retarded babies in the series there was a bone‐age discrepancy of three or more weeks.
TL;DR: An improved method of purification of DNA methylase from Krebs II ascites cells is reported, and the preferred double stranded DNA substrate is that rendered partially unmethylated by an in vitro repair mechanism or by isolation from methionine starved cells.
TL;DR: Two classes of exact solutions and eigenvalues for an oscillator with both quartic and sextic anharmonicity as well as the conditions under which these solutions can occur are given in this paper.
TL;DR: Cells of the mosquito Aedes albopictus have 5.6 pg DNA/cell and small amounts of enzymic activity recovered largely in non-nuclear fractions transfer methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to cytosine and adenine.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the results from the MLE approach and the standard errors of the D. York method on three well-known sets of lunar data and the results of a previous method of D.York and from the maximum likelihood estimation approach are quite comparable.
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: The effect of injury on the family was studied, showing that family burden within six months of injury was related to the presence of childish behaviour and loss of interest in the patient, together with other behavioural and affective changes.
Abstract: 89 severely closed head injured cases were tested on measures of verbal learning, and verbal and nonverbal intelligence, and their performance was compared with that of 30 orthopaedic cases. Head injured cases had severe deficits on all the tests. Severity of injury (judged by post-traumatic amnesia duration) was significantly related to poor performance on the learning and nonverbal intelligence tests, but not on the verbal intelligence test. The effect of injury on the family was studied in a further group of 35 head injured cases, showing that family burden within six months of injury was related to the presence of childish behaviour and loss of interest in the patient, together with other behavioural and affective changes. Physical deficits were not significant in this respect.
TL;DR: Findings provide strong support for the observations of Bill and Linder (1976) that activation of the cervical sympathetic can modify the level at which breakthrough of cerebral blood flow occurs in association with systemic hypertension.
Abstract: The influence of stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain on the response of cerebral blood flow to hypertension induced by the intravenous infusion of angiotensin was studied in anaesthetised baboons. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the intracarotid133Xenon injection technique. Possible lesions of the blood-brain barrier were studied by injecting Evans blue towards the end of the experiment and ischaemic brain damage was assessed following perfusion fixation. In a control group of five baboons blood flow increased by 53±9% (mean ±S.E.) from the base line values in the arterial pressure range 130–159 mm Hg. In four baboons subjected to unilateral sympathetic stimulation flow increased by 16±4% in the same pressure range. In three babbons subjected to bilateral sympathetic stimulation there were not significant increases in flow until the arterial pressure had increased above 159 mm Hg. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the parietooccipital regions was only seen in the control animals but not in the stimulated baboons. Ischaemic brain damage was not observed with the exception of one small lesion in a single stimulated baboon. These findings provide strong support for the observations of Bill and Linder (1976) that activation of the cervical sympathetic can modify the level at which breakthrough of cerebral blood flow occurs in association with systemic hypertension.
TL;DR: The isolation of the ventral nerve cord by circum-oesophageal nerve lesion produces a preparation which is capable of walking and righting itself when placed on its back, which is examined as a function of time, temperature and external stimulation.
Abstract: The isolation of the ventral nerve cord by circum-oesophageal nerve lesion produces a preparation which is capable of walking and righting itself when placed on its back. The body tonus is indistinguishable from that of an intact animal. However, the operation produces a two component behaviour pattern when the resting state is interrupted by a very light tactile stimulus. The animal then performs a series of twitching movements or momentary increases in tonus. This is followed by a brief walking episode of some 20---30 steps. The twitching and walking sequences as a successive pair may be repeated several times without further stimulation. These behaviour patterns are examined as a function of time, temperature and external stimulation.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the nonsecretion of lambda chains was not due to a defect in the secretion mechanism of the variant cells, and that the lambda chains in the variant cell lines were structurally altered to a form which could not be secreted.
Abstract: Two clones of MOPC 315 cells have been selected which synthesize but do not secrete Ig lambda light chains. These clones were analyzed by fusion with a cell line synthesizing and secreting kappa chains. Conditions were established for recovery at high frequency (approximately 10−3) of spontaneously fused, viable hybrid cells. The resulting hybrid cell lines synthesized both kappa and lambda chains but secreted only kappa chains. Hybrid cells produced by fusion of a lambda-secreting clone of MOPC 315 with the kappa-secreting cell line were also isolated and shown to synthesize and secrete both kappa and lambda chains. These results suggest that the nonsecretion of lambda chains was not due to a defect in the secretion mechanism of the variant cells. A more likely alternative is that the lambda chains in the variant cell lines were structurally altered to a form which could not be secreted.
TL;DR: The presence of birch-hazel scrub with a rich ground flora of tall herbs and ferns in the mid-Flandrian on Mainland, Orkney, suggested by Moar (1969), is supported, but no evidence was obtained for Pinus, Quercus, Alnus or other major forest trees as indigenous species as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Summary
The presence of birch-hazel scrub with a rich ground flora of tall herbs and ferns in the mid-Flandrian on Mainland, Orkney, suggested by Moar (1969), is supported, but no evidence was obtained for Pinus, Quercus, Alnus or other major forest trees as indigenous species. Evidence from lake muds and intertidal peat in the region of the Bay of Skaill suggests an increase in onshore wind speeds with the formation of the Bay of Skail and the beginning of sand-blow c. 5000 B.P. The birch-hazel scrub declined at this time and the remaining tall herb and fern vegetation was replaced by pasture within c. 200 years under the influence of neolithic man and his grazing animals. At c. 3400 B.P. a combination of increased oceanicity of climate and high grazing pressure appear to have led to the initiation of blanket peat formation on the hills. A contribution to the interpretation of 14C dates derived from marly sediments is included.
TL;DR: The Harderian gland of the golden hamster shows pronounced sexual dimorphism in histology and products, and cephalic olfactory cues, such as Harderians secretions, may be of importance in tunnel-dwelling rodents.