Showing papers by "University of Glasgow published in 1988"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed four hypotheses on the relationship between identified cultural characteristics and the development of accounting systems, the regulation of the accounting profession and attitudes towards financial management and disclosure.
Abstract: Research has shown that accounting follows different patterns in different parts of the world. There have been claims that national systems are determined by environmental factors. In this context, cultural factors have not been fully considered. This paper proposes four hypotheses on the relationship between identified cultural characteristics and the development of accounting systems, the regulation of the accounting profession and attitudes towards financial management and disclosure. The hypotheses are not operationalized, and empirical tests have not been carried out. They are proposed here as a first step in the development of a theory of cultural influence on the development of accounting systems.
1,747 citations
TL;DR: In the whole genome of HSV-1 the authors now recognize 72 genes which encode 70 distinct proteins, and the gene layout for UL was found to be very similar to that for the corresponding part of the genome of varicella-zoster virus, the only other completely sequenced alphaherpesvirus.
Abstract: We have determined the DNA sequence of the long unique region (UL) in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain 17. The UL sequence contained 107,943 residues and had a base composition of 66.9% G + C. Together with our previous work, this completes the sequence of HSV-1 DNA, giving a total genome length of 152,260 residues of base composition 68.3% G + C. Genes in the UL region were located by the use of published mapping analyses, transcript structures and sequence data, and by examination of DNA sequence characteristics. Fifty-six genes were identified, accounting for most of the sequence. Some 28 of these are at present of unknown function. The gene layout for UL was found to be very similar to that for the corresponding part of the genome of varicella-zoster virus, the only other completely sequenced alphaherpesvirus, and the amino acid sequences of equivalent proteins showed a range of similarities. In the whole genome of HSV-1 we now recognize 72 genes which encode 70 distinct proteins.
1,691 citations
1,209 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The algorithm applies to any term containing only functions with definitions in a given syntactic form, and is suitable for incorporation in an optimizing compiler.
Abstract: An algorithm that transforms programs to eliminate intermediate trees is presented. The algorithm applies to any term containing only functions with definitions in a given syntactic form, and is suitable for incorporation in an optimizing compiler.
760 citations
562 citations
TL;DR: The potency of MK‐801 in reducing ischemic brain damage, even when administered after the induction of ischemia, highlights the potential use of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of focal cerebral ischemie in humans.
Abstract: Excessive activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor has been implicated in the sequence of neurochemical events that results in irreversible neuronal damage in cerebral ischemia. The effects of the NMDA antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) upon the amount of ischemic brain damage has been assessed quantitatively in the lightly anesthetized rat. Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by the permanent occlusion of one middle cerebral artery (MCA), and the animals were killed 3 hours after the arterial occlusion. MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously either 30 minutes prior to MCA occlusion or 30 minutes after the induction of ischemia. Pretreatment with MK-801 reduced the volume of ischemic damage both in the cerebral cortex (by 38% compared with untreated rats with MCA occlusion; p less than 0.01) and in the caudate nucleus (by 18% compared with controls; p less than 0.05). Treatment with MK-801, initiated 30 minutes after MCA occlusion, reduced the volume of ischemic damage in the cerebral cortex (by 52% compared with controls; p less than 0.01). The volume of ischemic damage in the caudate nucleus was minimally influenced by MK-801 treatment initiated after MCA occlusion. The antiischemic effects of MK-801 were readily demonstrable despite the hypotension that MK-801 induced in rats anesthetized with halothane (0.5%), nitrous oxide (70%), and oxygen (30%). The potency of MK-801 in reducing ischemic brain damage, even when administered after the induction of ischemia, highlights the potential use of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia in humans.
547 citations
Curie Institute1, University of Edinburgh2, University of Gothenburg3, University of Oslo4, Netherlands Cancer Institute5, Institut Gustave Roussy6, Université libre de Bruxelles7, University of Glasgow8, University of Zurich9, Russian Academy10, University of Alabama at Birmingham11, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg12
TL;DR: The absence ofLocal recurrence in the group of patients with a primary melanoma thinner than 1 mm and the very low rate of local recurrences indicate that narrow excision is a safe and effective procedure for such patients.
Abstract: Although wide surgical excision is the accepted treatment for thin malignant melanomas, there is reason to believe that narrower margins may be adequate. We conducted a randomized prospective study to assess the efficacy of narrow excision (excision with 1-cm margins) for primary melanomas no thicker than 2 mm. Narrow excision was performed in 305 patients, and wide excision (margins of 3 cm or more) was performed in 307 patients. The major prognostic criteria were well balanced in the two groups. The mean thickness of melanomas was 0.99 mm in the narrow-excision group and 1.02 mm in the wide-excision group. The subsequent development of metastatic disease involving regional nodes and distant organs was not different in the two groups (4.6 and 2.3 percent, respectively, in the narrow-excision group, as compared with 6.5 and 2.6 percent in the wide-excision group). Disease-free survival rates and overall survival rates (mean follow-up period, 55 months) were also similar in the two groups. Only three patients had a local recurrence as a first relapse. All had undergone narrow excision, and each had a primary melanoma with a thickness of 1 mm or more. The absence of local recurrence in the group of patients with a primary melanoma thinner than 1 mm and the very low rate of local recurrences indicate that narrow excision is a safe and effective procedure for such patients.
445 citations
TL;DR: The Tait equation as discussed by the authors is a modification of the original equation of Tait, published 100 years ago, to fit his results on the compressibility of fresh water and seawater at different pressures.
Abstract: The “Tait equation,” which is now widely used to fit liquid density data over wide pressure ranges, is a modification of the original equation of Tait, published 100 years ago, to fit his results on the compressibility of fresh water and seawater at different pressures. The range of applicability of these different equations is discussed and it is concluded that their simplicity and accuracy in reproducing high pressure density data for dense gases, liquids, solids, and liquid mixtures will ensure their continued use.
419 citations
TL;DR: Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by permanent occlusion of one middle cerebral artery and the animals were killed 6 h later and NMDA receptor antagonists that penetrate the blood-brain barrier, such as MK-801, merit further study as protective agents against ischemic brain damage.
Abstract: The effects of the glutamate N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, upon ischemic brain damage has been examined in anesthetized cats. Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by permanent occlusion of one middle cerebral artery and the animals were killed 6 h later. The amount of early ischemic damage was assessed in coronal sections at 16 predetermined stereotactic planes. Pretreatment with MK-801 (5 mg/kg, i.v.), 30 min before occlusion of the middle cerebral artery significantly reduced the volume of ischemic damage (from 32.7 ± 4.0% of the cerebral hemisphere in vehicle-treated cats to 16.2 ± 4.5% in MK-801-treated cats). NMDA receptor antagonists that penetrate the blood-brain barrier, such as MK-801, merit further study as protective agents against ischemic brain damage.
369 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that it may be made to further enhance the sensitivity within a narrow bandwidth, becoming tuned recycling, and the various sensitivity-bandwidth combinations, together with the tuning properties, are discussed.
Abstract: Laser interferometers may detect gravitational waves by sensing the strain in space produced by their passage. The resultant change in intensity of an interference fringe must be observable against a background noise due to the statistical fluctuations in the number of detected photons. Optimization of the detector sensitivity thus involves devising an optical system which both maximizes the signal and minimizes the noise. This is attempted in the various arrangements known collectively as light recycling. Here, the performance of these systems is quantitatively assessed. Standard or broadband recycling functions essentially by making efficient use of the available light, but it is shown that it may also be made to further enhance the sensitivity within a narrow bandwidth, becoming tuned recycling. This works, as do all the narrow-band variants, by arranging for both the laser light and a gravitational-wave-induced sideband to be resonant in the optical system. The original narrow-band system, resonant recycling, can also be made broadband; the various sensitivity-bandwidth combinations, together with the tuning properties of such a system, are discussed.
358 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with the adsorption and temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy of (i) formaldehyde on polycrystalline copper, poly-stalline zinc oxide and (ii) methanol on a copper/zinc oxide/alumina (60:30:10) catalyst.
TL;DR: Biochemical, physiological and clinical investigations into haptoglobin, fibrinogen, α1-proteinase inhibitor, ceruloplasmin, seromucoid and C-reactive protein of cattle and dogs have been reviewed with the emphasis on their role in this response to tissue damage.
Abstract: Acute phase proteins are serum proteins which increase in concentration during the acute phase response to inflammation or infection. The response occurs in all animals, but in different species the response of individual proteins can be significantly different. Of the numerous acute phase proteins which have been identified in humans, a number have been examined in cattle and dogs but usually on an individual basis with little reference to their part in the acute phase response. Biochemical, physiological and clinical investigations into haptoglobin, fibrinogen, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, ceruloplasmin, seromucoid and C-reactive protein of cattle and dogs have therefore been reviewed with the emphasis on their role in this response to tissue damage.
TL;DR: The techniques that are currently in widespread use to identify and assess the functions of individual members of a subfamily of these signal-transducing G-proteins which are substrates for ADP-ribosylation catalysed by pertussis toxin are discussed.
Abstract: All receptors that interact with effector systems to modulate the intracellular levels of a second messenger appear to do so via the intermediacy of members of a family of guanine nucleotide binding proteins (Gproteins). Rodbell and coworkers, whilst studying the ability of the peptide hormone glucagon to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in hepatocytes, were the first to demonstrate definitively a specific requirement for guanine nucleotides in hormonal function (Rodbell et al., 1971a). Since these pioneering studies, it has become increasingly clear that a considerable number of unique but highly homologous G-proteins are the sites of action for guanine nucleotides in these processes. The purpose of this review will be to discuss the techniques that are currently in widespread use to identify and assess the functions of individual members of a subfamily of these signal-transducing G-proteins which are substrates for ADP-ribosylation catalysed by pertussis toxin.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that transgenes can indeed be powerful tools to probe the genome for active chromosomal regions, with the potential for identifying endogenous genes involved in organogenesis and pattern formation.
Abstract: Embryonic development entails a well defined temporal and spatial programme of gene expression, which may be influenced by active chromosomal domains. These chromosomal domains can be detected using transgenes which integrate randomly throughout the genome, as their expression can be affected by chromosomal position. Position effects are probably exerted most strongly on transgenes that do not contain strong promoters, enhancers or other modulating sequences. Here we have systematically explored position effects using a transgene with the weak herpes-simplex-virus thymidine-kinase promoter, linked to the readily visualized lacZ indicator gene (HSV-TK-lacZ). Each transgenic fetus with detectable expression displayed a unique lacZ staining pattern. Thus expression of this construct is apparently dictated entirely by its chromosomal position, without any construct specificity. Furthermore the transgene is faithfully transmitted to subsequent generations, allowing for systematic mapping of changes in expression during development and in adult life. These results demonstrate that transgenes can indeed be powerful tools to probe the genome for active chromosomal regions, with the potential for identifying endogenous genes involved in organogenesis and pattern formation.
TL;DR: A significant reduction of clinical severity was also observed after treatment with mupirocin, which was maintained over the following 4 weeks, although recolonization occurred during this period, with bacterial counts rising to pre‐treatment levels.
Abstract: Forty-nine patients with atopic dermatitis entered a double blind placebo controlled cross-over study of mupirocin, a new topical antistaphylococcal antibiotic. Forty-five patients were evaluable. Quantitative bacteriological assessment before treatment showed that heavy colonization of the skin with Staphylococcus aureus was present in nearly all patients even in the absence of overt infection. However, the bacterial count was significantly reduced by 2 weeks' treatment with topical mupirocin, but not by the placebo. Moreover, a significant reduction of clinical severity was also observed after treatment with mupirocin, which was maintained over the following 4 weeks, although recolonization occurred during this period, with bacterial counts rising to pre-treatment levels. Despite recolonization, clinical deterioration was not observed during the trial period. No serious side-effects were observed. Phage typing showed that 50% of patients carried more than one bacterial phage type. Recolonization in eight patients (17%) was with a 'new' strain that had not previously been isolated.
TL;DR: The demonstration of reduced ischaemic brain damage with MK-801, when the agent is administered after the induction of ischaemia, extends the therapeutic potential of such agents in the treatment of focal cerebral ischaems in humans.
Abstract: The effects of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 in reducing ischaemic brain damage have been examined in anaesthetised cats, with drug treatment being initiated 2 h after the induction of cerebral ischaemia. Focal cerebral ischaemia was produced by permanent occlusion of one middle cerebral artery, and the animals were killed 6 h later. The amount of early irreversible ischaemic damage was assessed at 16 predetermined stereotactic planes. Treatment with MK-801 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) 2 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion reduced significantly the volume of ischaemic damage (from 1,625 ± 384 mm3 of the cerebral hemisphere in vehicle-treated cats to 792 ± 385 mm3 in MK-801-treated cats). The demonstration of reduced ischaemic brain damage with MK-801, when the agent is administered after the induction of ischaemia, extends the therapeutic potential of such agents in the treatment of focal cerebral ischaemia in humans.
TL;DR: Understanding the complexity of parasite development in the tsetse fly vector is especially challenging but may help to suggest new methods for the control of trypanosomiasis.
TL;DR: A hybrid functional electrical stimulation (FES) orthosis is described, comprising a rigid ankle-foot brace, a multi-channel FES stimulator with surface electrodes, body mounted sensors, a 'rule-based' controller and an electro-cutaneous display for supplementary sensory feedback.
TL;DR: The DNA sequence of the long repeat region (RL) in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain 17, as 9215 bp of composition 71.6% G + C is determined.
Abstract: We have determined the DNA sequence of the long repeat region (RL) in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain 17, as 9215 bp of composition 71.6% G + C. In addition, the sequences of parts of the long unique region (UL) adjacent to the terminal (TRL) and internal (IRL) copies of RL were determined (2611 and 3836 bp, respectively). Gene organization in these regions of UL was deduced from the sequences and other available data. It was proposed that the region of UL sequenced, adjacent to TRL, contains three complete genes, none with significant previous characterization, and that the region of UL adjacent to IRL also contains three genes, one encoding the immediate early protein IE63. The RL sequence contains one well characterized gene, for the protein IE110, whose organization we have described previously. Between the downstream end of the IE110 gene and UL there is a 3500 bp segment of RL in which we did not find convincing protein-coding sequences, and which thus remains of obscure functionality. Upstream of the IE110 gene is a region previously proposed by others to contain a gene. However, our sequence data are not compatible with their interpretation. We do consider it possible that the region is protein-coding, but regard gene organization here as still unresolved.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: There is enormous scope for increasing the range and extent of biodegradative procedures that can be used to reduce problems of hazardous and unpleasant wastes and to exploit renewable feedstocks.
TL;DR: The serum levels of five proteins, alpha 1 antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin and seromucoid, were measured daily in calves after the subcutaneous injection of oil of turpentine.
TL;DR: The DNA sequences of the five newly identified genes and their deduced transcript organizations and encoded amino acid sequences are presented and only UL5 and UL52 were detectably conserved in the distantly related gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus, as judged by amino acid sequence similarity.
Abstract: Recently, a method has been developed to identify regions in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) which contain genes required for DNA synthesis from an HSV-1 origin of DNA replication, and seven genomic loci have been identified as representing the necessary and sufficient gene set for such replication (C. A. Wu, N. J. Nelson, D. J. McGeoch, and M. D. Challberg, J. Virol. 62:435-443, 1988). Two of the loci represent the well-known genes for DNA polymerase and major DNA-binding protein, but the remainder had little or no previous characterization. In this report we present the DNA sequences of the five newly identified genes and their deduced transcript organizations and encoded amino acid sequences. These genes were designated UL5, UL8, UL9, UL42, and UL52 and were predicted to encode proteins with molecular weights of, respectively, 99,000, 80,000, 94,000, 51,000, and 114,000. All of these genes had clear counterparts in the genome of the related alphaherpesvirus varicella-zoster virus, but only UL5 and UL52 were detectably conserved in the distantly related gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus, as judged by amino acid sequence similarity. The sequence of the UL5 protein, and of its counterparts in the other viruses, contained a region closely resembling known ATP-binding sites; this could be indicative, for instance, of a helicase or primase activity.
TL;DR: Theorem 1.2 as mentioned in this paper shows that every cyclic R-module is a multiplication module if and only if N = (N : M) M for all submodules N of M. If N is a submodule of M then (N: M) denotes the ideal ann(M/N) of R, that is (n :M) = {r e R: rM c= N}.
Abstract: In this note all rings are commutative rings with identity and all modules are unital. Let R be a commutative ring with identity. An R-module M is called a multiplication module provided for each submodule N of M there exists an ideal I of R such that N = I M. Various properties of multiplication modules are considered. If there is a common theme it is that the methods used generalise results of Naoum and Hasan proved using matrix methods. 1. Sums and intersections. Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M a unital R-module. The annihilator of M is denoted ann (M) and for any m ~ M the annihilator ofm is denoted ann(m). IfN is a submodule of M then (N: M) denotes the ideal ann(M/N) of R, that is (N :M) = {r e R: rM c= N}. An R-module M is called a multiplication module provided for each submodule N of M there exists an ideal I of R such that N = I M. It is clear that every cyclic R-module is a multiplication module. Let N be a submodule of a multiplication module M. There exists an ideal I of R such that N = I M. Note that I~(N:M) and N=IM=(N:M) M~N so that N=(N:M) M. It follows that an R-module M is a multiplication module if and only if N = (N : M) M for all submodules N of M. An ideal A of R which is a multiplication module is called a multiplication ideal. Let P be a maximal ideal of a ring R. An R-module M is called P-torsion provided for each m ~ M there exists p E P such that (1 - p) m = 0. On the other hand M is called P-cyclic provided there exist x ~ M and q E P such that (1 - q) M ~ R x. Our starting point is the following result taken from [3, Theorem 1.2].
TL;DR: It appears that in cases of primary open angle glaucoma of this severity the risk of delaying operation are significantly greater than those of performing trabeculectomy as the primary treatment.
Abstract: The results of a randomised, prospective, multicentre trial of the management of primary open angle glaucoma are presented at up to five years' follow up. Previously undiagnosed cases were selected with intraocular pressure of 26 mmHg or more on two occasions together with field loss characteristic of glaucoma. Analysis was performed on one eye selected at random from each of 99 patients. Conventional medical treatment followed in unsuccessful cases by trabeculectomy (group A) was compared with trabeculectomy at diagnosis followed when necessary by supplementary medical therapy (group B). The life expectancy of these glaucoma patients was found to be similar to that for the local population matched for age and sex. In group A after four years trabeculectomy had been performed in 53% of eyes because medical management had failed to control the disease. The rate of operation was lower in those patients with intraocular pressure less than 31 mmHg and mild relative field loss (17% at three years) than in those with intraocular pressure greater than 30 mmHg and dense scotomas (75% at three years). Early surgery provided much more stable control with fewer changes in treatment than in group A. The group mean intraocular pressure after trabeculectomy was 15.0 mmHg irrespective of the time of operation, and this was significantly lower than the intraocular pressure in those cases thought to be controlled on medical therapy alone at the end of the first year (20.8 mmHg). Early operation provided significantly better protection of visual field, and the extra loss of visual field with delayed operation occurred in the preoperative period. Changes in visual fields were not related to the use of miotics. There was no significant difference in the final visual acuity in the two groups, but six cases in group A lost central fixation because of progressive loss of visual field, and there were no such cases in group B. Cataract occurred in approximately 10% of cases in both groups, but in group A this happened with only half the number of operations and at a shorter postoperative follow-up than in group B. It appears that in cases of primary open angle glaucoma of this severity the risk of delaying operation are significantly greater than those of performing trabeculectomy as the primary treatment.
TL;DR: In inverse gamma-turns, although giving rise to a kink in the chain, rarely occur within beta-hairpins and are seldom situated at a position of reversal, by 180 degrees, in chain direction.
TL;DR: The levels of five acute phase reactants and serum glycoproteins were measured in dogs following surgical trauma and there was very little variation in the levels of alpha 1 antitrypsin.
TL;DR: The risks associated with exposure to ultraviolet lamps and sunbeds remained significant after adjustment for other risk factors for melanoma, and the risk was particularly raised among people who have first used [corrected] ultraviolet beds or lamps more than five years before presentation.
Abstract: Exposure to solar radiation is increasingly being associated with a risk of cutaneous melanoma, and some risk has also been attributed to exposure to fluorescent lights. The risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with exposure to some sources of artificial ultraviolet radiation was examined in a case-control study in a Scottish population with fairly low exposure to natural ultraviolet radiation. The risk was not significantly or consistently raised for exposure to fluorescent lights at home or at work. The use of ultraviolet lamps and sunbeds, however, was associated with a significantly increased risk (relative risk = 2.9; 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 6.4), and the risk was significantly related to duration of use. The risk was particularly raised among people who have first used [corrected] ultraviolet beds or lamps more than [corrected] five years before presentation (relative risk = 9.1; 95% confidence intervals 2.0-40.6), in whom it was significantly related to cumulative hours of exposure. The risks associated with exposure to ultraviolet lamps and sunbeds remained significant after adjustment for other risk factors for melanoma.
TL;DR: Data show that enterovirus RNA is present in skeletal muscle of some patients with postviral fatigue syndrome up to 20 years after onset of disease and suggest that a persistent virus infection has an aetiological role.
Abstract: Enterovirus-specific probes have been prepared by reverse transcription of conserved sequences in purified Coxsackie B2 virus genomic RNA and molecular cloning techniques. These probes were used in quantitative slot blot hybridizations to test for the presence of enterovirus-specific RNA in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from 96 patients who had suffered from the postviral fatigue syndrome myalgic encephalomyelitis for up to 20 years. Biopsy specimens from 20 patients were positive for the presence of virus-specific RNA with hybridization signals more than three standard deviations greater than the mean of the normal muscle controls. Biopsies from the remaining 76 patients were indistinguishable from the controls. These data show that enterovirus RNA is present in skeletal muscle of some patients with postviral fatigue syndrome up to 20 years after onset of disease and suggest that a persistent virus infection has an aetiological role.
TL;DR: The heritable stability in Escherichia coli of the multicopy plasmid ColE1 and its natural relatives requires that the plasmids be maintained in the monomeric state and it is believed this binding is required to generate a higher order protein‐DNA complex within the recombinational synapse.
Abstract: The heritable stability in Escherichia coli of the multicopy plasmid ColE1 and its natural relatives requires that the plasmids be maintained in the monomeric state. Plasmid multimers, that arise through recA-dependent homologous recombination, are normally converted to monomers by a site-specific recombination system that acts at a specific plasmid site (cer in ColE1). No plasmid functions that act at this site have been identified. In contrast, two unlinked E.coli genes that encode functions required for cer-mediated site-specific recombination have been identified. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of one such gene (xerA) and show it to be identical to the gene encoding the repressor of the arginine biosynthetic genes (argR). The argR protein binds to cer DNA both in vivo and in vitro in the presence of arginine. We believe this binding is required to generate a higher order protein-DNA complex within the recombinational synapse. The argR gene of Bacillus subtilis complements an E.coli argR deficiency for cer-mediated recombination despite the two proteins having only 27% amino acid identity.