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Showing papers by "University of Glasgow published in 1989"


Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: The authors develop the structure of the set of stable matchings in the stable marriage problem in a more general and algebraic context than has been done previously; they discuss the problem's structure in terms of rings of sets, which allows many of the most useful features to be seen as features of a moregeneral set of problems.
Abstract: This book probes the stable marriage problem and its variants as a rich source of problems and ideas that illustrate both the design and analysis of efficient algorithms. It covers the most recent structural and algorithmic work on stable matching problems, simplifies and unifies many earlier proofs, strengthens several earlier results, and presents new results and more efficient algorithms.The authors develop the structure of the set of stable matchings in the stable marriage problem in a more general and algebraic context than has been done previously; they discuss the problem's structure in terms of rings of sets, which allows many of the most useful features to be seen as features of a more general set of problems. The relationship between the structure of the stable marriage problem and the more general stable roommates problem is demonstrated, revealing many commonalities.The results the authors obtain provide an algorithmic response to the practical, and political, problems created by the asymmetry inherent in the Gale Shapley solutions, leading to alternative methods and better compromises than are provided by the Gale Shapley method. And, in contrast to Donald Knuth's earlier work which primarily focused on the application of mathematics to the analysis of algorithms, this book illustrates the productive and almost inseparable relationship between mathematical insight and the design of efficient algorithms.Dan Gusfield is Associate Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Davis. Robert W. Irving is Senior Lecturer in Computing Science at the University of Glasgow. The Stable Marriage Problem is included in the Foundations of Computing Series, edited by Michael Garey and Albert Meyer.

1,204 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Diffuse axonal injury was identified in 122 of a series of 434 fatal non‐missile head injuries–‐10 grade 1, 29 grade 2 and 83 grade 3; in 24 of these cases the diagnosis could not have been made without microscope examination, while in a further 31 microscopical examination was required to establish its severity.
Abstract: Diffuse axonal injury is one of the most important types of brain damage that can occur as a result of non-missile head injury, and it may be very difficult to diagnose post mortem unless the pathologist knows precisely what he is looking for. Increasing experience with fatal non-missile head injury in man has allowed the identification of three grades of diffuse axonal injury. In grade 1 there is histological evidence of axonal injury in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, the corpus callosum, the brain stem and, less commonly, the cerebellum; in grade 2 there is also a focal lesion in the corpus callosum; and in grade 3 there is in addition a focal lesion in the dorsolateral quadrant or quadrants of the rostral brain stem. The focal lesions can often only be identified microscopically. Diffuse axonal injury was identified in 122 of a series of 434 fatal non-missile head injuries--10 grade 1, 29 grade 2 and 83 grade 3. In 24 of these cases the diagnosis could not have been made without microscopical examination, while in a further 31 microscopical examination was required to establish its severity.

1,022 citations


Book
25 Oct 1989
TL;DR: This book introduces a new approach to the design and implementation of software systems which will help users of large scale parallel systems coordinate many concurrent activities toward a single goal and proposes a selection of independent algorithmic skeletons which describes the structure of a particular style of algorithm.
Abstract: This book introduces a new approach to the design and implementation of software systems which will help users of large scale parallel systems coordinate many concurrent activities toward a single goal It assesses the strengths an weaknesses of this approach with existing alternativesCole's system proposes a selection of independent algorithmic skeletons, each of which describes the structure of a particular style of algorithm The user must describe a solution to a problem as an instance of the appropriate skeleton The implementation task is simplified by the fact that each skeleton may be considered independently, in contrast to the monolithic programming interfaces of existing systems at a similar level of abstractionThe book describes four skeletons based on the notions of fixed degree divide and conquer, task queues, iterative combination, and clustering Each is introduced in terms of the abstraction it presents to the user Implementation on a square grid of autonomous processor memory pairs is considered and examples of problems which could be solved in terms of the skeleton are presentedMurray I Cole is a Lecturer in the Computing Science Department of the University of Glasgow "Algorithmic Skeletons" is included in the series Research Monographs in Parallel and Distributed Computing, Copublished with Pitman Publishing,

1,001 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study of the behaviour of small networks of neurones frequently requires the determination of measures of the strength of association between component neurones, an assessment of their timing relations, and the identification of which neurones may interact directly or are influenced by common inputs.
Abstract: I. I N T R O D U C T I O N The study of the behaviour of small networks of neurones frequently requires the determination of measures of the strength of association between component neurones, an assessment of their timing relations, and the identification of which neurones may interact directly or are influenced by common inputs. In many of these studies the principal quantities available for analysis are the sequences of extracellularly recorded action potentials (neuronal spike trains). The subsequent analytical work is then based entirely on the relations between the times of occurrence of the action potentials recorded from different neurones. In these circumstances neuronal spike trains are frequently represented as the mathematical entity known as a stochastic point process. These processes are described by providing a probability law for a set of ordered times

862 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Type classes extend the Hindley/Milner polymorphic type system, and provide a new approach to issues that arise in object-oriented programming, bounded type quantification, and abstract data types.
Abstract: This paper presents type classes, a new approach to ad-hoc polymorphism. Type classes permit overloading of arithmetic operators such as multiplication, and generalise the “eqtype variables” of Standard ML. Type classes extend the Hindley/Milner polymorphic type system, and provide a new approach to issues that arise in object-oriented programming, bounded type quantification, and abstract data types. This paper provides an informal introduction to type classes, and defines them formally by means of type inference rules.

849 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1989
TL;DR: From the type of a polymorphic function the authors can derive a theorem that it satisfies, courtesy of Reynolds’ abstraction theorem for the polymorphic lambda calculus, which provides a free source of useful theorems.
Abstract: From the type of a polymorphic function we can derive a theorem that it satisfies. Every function of the same type satisfies the same theorem. This provides a free source of useful theorems, courtesy of Reynolds’ abstraction theorem for the polymorphic lambda calculus.

773 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that higher-order functions and lazy evaluation of functional languages can contribute significantly to modularity and that modularity is the key to successful software development.
Abstract: As software becomes more and more complex, it is more and more important to structure it well. Well-structured software is easy to write and to debug, and provides a collection of modules that can be reused to reduce future programming costs. In this paper we show that two features of functional languages in particular, higher-order functions and lazy evaluation, can contribute significantly to modularity. As examples, we manipulate lists and trees, program several numerical algorithms, and implement the alpha-beta heuristic (an algorithm from Artificial Intelligence used in game-playing programs). We conclude that since modularity is the key to successful programming, functional programming oers important advantages for software development.

670 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It is shown that reduction of M TT to MTT-formazan by cells is dependent on the amount of MTT in the incubation medium and can be used to estimate cell numbers in a simple chemosensitivity assay the results of which agree well with a commonly used clonogenic assay.
Abstract: The tetrazolium dye, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), is reduced by live but not dead cells, and this reaction is used as the end point in a rapid drug-screening assay. It can also be used for accurate determinations of drug sensitivity but only if a quantitative relationship is established between cell number and MTT-formazan production. We have shown that reduction of MTT to MTT-formazan by cells is dependent on the amount of MTT in the incubation medium. The concentration required to give maximal MTT-formazan production differs widely between cell lines. The absorption spectrum of MTT-formazan varies with cell number and with pH. At a low cell density or a high pH, the absorption maximum is at a wavelength of 560 to 570 nm. However, at a high cell density or a low pH, there are two absorption maxima; one at 510 nm and a second at about 570 nm. Measurements of absorbance at 570 nm underestimate MTT-formazan production and, hence, cell number at high cell densities. This error can result in a 10-fold underestimation of chemosensitivity. Addition of a buffer at pH 10.5 to the solubilized MTT-formazan product can overcome the effects of both cell density and culture medium on the absorption spectrum. Provided that sufficient MTT is used and the pH of the MTT-formazan product is controlled, dye reduction can be used to estimate cell numbers in a simple chemosensitivity assay the results of which agree well with a commonly used clonogenic assay.

602 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use a theory of the emotions to motivate a semantic analysis of English words referring to emotions, assuming that emotions have a two-fold communicative function, both externally amongst members of the species, and internally within the brain so as to bypass complex inferences.
Abstract: This paper uses a theory of the emotions to motivate a semantic analysis of English words referring to emotions. The theory assumes that emotions have a two-fold communicative function, both externally amongst members of the species, and internally within the brain so as to bypass complex inferences. It implies that there is a small number of basic signals that can set up characteristic emotional modes within the organism, roughly corresponding to happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust. In human beings, these modes can be modulated by the propositional content of the cognitive evaluation that caused the emotion signal, or else, if this content fails to impinge on consciousness, these modes can be experienced as emotions that have occurred for no apparent reason. According to this “communicative” theory, there should be a set of terms that refer to basic emotions, and these terms should have no internal semantics, since they cannot be analysed into anything more basic, such as a prototype or...

542 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that infants can recognize their mothers on the basis of visual clues alone and that these cues relate to memory for featural attributes of the mother's face rather than to attention-recruiting behaviour on her part.
Abstract: Three experiments are described which investigated the ability of neonates to discriminate between the face of their mother and that of a strange adult female and to show face recognition. The first experiment indicated a reliable preference for the mother's face even where a control for olfactory information was used. No evidence for any effect of sex or breast vs. bottle feeding was found. A second experiment used the same procedure but substituted a visual mask for the olfactory one previously adopted. Under these conditions no evidence of preference was found. Finally, a third experiment considered the possibility that mothers were actively recruiting their own infant's attention and found that adult observers were unable reliably to distinguish mothers from strangers on the basis of any differential behaviour by mother and stranger. The conclusion is drawn that neonates can recognize their mother on the basis of visual clues alone and that these cues relate to memory for featural attributes of the mother's face rather than to attention-recruiting behaviour on her part.

510 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that ischaemic brain damage is still common after severe head injury, and it seems likely that it remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity.
Abstract: A detailed neuropathological examination has been undertaken on a consecutive series of head injuries dying in the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, between 1968-72 (151 cases) and 1981-82 (112 cases) in order to determine the frequency and distribution of any ischaemic brain damage. Ischaemic damage was found in the brains of 92% of the 1968-72 cases and in 88% of the 1981-82 cases: there was no statistical difference in the amount of moderately severe and severe ischaemic damage in the two groups, 55% and 54% respectively. There was evidence, however, that an increased number of patients with severe ischaemic brain damage was admitted in 1981-82 as a result of a changed admission policy of the Department of Neurosurgery that resulted in an increased detection of intracranial haematomas. It is concluded that ischaemic brain damage is still common after severe head injury, and it seems likely that it remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that this buoyant weighing technique will find applications in laboratory experiments with calcification mechanisms and as a bioassay on reefs exposed to environmental stress.
Abstract: An accurate method for determining the growth rates of the skeleton of isolated branch tips (nubbins) of corals over intervals of less than 24 h is described. The skeletal weight of the coral was estimated from its buoyant weight in seawater whose density had been accurately determined. The coral tissues accounted for between 1 and 5% of the total buoyant weight in Pocillopora verrucosa and Acropora humilis with differing relative tissue biomass. After correcting for tissue buoyant weight, predictions of skeletal weight were accurate to within 1%. The method was used to estimate the growth of sample nubbins of Porites porites of similar diameter, in 2 m of water at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Since growth of these branch tips is apical, growth rate could be expressed without correction for the size. The mean 24 h skeletal growth rate ranged between 40 and 47 mg. Differences could be measured between day-time and night-time growth, the day: night ratio being 3.7. The method also showed that P. porites virtually ceases calcification during the 4 to 5 d periods that it becomes enclosed in a mucus tunic. Nubbins of P. porites attached to the reef at different locations showed clear differences in growth rate with depth, and between clear and turbid water sites. The growth rate of nubbins was compared with that of branch tips of whole corals by measuring the linear extension after staining with Alizarin Red S. After 3 1/2 mo, the mean linear extension was 4.1 mm in each case, indicating that the growth rate of nubbins is the same as that of branch tips of the whole colony. It is suggested that this buoyant weighing technique will find applications in laboratory experiments with calcification mechanisms and as a bioassay on reefs exposed to environmental stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results provide indirect evidence for nitric oxide (NO) or a substance releasing NO as the transmitter of the NANC nerves in this tissue.
Abstract: The effect of the competitive inhibitor of L-arginine, NG-monomethyl L-arginine (L-NMMA) on the response of the rat anococcygeus muscle to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory nerve stimulation has been examined. L-NMMA causes a rise in muscle tone and inhibition of the response to nerve stimulation. The stereoisomer D-NMMA is without effect. The rise in tone and inhibition of the nerve response is reversed by L-arginine. Another analogue, L-canavanine, which is effective against L-arginine utilization in the macrophage, was without effect on the rat anococcygeus. These results provide indirect evidence for nitric oxide (NO) or a substance releasing NO as the transmitter of the NANC nerves in this tissue.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fish that were dominant or larger two months after first feeding or both had a greater probability of migrating after only one year in freshwater than those more subordinate or smaller or both.
Abstract: Atlantic salmon have a variable life cycle. In good growing conditions, underyearling fish may metamorphose into the migratory smolt phase during their second spring, or delay at least a further year. The strategy adopted by particular fish appears to become fixed during their first summer. This paper examines whether either feeding efficiency or dominance in mid-summer correlates with the life-history strategy adopted. Eighty fish were individually marked and their feeding efficiency (= mean handling time for food items) and dominance rank measured under laboratory conditions in mid-July. Growth rates of the fish were then monitored over the next three months, until developmental strategies became apparent. Discriminant and logistic regression analyses revealed that both dominance rank and size attained by July were independent, significant predictors of future developmental pattern (the age at metamorphosis being correctly predicted on the basis of rank and size in 84% of cases) whereas feeding efficiency had no effect. Thus fish that were dominant or larger two months after first feeding or both had a greater probability of migrating after only one year in freshwater than those more subordinate or smaller or both.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results provide further evidence that the stalked and islet cells of lamina II form two distinct functional classes and suggest that the islet Cells function as inhibitory interneurons.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Information from a case-control study of all patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma first diagnosed in Scotland in 1987 has been used to derive a personal risk-factor chart that can be used by both the medical profession and the general public.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a family of fluoroacetate-resistant strains, excessive flux of pyruvate was balanced by diversion of carbon flux to lactate excretion rather than acetate and a higher growth rate was sustained, which improves the efficiency of carbon conversion to biomass.
Abstract: Summary: During growth of Escherichia coli ML308 on pyruvate in a continuous culture (turbidostat) or batch culture, flux of carbon into the cells exceeds the amphibolic capacity of the central pathways. This is balanced by diversion of carbon flux to acetate excretion which in turn diminishes the efficiency of carbon conversion to biomass [g] dry wt (mol substrate)−1]. However, restriction of carbon supply in a chemostat diminishes flux to acetate excretion and at a dilution rate (D = μ) of 0·35 h−1 or less, no flux to acetate excretion was sustained thus permitting perfect balance between carbon input on the one hand, and the output to biosynthesis and energy generation on the other. This, in turn, improves the efficiency of carbon conversion to biomass. Inclusion of 3-bromopyruvate (an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase) at a concentration which diminishes growth rate (μ) to 0·35 h−1 or less also prevented flux to acetate excretion. Furthermore, in a family of fluoroacetate-resistant strains, excessive flux of pyruvate was balanced by diversion of carbon flux to lactate excretion rather than acetate and a higher growth rate (μ = 0·63 h−1) was sustained.


Journal ArticleDOI
25 Aug 1989-Cell
TL;DR: The strand exchange topologies are consistent with a mechanism in which resolvase cleaves all four DNA strands and religates them after a 180 degrees rotation of two duplex partners, and it is suggested that a different symmetry applies to phage lamda integrase catalysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the use of nonparametric regression to check the fit of a parametric regression model and developed a pseudo likelihood ratio test to provide a global assessment of fit and simulation bands to indicate the nature of departures from the model.
Abstract: SUMMARY The use of nonparametric regression is explored to check the fit of a parametric regression model. The principal aim is to check the validity of the regression curve rather than necessarily to detect outliers. A pseudo likelihood ratio test is developed to provide a global assessment of fit and simulation bands are used to indicate the nature of departures from the model. The types of data considered include discrete response variables, where standard diagnostic techniques are often not appropriate, and first-order autoregressive series. Several numerical examples are given. Nonparametric regression can be used in an informal graphical way to assess the relationship between a response and an explanatory variable. In this paper we aim to develop more formal methods of assessing the assumptions of a parametric model, in particular when regression diagnostics of the type developed for normal linear models are not readily available. The principal aim is to check the validity of the systematic part of the model by comparing a nonparametric estimate of the regression curve with a parametric one. Such a comparison may also identify outliers, although the distinction between outliers and model inadequacy is not always easy. Two techniques are used to assess the fit of a parametric model. In ? 2, confidence bands are constructed around the fitted regression curve by simulation. A comparison of these with the nonparametric curve gives an indication of the nature of any departures from the model. In ? 3, a pseudo likelihood ratio test is developed. This provides a quantitative global assessment of fit. In applying these ideas, special emphasis is given to discrete data, and notably logistic regression, because of the difficulty in applying standard residual-based model checking techniques to this type of response variable. A Poisson regression example is discussed in ? 4. However, the underlying ideas have wider applications. Autoregressive time series of order 1 are discussed in ? 6. Sections 5 and 7 discuss general issues. We first discuss the context of binary regression with a single covariate and the difficulties caused by the discreteness of the response variable. The observed data are assumed to be of the form (xi, yi, ni), where xi is a covariate value, and yi has a binomial

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed field study of turbiditic sequences from South Georgia (South Atlantic), North Devon (England) and Cardigan Bay (Wales) showed that flexural slip occurs on discrete movement horizons between rock packets in which the beds have welded contacts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The heritable stability of ColE1 is dependent on a site‐specific recombination system which acts to resolve plasmid multimers into monomers, and genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that xerB is identical to the E.coli and S.typhimurium pepA genes that encode aminopeptidase A.
Abstract: The heritable stability of ColE1 is dependent on a site-specific recombination system which acts to resolve plasmid multimers into monomers. This plasmid stabilizing recombination system requires the presence in cis of the ColE1 cer region, plus at least two trans-acting factors encoded by the xerA and xerB genes of Escherichia coli. The xerB gene has been cloned and sequenced and found to encode a polypeptide with a calculated mol. wt of 55.3 kd. The predicted amino acid sequence of this protein exhibits striking similarity to that of bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase (53 kd). The biological significance of this similarity is corroborated by genetic and biochemical evidence which suggests that xerB is identical to the E.coli and S.typhimurium pepA genes that encode aminopeptidase A.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that both viruses were significant causes of disease, and that the cats most likely to be infected with FIV were older, free-roaming male cats and for FeLV, younger, free -roaming cats.
Abstract: A representative sample of the pet cat population of the United Kingdom was surveyed. Blood samples from 1204 sick and 1007 healthy cats of known breed, age and sex were tested for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). The prevalence of FIV was 19 per cent in sick cats and 6 per cent in healthy cats, and the prevalence of FeLV was 18 per cent in sick cats and 5 per cent in healthy cats; both infections were more common in domestic cats than in pedigree cats. Feline immunodeficiency virus was more prevalent in older cats but FeLV was more prevalent in younger cats. There was no difference between the prevalence of FeLV in male and female cats but male cats were more likely to be infected with FIV than female cats. No interaction was demonstrated between FIV and FeLV infections. Of the cats which were in contact with FIV in households with more than one cat, 21 per cent had seroconverted. The prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats in contact with FeLV was 14 per cent. The clinical signs associated with FIV were pyrexia, gingivitis/stomatitis and respiratory signs, and with FeLV, pyrexia and anaemia. It was concluded that both viruses were significant causes of disease, and that the cats most likely to be infected with FIV were older, free-roaming male cats and for FeLV, younger, free-roaming cats.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A variety of methods has been available for many years for the analytical separation of mixtures of proteins into their component parts by electrophoresis in a gel, usually agarose or polyacrylamide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that stimulation of the cells with either bombesin or TPA activates phospholipase D-catalysed phosphatidylcholine breakdown by a common mechanism involving the activation of protein kinase C.
Abstract: A method for the rapid and quantitative separation of glycerophosphocholine, choline phosphate and choline upon ion-exchange columns is described. The method has been utilized to examine the stimulation of phosphatidylcholine breakdown in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells in response to bombesin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). The stimulated generation of choline is shown to precede that of choline phosphate, with no effect upon glycerophosphocholine levels; but was attenuated in cells in which protein kinase C activity was down-regulated. The results thus suggest that stimulation of the cells with either bombesin or TPA activates phospholipase D-catalysed phosphatidylcholine breakdown by a common mechanism involving the activation of protein kinase C.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present some useful aspects of thermal degradation, including the potential use of a polymeric material and, in the extreme case, the hazards presented by the polymer in a fire situation.
Abstract: Thermal degradation begins to be important when polymers are processed and fabricated for use. The threshold temperature for breakdown determines the upper limit of temperature in fabrication and the volatile products of degradation must be known in order to guarantee the safety of workers. These same properties are relevant to the potential use of a polymeric material and, in the extreme case, to the hazards presented by the polymer in a fire situation. However, there are also some useful aspects of thermal degradation. Examination of the breakdown products from polymers is increasingly used as a method of analysis. In a limited number of cases, controlled thermal degradation is important in recycling of plastics waste and in the special case of carbon fibre production, degradative reactions are an essential part of the manufacturing process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that need for opioids did not simply cause crime, but rather, crime and opioid use tended to influence each other, and society's treatment of drug-using criminals needs to deal with drug use and crime together.
Abstract: Accepting that opioid use and crime are associated and develop together, amongst opioid-using criminals the need for opioids may cause crime on a day-to-day basis or both may tend to be determined by some other set of factors. Previous studies have either failed to allow for such other factors, or have failed to compare opioid users to adequate control groups. From interviews with 151 Scottish prisoners and non-prisoners, divided into five drug-using groups: (1) alcohol only; (2) cannabis and alcohol; (3) other drugs but not opioids; (4) moderate opioids; (5) heavy opioids, data were obtained on drug use frequency, crime frequency and a variety of other variables. It was found that: (1) there were no differences between incarcerated and non-incarcerated opioid users, in fact incarceration had no substantial effects on other variables; (2) heavy opioid users committed crimes significantly more frequently than did moderate opioid users, non-opioid polydrug users, cannabis users or alcohol users. But, moderate opioid users did not commit crimes significantly more frequently than did the other groups; (3) other drugs were related to crime. Polydrug use (including cannabis use) was more related to theft and delinquency than was opioid use. Alcohol use was related to fraud; (4) there were larger explanations of crime than opioid use--criminal experience and polydrug use--and crime was a better explanation of opioid use variance than opioid use was of crime. It is concluded that need for opioids did not simply cause crime. Rather, crime and opioid use tended to influence each other. However, this relationship was not special to opioids but, depending on historical circumstances, could--and to some extent does--apply to any drug. In consequence, society's treatment of drug-using criminals needs to deal with drug use and crime together.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1989-Neuron
TL;DR: It is concluded that Go is employed in coupling alpha-adrenoreceptors to the calcium channels in NG108-15 cells, implicating the involvement of a G-protein.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the extent to which the disclosure requirements of the London Stock Exchange relating to company annual reports are complied with or exceeded by Continental European companies listed on the Exchange was investigated.
Abstract: This study investigates the extent to which the disclosure requirements of the London Stock Exchange relating to company annual reports are complied with or exceeded by Continental European companies listed on the Exchange. It was found that the companies exceeded Exchange requirements through a wide range of voluntary disclosures, which in some cases were substantial. The significance of the Stock Exchange requirements appeared to be relatively minimal compared to competitive pressures associated with the need to raise capital in the international capital market context. At the same time, there were persistent national characteristics in the pattern of items voluntarily disclosed.