University of Gothenburg

About: University of Gothenburg is a education organization based out in Gothenburg, Sweden. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Health care. The organization has 23855 authors who have published 65241 publications receiving 2606327 citations. The organization is also known as: Göteborg University & Gothenburg University.

CHROMATOGRAPHlC SEPARATION OF HUMAN BRAIN GANGLIOSIDES

Abstract: GANGLIOSIDES are defined as acylsphingosyl oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (KLENK, 1942). For several years brain gangliosides were considered to contain a common carbohydrate moiety (KLENK and LAUENSTEIN, 1953 ; BOGOCH, 1958). The occurrence of brain gangliosides with different carbohydrate moieties was suggested (SVENNERHOLM, 1956, 1957a), since different ganglioside preparations varied in their composition and behaviour on cellulose columns. KUHN and EGGE (1959) confirmed the chromatographic separation of brain gangliosides and showed that the slowmoving gangliosides had a considerably more complicated structure than the fastmoving ones. During the last two years reports have appeared from many laboratories on the complexity of brain gangliosides. SVENNEMOLM and RAAL (1961) isolated monoand disialogangliosides from human brains, KUHN, WIEGANDT and EGGE (1961) found one inonosialoganglioside, two disialogangliosides and one trisialoganglioside in human and calf brains, and DAIN, et al. (1962) isolated four components from ox brain with similar composition to those of KUHN et al. (1961). KLENK and GIELEN (19614 isolated the hexosamine-containing and the hexosaniinefree monosialogangliosides originally postulated by SVENNERHOLM (19576). In a recent communication (SVENNERHOLM, 1962) it was shown that predominantly the gangliosides have a common basic structure : N-acyl-sphingosine-glucose-galactoseN-acetylgalactosamine-galactose to which one or more molecules of N-acetylneuraininic acid are bound. In the present report chromatographic methods for the quantitative isolation and separation of human brain gangliosides are described. These methods have been applied to studies of the ganglioside fraction of normal foetal, infant and adult brains while several different gangliosides have been isolated and further characterized. A knowledge of the normal ganglioside pattern is important in the study of the metabolism of the gangliosides but it is also necessary for the detection of disturbances in ganglioside metabolism. In infantile amaurotic idiocy (SVENNERHOLM, 1962) for example, there are no abnormal gangliosides but excessive amounts of a ganglioside are present which normally constitute only a few per cent of the total ganglioside fraction. It is likely that in several other mental or neurological disorders there is a disturbance of the normal ganglioside pattern. As this can now be determined by simple chromatographic methods it will be quite easy to detect minor deviations from the normal ganglioside metabolism.

Academic Engagement and Commercialisation: A Review of the Literature on University-Industry Relations

Abstract: A considerable body of work highlights the relevance of collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university-industry knowledge transfer. We present a systematic review of research on academic scientists’ involvement in these activities to which we refer as ‘academic engagement’. Apart from extracting findings that are generalisable across studies, we ask how academic engagement differs from commercialization, defined as intellectual property creation and academic entrepreneurship. We identify the individual, organizational and institutional antecedents and consequences of academic engagement, and then compare these findings with the antecedents and consequences of commercialization. Apart from being more widely practiced, academic engagement is distinct from commercialization in that it is closely aligned with traditional academic research activities, and pursued by academics to access resources supporting their research agendas. We conclude by identifying future research needs, opportunities for methodological improvement and policy interventions. (Published version available via open access)

Osmotic Stress Signaling and Osmoadaptation in Yeasts

Abstract: The ability to adapt to altered availability of free water is a fundamental property of living cells. The principles underlying osmoadaptation are well conserved. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model system with which to study the molecular biology and physiology of osmoadaptation. Upon a shift to high osmolarity, yeast cells rapidly stimulate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, which orchestrates part of the transcriptional response. The dynamic operation of the HOG pathway has been well studied, and similar osmosensing pathways exist in other eukaryotes. Protein kinase A, which seems to mediate a response to diverse stress conditions, is also involved in the transcriptional response program. Expression changes after a shift to high osmolarity aim at adjusting metabolism and the production of cellular protectants. Accumulation of the osmolyte glycerol, which is also controlled by altering transmembrane glycerol transport, is of central importance. Upon a shift from high to low osmolarity, yeast cells stimulate a different MAP kinase cascade, the cell integrity pathway. The transcriptional program upon hypo-osmotic shock seems to aim at adjusting cell surface properties. Rapid export of glycerol is an important event in adaptation to low osmolarity. Osmoadaptation, adjustment of cell surface properties, and the control of cell morphogenesis, growth, and proliferation are highly coordinated processes. The Skn7p response regulator may be involved in coordinating these events. An integrated understanding of osmoadaptation requires not only knowledge of the function of many uncharacterized genes but also further insight into the time line of events, their interdependence, their dynamics, and their spatial organization as well as the importance of subtle effects.