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Institution

University of Groningen

EducationGroningen, Groningen, Netherlands
About: University of Groningen is a education organization based out in Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 36346 authors who have published 69116 publications receiving 2940370 citations. The organization is also known as: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen & RUG.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
02 Aug 2001-Nature
TL;DR: There is around an 85 per cent chance that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the century, and for different regions, the date and size of the peak population will vary considerably.
Abstract: There has been enormous concern about the consequences of human population growth for the environment and for social and economic development. But this growth is likely to come to an end in the foreseeable future. Improving on earlier methods of probabilistic forecasting, here we show that there is around an 85 per cent chance that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the century. There is a 60 per cent probability that the world's population will not exceed 10 billion people before 2100, and around a 15 per cent probability that the world's population at the end of the century will be lower than it is today. For different regions, the date and size of the peak population will vary considerably....

654 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The dual pathway to creativity model argues that creativity is a function of cognitive flexibility and cognitive persistence, and that dispositional or situational variables may influence creativity either through their effects on flexibility, on persistence, or both as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The dual pathway to creativity model argues that creativity—the generation of original and appropriate ideas—is a function of cognitive flexibility and cognitive persistence, and that dispositional or situational variables may influence creativity either through their effects on flexibility, on persistence, or both. This model is tested in a number of studies in which participants performed creative ideation tasks. We review work showing that cognitive flexibility, operationalised as the number of content categories surveyed, directly relates to idea originality, but that originality can also be achieved by exploring a few content categories in great depth (i.e., persistence). We also show that a global processing mode is associated with cognitive flexibility, but only leads to high originality in tasks that capitalise on cognitive flexibility. We finally show that activating positive mood states enhance creativity because they stimulate flexibility, while activating negative mood states can enhance creativity because they stimulate persistence. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

653 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Nov 2011-Nature
TL;DR: This work presents a molecule with four functional units—the authors' previously reported rotary motors—that undergo continuous and defined conformational changes upon sequential electronic and vibrational excitation and provides a starting point for the exploration of more sophisticated molecular mechanical systems with directionally controlled motion.
Abstract: Any future artificial transporters and robots operating at the nanoscale are likely to require molecules capable of directional translational movement over a surface. Even the design of such molecules is a daunting task, however, as they need to be able to use light, chemical or electrical energy to modulate their interaction with the surface in a way that generates directional motion. Kudernac et al. now unveil just such a molecule, made by attaching four rotary motor units to a central axis. Inelastic electron tunnelling induces conformational changes in the rotors and propels the molecule across a copper surface. By changing the direction of the rotary motion of individual motor units, the self-propelling molecular 'four-wheeler' structure can follow random or preferentially linear trajectories. This design provides a starting point for the exploration of more sophisticated molecular mechanical systems, perhaps with complete control over their direction of motion. Propelling single molecules in a controlled manner along an unmodified surface remains extremely challenging because it requires molecules that can use light, chemical or electrical energy to modulate their interaction with the surface in a way that generates motion. Nature’s motor proteins1,2 have mastered the art of converting conformational changes into directed motion, and have inspired the design of artificial systems3 such as DNA walkers4,5 and light- and redox-driven molecular motors6,7,8,9,10,11. But although controlled movement of single molecules along a surface has been reported12,13,14,15,16, the molecules in these examples act as passive elements that either diffuse along a preferential direction with equal probability for forward and backward movement or are dragged by an STM tip. Here we present a molecule with four functional units—our previously reported rotary motors6,8,17—that undergo continuous and defined conformational changes upon sequential electronic and vibrational excitation. Scanning tunnelling microscopy confirms that activation of the conformational changes of the rotors through inelastic electron tunnelling propels the molecule unidirectionally across a Cu(111) surface. The system can be adapted to follow either linear or random surface trajectories or to remain stationary, by tuning the chirality of the individual motor units. Our design provides a starting point for the exploration of more sophisticated molecular mechanical systems with directionally controlled motion.

653 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors provides an overview of both theoretical and empirical literature on the link between public investment (capital) and economic growth and concludes that although not all studies find a growthenhancing effect of public capital, there is now more consensus than in the past that public capital furthers economic growth.
Abstract: : This article provides an overview of both theoretical and empirical literature on the link between public investment (capital) and economic growth (national income). We first survey the channels through which public capital can conceivably affect growth. We then turn to reviewing the existing empirical literature, and we conclude that although not all studies find a growth-enhancing effect of public capital, there is now more consensus than in the past that public capital furthers economic growth. However, the impact reported by recent studies is not as big as some earlier studies suggested. We conclude with an overview of what is known about the optimality of public capital stocks.

653 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Addition of 2 μg/day paricalcitol to RAAS inhibition safely lowers residual albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy, and could be a novel approach to lower residual renal risk in diabetes.

652 citations


Authors

Showing all 36692 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Ronald C. Kessler2741332328983
Nicholas J. Wareham2121657204896
André G. Uitterlinden1991229156747
Lei Jiang1702244135205
Brenda W.J.H. Penninx1701139119082
Richard H. Friend1691182140032
Panos Deloukas162410154018
Jerome I. Rotter1561071116296
Christopher M. Dobson1501008105475
Dirk Inzé14964774468
Scott T. Weiss147102574742
Dieter Lutz13967167414
Wilmar B. Schaufeli13751395718
Cisca Wijmenga13666886572
Arnold B. Bakker135506103778
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
2023166
2022543
20214,487
20203,990
20193,283
20182,836