Showing papers by "University of Haifa published in 1976"
TL;DR: Observations of very narrow hybrid zones and lower than expected proportions of hybrids in the narrowest zones suggest an increasing effectiveness of isolating mechanisms between the diverging karyotypes and progressive terminalization of species formation.
Abstract: Hybrid zones between parapatric chromosomal species are of prime evolutionary significance as natural testing grounds for assessing the degree of reproductive isolation between parental species. Major problems of evolutionary dynamics and of species formation may be resolved in hybrid zones. These involve, among others, the stage of speciation, degree of genetic and ecological divergence of the derivatives of speciation, and the types and modes of perfection of isolating mechanisms. This study investigated hybrid zones between chromosome forms of the fossorial mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi as a dynamic model of speciation (Nevo, 1973). Fossorial mole rats of the S. ehrenbergi superspecies complex in Israel involve four main chromosome forms with 2n = 52, 54, 58 and 60. The four karyoptic forms inhabit extensive regions which are distributed clinally and parapatrically along a north-south ecological gradient of increasing aridity (Wahrman et al., 1969). Their distribution is correlated with the humidity index and the climatic regimes as defined by Thornthwaite (1948). Karyotype 2n = 52 is found in the Upper Galilee Mountains in a humid to subhumid climate (55-65 days of rain and 650-1000 mm rainfall annually). Karyotype 2n = 54 extends over Mount Hermon and the Golan Heights which is a subhumid to humid region (4565 days of rain and 500-1400 mm rainfall annually) with lower mean annual temperatures than the previous region. Karyotype 2n = 58 ranges in the Lower Galilee Mountains and Central Israel in a subhumid to semiarid climatic regime (44-55 days of rain and 500-650 mm rainfall annually). Finally, karyotype 2n = 60 is found in the Samaria and Judea Mountains extending toward the southern and eastern deserts of Israel, a semiarid to arid region with some subhumid mountainous enclaves (15-45 days of rain and 100-500 mm rainfall annually). Only rare natural hybrids between karyotypes have been previously reported along the contact zones. The four karyotypes have been considered sibling species on distributional as well as ethological evidence (Nevo, 1969). Further, their extremely close genic relationships (Nevo and Shaw, 1972; Nevo and Sarich, 1975) suggest that they represent very recent species. The present study is a test of their stage of speciation under natural conditions by exploring actual and potential hybrid zones along contacts of contiguous karyotypes. Our present observations of very narrow hybrid zones and lower than expected proportions of hybrids in the narrowest zones suggest an increasing effectiveness of isolating mechanisms between the diverging karyotypes and progressive terminalization of species formation.
87 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that olfactory discrimination may serve as a reproductive isolating mechanism in the speciating fossorial rodent, Spalax ehrenbergi, in Israel and help to achieve speciation of mole rats.
Abstract: Olfactory discrimination was tested in two chromosome forms of the speciating fossorial rodent, Spalax ehrenbergi, in Israel. Females of the chromosome forms 2n = 52 and 2n = 58 were tested for male odour discrimination, the source of odour being either case litter or urine. Estrous females of both forms preferred homochromosomal odurs, whereas diestrous females showed no discrimination. These results suggest that olfactory discrimination may serve as a reproductive isolating mechanism in the speciation of mole rats.
79 citations
TL;DR: The ultrastructure of pinealocytes of the mole-rat (Spalax ehrenbergi), a blind subterranean mammal living in complete darkness, was examined and compared with pinealocyte of other mammals.
Abstract: The ultrastructure of pinealocytes of the mole-rat (Spalax ehrenbergi), a blind subterranean mammal living in complete darkness, was examined and compared with pinealocytes of other mammals. Two different populations of pinealocytes (I and II) were observed. They differed in general aspect, in location and especially in their content of cell organelles involved in synthetic processes. Mitochondria, ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, lipid inclusions and glycogen granules were present in the perikarya of pinealocytes of both populations. In the pinealocyte of population I some granular vesicles were occasionally observed in the cell body. Their presumed origin from the Golgi apparatus could not be clearly demonstrated. In the perikaryon of this pinealocyte, concentrations of ribosomes and of cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum were constantly observed. These concentrations may indicate an intensive synthetic activity. Pinealocytes of population II were characterized by accumulations of proteinaceous material in some cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and between the two layers of the nuclear membrane. The origin of these peculiar elements is discussed.
55 citations
TL;DR: The evolutionary significance of the positive assortative mating found, lies presumably in reinforcing reproductive isolation between the chromosome forms, thereby contributing to finalize speciation.
Abstract: Females of two parapatric chromosomal forms (2n=52 and 2n=58) of the fossorial mole rat,Spalax ehrenbergi, in Israel, were tested for mate selection between two alternative, a homo- and a heterochromosomal, males. Estrous females significantly preferred the male of their own chromosomal form, on the basis of several behavioural criteria. The evolutionary significance of the positive assortative mating found, lies presumably in reinforcing reproductive isolation between the chromosome forms, thereby contributing to finalize speciation.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the social identity of young Arabs in Israel was conceptualized as a set of sub-identities which included the national (Arab), civic (Israeli), religious (Moslem, Christian, Druze), familial, and occupational subidentities.
Abstract: Summary The social identity of young Arabs in Israel was conceptualized as a set of subidentities which included the national (Arab), civic (Israeli), religious (Moslem, Christian, Druze), familial, and occupational subidentities. Forty male and female Arab high school and university students of three religious denominations were asked to express themselves on the extent to which each of those subidentities was important and attractive to them, and on the relative potency of some of them. The national and civic subidentities were found to be, respectively, most and least important and attractive. Students dealt with conflict between the national and civic subidentities by denial and differentiation. Signs of a conflicted and alienated social identity were a lack of involvement in the State, unrealistic and frustrated occupational aspirations, a declining interest in religion and family, and the beginning of estrangement from non-Israeli Arabs.
36 citations
TL;DR: Bufo viridis illustrates a case in which variation in the fundamental frequency of the mating call is probably largely an incidental product of adaptive differentiation of body size to the humidity index.
Abstract: The mating calls of Bufo viridis populations from Israel were studied and compared with that of a Central-European population in order to evaluate their nature, variation and evolutionary origin. In Israeli Bufo viridis, call duration, pulse duration and interpulse interval are negatively correlated with temperature, whereas fundamental frequency is negatively correlated with body size. The Israeli and Central-European Bufo viridis are almost identical in call duration, pulse number, pulse duration and pulse rate. They differ slightly but significantly in interpulse interval and more obviously, in their fundamental frequency. The latter is correlated with body size. Since Israeli Bufo viridis are much larger than the Central-European ones, their fundamental frequency is distinctly lower.
Bufo viridis illustrates a case in which variation in the fundamental frequency of the mating call is probably largely an incidental product of adaptive differentiation of body size to the humidity index.
29 citations
TL;DR: A comparative electrophoretic evidence suggests that the Red Sea cyprinodontid, Aphanius dispar, first reported along the Israeli coast in 1947 and therefore considered a Suez migrant, has been a permanent Mediterranean resident for a long time.
Abstract: THE construction of artificial waterways connecting different faunal provinces provides biologists with an opportunity to observe ecological, biogeographic and evolutionary changes. But recognition of change requires a thorough knowledge of conditions before construction. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1857 is a case in point. More than thirty species of Red Sea fishes have been recorded as colonising the Mediterranean since the opening of the canal1, but because no reliable systematic ichthyological collections were made in the eastern Mediterranean before 1857, these new records must be judged with caution. We report here comparative electrophoretic evidence which suggests that the Red Sea cyprinodontid, Aphanius dispar, first reported along the Israeli coast in 1947 (ref. 2) and therefore considered a Suez migrant, has been a permanent Mediterranean resident for a long time.
28 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976TL;DR: The Communal Experience of the Kibbutz as discussed by the authors provides a detailed account of the Utopian community in the kibbuttz and its activities, including daily life and social arrangements, economic cooperation and work, politics, edu-cation, and attitudes of community members.
Abstract: Joseph Blasidocuments and describes the workings of an existing kibbutz society to provide a model for Utopian thinking and clear up confusion con-cerning Utopian values. He details the history and development of Kibbutz Vatik (a pseudonym), providing a systematic record of kibbutz culture: daily life and social arrangements, economic cooperation and work, politics, edu-cation, and attitudes of community members. Despite its advantages as a model Utopia, the kibbutz is not a perfect soci-ety. Having eliminated the most serious forms of social, economic, political, and educational fragmentation and violence, the communal group is left with the complicated and mounting problems of keeping a fellowship alive and well. Blasi assesses the community's advantages and disadvantages, il-luminating the interlocking dilemmas that cut across social and political con-cerns. The Communal Experience of the Kibbutz updates our knowledge of kibbutz life in light of recent research. It gives a detailed account of the Utopian community in the kibbutz and its activities. The special quality of the kib-butz, Blasi argues, lies not so much in its proven success vis-a-vis other communal societies, but in that it is a communal alternative that most West-ern peoples can readily visualize as a real option.
25 citations
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a random sample of about 2,500 self-employed taxpayers was chosen to investigate the conformity of taxpayers to income tax regulations, and two sets of hypotheses were formulated and tested, based on the proposition that a person's compliance with norms is a function of his basic orientations toward these norms and of the control system related to norm compliance.
Abstract: A random sample of about 2,500 self-employed taxpayers was chosen to investigate the conformity of taxpayers to income tax regulations. The indices of conformity are based on data derived from the taxpayers' files in the Income Tax Division. Two sets of hypotheses were formulated and tested, based on the proposition that a person's compliance with norms is a function of his basic orientations toward these norms on the one hand, and of the control system related to norm compliance on the other hand. In general, the findings support the basic proposition and the specific hypotheses derived from it. They also indicate that the basic orientation tends to be a major determinant of compliance in regard to the norms which determine the general terms of contact of the public with the organization, while the impact of the control structure is more complex and pervasive.
20 citations
TL;DR: Two forms of serine transhydroxymethylase, separable by TEAE-cellulose chromatography, are present in wild-type extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and one is mitochondrial and the other one cytoplasmic.
Abstract: Two forms of serine transhydroxymethylase, separable by TEAE-cellulose chromatography, are present in wild-type extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One of these forms is mitochondrial and the other one cytoplasmic. The mitochondrial form is absent in the mutant tmp3.
TL;DR: In this article, a structured model of conflict resolution is described, illustrated with examples from two workshops, and participants choose among the options: Influence Attempts, Creating New Solutions, Redefinition of the Conflict, and Gathering More Information, returning to information-gathering and renewed choice until the conflict is resolved.
Abstract: This paper describes a structured model of conflict resolution, illustrated with examples from two workshops. The model stresses the task requirements of conflict resolution as contrasted with current process-oriented models. After defining the conflict and gathering information, participants choose among the options: Influence Attempts, Creating New Solutions, Redefinition of the Conflict, and Gathering More Information, returning to information-gathering and renewed choice until the conflict is resolved. The relative success of the initial 2-day workshops engenders optimism regarding further refinement of the model.
TL;DR: 5-valent 5-connected planar graphs that admit no pairs of edgedisjoint Hamiltonian circuits are presented; the smallest example has 176 vertices, and this is used to construct an infinite family of 5-valents 5-Connected Planar graphs, in which every member has the property that any pair ofHamiltonian circuits in it share at least about 1 168 of their edges.
TL;DR: In the 13th century, sodomy, which was classified among the various sins against mature, was regarded as a primarily clerical vice.
Abstract: In the 13th century, sodomy, which was classified among the various sins against mature, was regarded as a primarily clerical vice. In both systematic theology and canon law, the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was considered the just punishment for a sin that violated the natural procreative function of sexuality, was contrary to right reason and the natural order, and denied God's injunction to increase and multiply.
TL;DR: A study on personality characteristics of children from different cultural groups in Israel, a Hebrew and Arab version of the Children's Social Desirability Scale (CSD) was administered to a sample of 1024 Jewish and Arab students in grades 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: As part of a larger study on personality characteristics of children from different cultural groups in Israel, a Hebrew and Arab version of the Children's Social Desirability Scale (CSD) was administered to a sample of 1024 Jewish and Arab students in grades 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. The Jewish subjects in the Israeli sample had a significantly higher SD level than the American standardization sample, which replicates earlier findings by Crandall and Gozali (1969). Comparisons within the overall sample show that the Arabs had a significantly higher SD score than their Jewish counterparts at all ages. Within the Arab subsample, Moslems scored significantly higher than Christians; in the Jewish subsample no significant differences were found between religious and nonreligious subjects. No overall sex differences were found. These findings can be viewed against the background of certain specific cultural and psychological variables within these two major cultural-ethnic population groups in Israel.
TL;DR: Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 32 gene loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 64 specimens from 6 localities representing 2 species of the spadefoot toads and selection for homozygosity as an adaptive strategy seems to operate in the relatively constant and narrow subterranean niche.
Abstract: Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 32 gene loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 64 specimens from 6 localities representing 2 species of the spadefoot toads Pelobates syriacus and P. cultripes from Israel and Portugal, respectively. Out of the 32 loci examined, Esterase-1 was the only locus that proved strongly polymorphic in all 6 localities and in the 2 species. The pattern of genetic variation in Pelobates is best explained by the environmental variability model. Selection for homozygosity as an adaptive strategy seems to operate in the relatively constant and narrow subterranean niche.
TL;DR: It is proved that θ ϵ Xi3 if and only if the parity of Xi equals the parity in θ, which is the number of cycles of θρ ϵ S(n).
TL;DR: Sorokin's analytical categories are useful, however, his conclusions are rather broad and do not take sufficiently into account changing conditions in church history as discussed by the authors, and his geographical subdivisions, which are based upon the twentieth-century nation-state, are anachronistic when applied to a medieval context.
Abstract: Thus far, two quantitative studies of Catholic sainthood have been attempted. Altruistic Love by Pitirim Sorokin,1 which deals with the entire history of Christianity, established the patterns of saintly behavior over a two-thousand-year period. Although many of Sorokin's analytical categories are useful, his conclusions are rather broad and do not take sufficiently into account changing conditions in church history. His geographical subdivisions, for example, which are based upon the twentieth-century nation-state, are anachronistic when applied to a medieval context. No distinctions are made between the various genres of freeman, e.g., the old feudal aristocracy and the urban-dwelling nobility, although their interests were often in conflict. Nor does Sorokin consider the role of the
TL;DR: In interpreting battle reactions in combat soldiers due weight should be given to variables like ego-involvement and commitment to one's country beyond more general variables, which are related to the unavoidable stress and strain of combat conditions and war.
Abstract: As a result of steadily improving psychological and psychiatric activities during wartime, there is a growing professional literature on adjustment problems related to combat reactions in soldiers....
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider a sufficient condition on a noncommutative ring, generalizing the commutative case, for analogous results to hold for the torsion-theoretic assassin and the ideal-theoretic support of suitable left R-modules M.
Abstract: If M is a finitely-generated module over a commutative noetherian ring, then it is well-known that the ideal-theoretic assassin and the ideal-theoretic support of M satisfy the following two conditions: (CD supp(M) and ass(M) have the same minimal elements ; (C2) supp(M) has only finitely-many minimal elements. The purpose of this note is to consider a sufficient condition on a noncommutative ring, generalizing the commutative case, for analogous results to hold for the torsion-theoretic assassin and the torsion-theore-tic support of suitable left R-modules M. Since the order in the lattice of torsion theories over the category R-mod of left R-modules is the reverse of the order in the lattice of left ideals of R, we would expect to substitute “maximal” for “minimal” in the above conditions. Also, noetherianness should be replaced by its torsion-theoretic counterpart, semi-noetherianness.
TL;DR: It is argued that the material and the method of teaching should be determined by the special aim of the course and the student ought to become familiar with structures interfering with understanding — the ‘semantic trouble-makers’.
TL;DR: In this paper, attitudes of teachers, administrators, and others outside the system regarding salary structure, autonomy and responsibility, and criteria for promotion are reported, based upon data collected during one phase of a larger study.
Abstract: As is the case in many countries, public demands for improvement in the educational system have increased in Israel. Much attention has been directed toward the teachers in the schools—the quality of their performance as well as the extent of their interest and involvement in their profession. In this article, based upon data collected during one phase of a larger study, attitudes of teachers, administrators, and others outside the system regarding salary structure, autonomy and responsibility, and criteria for promotion are reported.
TL;DR: In this article, two ways of making this process functorial by selecting appropriate subcategories of the category of associative rings are considered. But neither of these methods is suitable for the case of R-mod.
Abstract: To each associative (but not necessarily commutative) ring R we assign the complete distributive lattice R-tors of (hereditary) torsion theories over R-mod. We consider two ways of making this process functorial – once contravariantly and once covariantly – by selecting appropriate subcategories of the category of associative rings. Combined with a functor due to Rota, this gives us functors from these subcategories to the category of commutative rings.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The 1970's have brought upon us a general ‘shortage' of many natural resources as discussed by the authors, and a new consciousness has arisen on the part of resources suppliers as well as buyers.
Abstract: The 1970’s have brought upon us a general ‘shortage’ of many natural resources. Since October of 1973 a new consciousness has arisen on the part of resources suppliers as well as buyers. This consciousness has dictated that scarcity is an impending reality in the revivalism of Malthusian doctrine. Formerly, subscribers to Malthusian prophetics were labelled as heretics; now they are continuously sought after for advice and lauded for their preceptiveness. The study of the supply of fresh potable water to the world’s cities has not been immune to this process. Water supply investment problems balanced against demands indicates an urgent need for carefully coordinated policy. Ironically, Israel, the focal point of activity in the world crisis of October, 1973, has been an harbinger for two decades in the adjustment to exploit fully the alternatives to restore the equilibrium between supply and demand.
TL;DR: Comparisons of the findings obtained for each of the five age groups indicate the equivalence of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie scales for these particular ages, while comparisons with data from England suggest the cross-cultural equivalences of these personality measures.
Abstract: A Hebrew version of Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory was administered to 557 boys from Grades 7 to 11 in Israel. Comparisons of the findings obtained for each of the five age groups indicate th...
TL;DR: In contrast to those who used mechanisms of retreat on the one hand, attack on the other, are those who tried to cope with their situation in a positive and constructive way.
Abstract: The defense-mechanisms of the ego can be divided into three kinds: retreat, attack and coping. Retreat into one’s own unhappiness goes even so far as to shutting oneself into one’s apartment and disconnecting the phone. In contrast to those who used mechanisms of retreat on the one hand, attack on the other, are those who tried to cope with their situation in a positive and constructive way. During the first five days of the war, when there were the most dead, no news of this kind came through. Later the fallen were buried temporarily near the fronts; only much later did they get a permanent burial. A young secretary, herself a war widow, noted down the main ideas of what was said in the group with full knowledge and consent of the participants. There was rage, aggression aimed at different targets: sometimes the bearers of the bad tidings were attacked verbally, and in some cases even physically.