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Showing papers by "University of Haifa published in 1988"


Journal ArticleDOI
Istvan Beck1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the idea of coloring of a commutative ring and show that the existence of an infinite clique implies that the clique R = co implies that there exists an infinitely many cliques.

956 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This model represents the view of the essential causation of the business cycle and shows some typical simulations of this model.
Abstract: In this chapter we will complete the description of our model, and exhibit some typical simulations. This model represents our view of the essential causation of the business cycle.

178 citations


Book ChapterDOI
Eviatar Nevo1
TL;DR: The main unresolved problem haunting evolutionary genetics is: How much of this genetic diversity is adaptive, processed by natural selection, and contributes to fitness?
Abstract: Genetic diversity is the basis of evolutionary change. Ironically, however, the recently discovered abundant genetic diversity in natural populations through allozymic variation did not highlight its nature and significance as expected (Lewontin, 1974, 1986). The main unresolved problem haunting evolutionary genetics is: How much of this genetic diversity is adaptive, processed by natural selection, and contributes to fitness? In other words, what is the relative importance of selective and nonselective factors in the evolution of genetic polymorphisms in nature?

143 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Yair Censor1
TL;DR: Block-iterative versions of special objective function and constraints structure of row-action methods enable parallel computation when the underlying problem is appropriately decomposed, opening the door for parallel computation in image reconstruction problems of computerized tomography and in the inverse problem of radiation therapy treatment planning.
Abstract: Some row-action algorithms which exploit special objective function and constraints structure have proven advantageous for solving huge and sparse feasibility or optimization problems. Recently developed block-iterative versions of such special-purpose methods enable parallel computation when the underlying problem is appropriately decomposed. This opens the door for parallel computation in image reconstruction problems of computerized tomography and in the inverse problem of radiation therapy treatment planning, all in their fully discretized modelling approach. Since there is more than one way of deriving block-iterative versions of any row-action method, the choice has to be made with reference to the underlying real-world problem.

132 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Arye Rattner1
TL;DR: This article surveys the literature on those cases and describes these wrongful convictions by the distribution of offenses, of sentences, of actual punishment inflicted, and types of error contributing to the wrongful conviction.
Abstract: Legal literature from the beginning of the century, as well as more recent studies, furnish us with accounts of cases of innicent men and women who were tried and convicted of serious crimes throughout the United States. This study surveys the literature on those cases and describes these wrongful convictions by the distribution of offenses, of sentences, of actual punishment inflicted, and types of error contributing to the wrongful conviction.

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a discretized model is set up in which both patient section and radiation field are fine-discretized, which leads to a linear feasibility problem, which is solved by a relaxation method.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that older adults recall fewer words from a study list than younger people, and were more likely to repeat them in free recall. But when later presented with the study words and asked to judge whether they recall them in a previous recall phase, older people classified more recalled words as unrecalled.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined people's affective reactions towards air pollution and some personality and demographic correlates of these reactions, including degree of anger and anxiety aroused by air pollution; perceived degree of pollution severity; propensity to pay towards pollution abatement; and methods of coping with air pollution.

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The recent development of intermodal transportation and the relaxation of U.S. transport regulations have encouraged ocean carriers to rationalize their port schedules as mentioned in this paper, and container shipping is therefore believed to concentrate shipping at a few large ports.
Abstract: The recent development of intermodal transportation and the relaxation of U.S. transport regulations have encouraged ocean carriers to rationalize their port schedules. Container shipping is therefore believed to concentrate shipping at a few large ports. Port traffic analysis, using the Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient, reveals, nevertheless, that the structure of the U.S. port system is actually becoming less concentrated. The challenge of secondary ports and changes in the transportation system explain this deconcentration.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A series of submerged archaeological sites found on the continental shelf between Haifa and Atlit indicate a continuous marine transgression between 8000 and 1500 yr B.P as mentioned in this paper, where the sites are embedded in the upper part of a marshy clay that fills the trough between the coastal aeolianite ridge and a ridge now submerged some 1000 to 1500 m to the west.

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Questions obtained on seventh grade children a week after a catastrophic school bus accident and 9 months later found both acute and chronic stress reactions were more related to prior friendship with victims than to exposure to accident-related stressors.
Abstract: Questionnaire data were obtained on seventh grade children a week after a catastrophic school bus accident, and 9 months later. Both acute and chronic stress reactions were more related to prior friendship with victims than to exposure to accident-related stressors. In fact, the effect of differential exposure on stress reactions in this particular accident was found to be nil, when the effect of prior friendship was controlled. The incidence of moderate and severe stress reactions was high in the initial acute phase and decreased markedly by 9 months. The professional help received and interest in future help were related to personal loss and to the extent of stress reactions both after 1 week and 9 months. Implications for disaster intervention were drawn.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results support the hypothesis that poorer attention of children of depressed women is at least in part mediated by inculcation.
Abstract: Twenty-five mother-toddler dyads with depressed mothers were compared with 25 dyads with well mothers on measures of attention during 20 min of spontaneous play in a home-like setting. Children of depressed women focused attention on more objects for shorter durations. Group differences could be accounted for by mothers' involvement in their children's play. Depressed women initiated and terminated more instances of attention to objects than well mothers. Correlations between maternal behaviors and children's attention were statistically significant. Results support the hypothesis that poorer attention of children of depressed women is at least in part mediated by inculcation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that allozyme polymorphisms in wild emmer wheat are partly adaptive, and that they differentiate at both single and multilocus structures primarily from environmental stress of such ecological factors as soil type, topography, and temporal changes, probably through aridity stress.
Abstract: Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 47 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 1983/4 and 1984/5 in 356 individual plants of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, from a microsite at Tabigha, north of the Sea of Galilee, Israel. Each year the test involved two 100-meter transects, each equally subdivided into basalt and terra rossa soil types, and comparisons were based on 16 common polymorphic loci. Significant genetic differentiation, genetic phase disequilibria, and genome organization according to soil type were found over very short distances. Our results suggest that allozyme polymorphisms in wild emmer wheat are partly adaptive, and that they differentiate at both single and multilocus structures primarily from environmental stress of such ecological factors as soil type, topography, and temporal changes, probably through aridity stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that a strong professional identity coexists with a pronounced critical stance, consistent with Herzberg's two-factor theory of work motivation that views higher-order "motivators" such as the professional identity here assessed, as relatively independent of lower-order “hygiene” needs.
Abstract: Members of the faculties of Engineering and Sciences were surveyed at the Israel Institute of Technology (N = 247) and Tel Aviv University (N = 112) as to identification with, criticism of, and feelings about their respective institutions, as well as recommendations for possible improvement. Findings showed that a strong professional identity coexists with a pronounced critical stance. Findings are consistent with Herzberg's two-factor theory of work motivation that views higherorder “motivators”, such as the professional identity here assessed, as relatively independent of lower-order “hygiene” needs, mainly working conditions. The strong professional identity of engineering and science faculties would seem to minimize the likelihood of a massive exodus to industry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that allozyme polymorphisms in wild emmer wheat are partly adaptive, and differentiate primarily at the multilocus level by climatic factors presumably related to aridity stress.
Abstract: Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 48 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 1984 and 1985 in 137 individual plants of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, from a microsite in Yehudiyya, northeast of the Lake of Galilee, Israel. The test involved two climatic microniches in the open Tabor oak forest (1) sunny between trees and (2) shady under trees' canopies. Significant genetic differentiation at single-, two- and multilocus structures was found between neighboring climatic niches, which were only separated by a few meters. Our results suggest that allozyme polymorphisms in wild emmer wheat are partly adaptive, and differentiate primarily at the multilocus level by climatic factors presumably related to aridity stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An ecological test of protein polymorphism in 13 unrelated genera of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, involving 21 species, 142 populations and 5474 individuals finds genetic parallelism across most taxa, and most loci.
Abstract: We have conducted an ecological test of protein polymorphism in 13 unrelated genera of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, involving 21 species, 142 populations and 5474 individuals. Each was tested, on average, for 27 enzymatic gene loci. These species varied in population size and structure, life histories and biogeographical origins, but they largely share a geographically short (260 km) and ecologically stressful gradient of increasing aridity in Israel, both eastward and (mainly) southward. We found genetic parallelism across most taxa, and most loci. Observed average heterozygosity, H, and gene diversity, He, were positively and overall significantly correlated with rainfall variation. This result corroborates the environmental theory of genetic diversity, primarily the niche-width variation hypothesis in both space and time. Our results are inconsistent with the neutral theory of molecular evolution and suggest that natural selection appears to be an important differentiating evolutionary force at the protein level.

Journal ArticleDOI
Batia Laufer1
TL;DR: The authors discusses an error pattern in vocabulary learning called confusion of'synforms (words of similar form) and defines, illustrates and classifies synforms into categories on the basis of their features of similarity.
Abstract: The paper discusses an error pattern in vocabulary learning — confusion of'synforms’ (words of similar form). It defines, illustrates and classifies synforms into categories on the basis of their features of similarity. In categories 1–5, synforms are different from each other in an affix and identical in their root; categories 6–9 include synforms differing from each other in one phoneme, vowel or consonant. In category 10, synforms are identical in consonants, but different in some or all of their vowels. It is argued that the study of synforms may shed light not only on the phenomenon of synformic confusions as such, but also on the representation and organisation of lexical items in the learner's lexicon, on language learning processes and on vocabulary teaching requirements.

Journal ArticleDOI
Freema Elbaz1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the processes by which teachers acquire the ability to engage in reflection on their teaching and suggest three stages which are important in working toward the development of selfreflexiveness, to account for some of the difficulties experienced by both teachers and instructor.
Abstract: This article considers the processes by which teachers acquire the ability to engage in reflection on their teaching. The discussion draws on the author's experience with practising teachers who attended university seminars on the topic of teacher thinking. The work of Freire is used to suggest three stages which are important in working toward the development of self‐reflexiveness, to account for some of the difficulties experienced by both teachers and instructor, and to generate approaches to the enhancement of teachers' ability to reflect critically on their practice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine sex-group differences in anxiety, curiosity, and anger, as states and traits, among Israeli college students, and compare the data with norms available for American students.
Abstract: The major aim of the present study was to examine sex-group differences in anxiety, curiosity, and anger, as states and traits, among Israeli college students, and to compare the data with norms available for American students. The sample was composed of 223 female and 151 male students who were administered the Hebrew version of Spielberger's State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI/HB). Significant differences in the STPI/HB profile for males and females were observed, with greater sex-group differentiation on the trait scales than on the state scales. Specifically, Israeli females show higher levels of Trait-Anxiety and Trait-Anger than Israeli males, whereas higher levels of State-Curiosity are observed among the latter. Overall, the sex difference profiles are highly comparable for Israeli and American college students. Observed sex-group differences are discussed and explicated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The unique organization of the cochlea of Spalax among mammals is described, where in the apical subsystem the fluid space and the organ of Corti differ remarkably from that in the basal subsystem, a feature as yet unknown in other mammals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between humor and coping with stress for trainees in a course for combat NCOs in the Israel Defense Forces and found that humor as rated by peers (but not by self-report) was positively related to performance under stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered a class of social dilemma situations in which subjects are instructed that there is a certain amount of money, x, that can be made available to them collectively and all they have to do is to request, individually and anonymously, how much money they, as individuals, want.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, several properties of shelter were analyzed for their importance in den selection by the California spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus (Randall), and it was found that dens of spiny lobsters usually had more than one entrance and that entrances were much smaller than the inner diameter of a den.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined sociocultural variations of gender differences reflected in the future orientation of Israeli Jews and Arabs as cases of modernity vs. transition to modernity, respectively, and found that these gender differences are sustained by the developmental settings of Jewish and Arab adolescents.
Abstract: The present study examines sociocultural variations of gender differences reflected in the future orientation of Israeli Jews and Arabs as cases of modernity vs. transition to modernity, respectively. One hundred and twelve Jewish adolescents (61 males and 51 females) and 116 Arab adolescents (67 males and 49 females), all high school seniors in a college-bound program, responded to an open-ended future orientation questionnaire and listed their hopes and fears for the future. These responses were categorized into eight life domains (school and matriculation, military service, higher education, work and career, marriage and family, self, others, collective issues) and each domain was analyzed in terms of salience (i.e., importance and interest, assessed by number of pertinent statements) and specificity (i.e., extent of detail and concreteness, rated on a 1–3 scale). Results supported the hopothesized instrumental-expressive division between Jewish males and females and the primacy of higher education for Arab females. Analysis employing U. Bronfenbrenner's (The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979) ecological model of development suggests that these gender differences are sustained by the developmental settings of Jewish and Arab adolescents.

Journal ArticleDOI
Uri Zoller1
TL;DR: The non-linear cheletropic fragmentation of these relatively stable hypervalent sulfuranes appears to be general for this class of compounds (3 or 4), and the experimental results are in accord with theoretical considerations as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A theory that may reconcile the differences is outlined and supported by data from a choice study, and improvements to the theory may also account for the effects of context on phrase meaning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a lower confidence bound is obtained for Pr(Y > X|z 1, z 2), where X and Y are independent normal variables, with explanatory variables z 1 and z 2, respectively.
Abstract: A lower confidence bound is obtained for Pr(Y > X|z 1, z 2), where X and Y are independent normal variables, with explanatory variables z 1 and z 2, respectively. For equal residual variances, an exact solution is obtained, but for the unequal variance case, an approximate lower confidence bound is developed. Examples of the use of these procedures are given.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The low frequency of this call seems to be a specialization to life in underground tunnels, with energy spread primarily from 0.5 to 4.5 kHz.
Abstract: Calls used during courtship were analyzed for 59 male mole rats ( Spalax ehrenbergi ). The x ± SD of the main frequency was 568.0 ± 35.6 Hz, the lower value of the main frequency according to sonograms was 502.3 ± 36.9 Hz, and the pulse repetition rate was 23.7 ± 2.8/s. Calls are noisy, with energy spread primarily from 0.5 to 4.5 kHz. The low frequency of this call seems to be a specialization to life in underground tunnels.

Journal ArticleDOI
Ur Shlonsky1
TL;DR: The analysis proposed for the Hebrew complementizer še in this paper may be taken as an argument in favor of the structure given in (20) above, and it is shown thatše fails to trigger complementizer-trace phenomena.
Abstract: I have tried to show that the complementizer se adjoins to or substitutes for an X0 category on its right. This process of syntactic movement vacates the head of the CP node. That is why se fails to trigger complementizer-trace phenomena. I have assumed in this paper the X-bar schemata proposed in Chomsky (1986). Specifically, I adopted the proposal that the X-bar convention carries over to the non-lexical projections of COMP and INFL. Under this view, S' is a projection of C(OMP), labelled CP and has the structure given in (20), with [SPEC/CP] being the landing-site of Whoperators and the head of CP, the node under which the complementizer is generated. Note, now that in a theory where COMP and S' are taken to be defective categories from the point of view of X-bar theory, the first because it does not project beyond its head, the second because it fails to have either a SPEC or a head, it is hard to motivate movement of a complementizer.13 If Wh-movement involves adjunction to COMP, as a number of theories have held, it is hard to see how movement of COMP itself, that is, the category to which Wh-elements adjoin, could be licensed. In the theory advanced in Chomsky (1986), movement of a complementizer is a sub-case of Head Movement, a perfectly licit and familiar sort of movement. The analysis proposed for the Hebrew complementizer se in this paper may thus be taken as an argument in favor of the structure in (20) above.