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Showing papers by "University of Haifa published in 1992"


Journal ArticleDOI
Ruth Kimchi1
TL;DR: The research within the global/local paradigm is reviewed, and it is suggested that a direct comparison between processing of wholistic and component properties is needed to support the hypothesis about the perceptual primacy ofWholistic processing.
Abstract: The question of whether perception is analytic or wholistic is an enduring issue in psychology. The global-precedence hypothesis, considered by many as a modern version of the Gestaltist claim about the perceptual primacy of wholes, has generated a large body of research, but the debate still remains very active. This article reviews the research within the global/local paradigm, and critically analyzes the assumptions underlying this paradigm. The extent to which this line of research contributes to understanding the role of wholistic processing in object perception is discussed. It is concluded that one should be very cautious in making inferences about wholistic processing from the processing advantage of the global level of stimulus structure. A distinction is proposed between global properties, defined by their position in the hierarchical structure of the stimulus, and wholistic properties, defined as a function of interrelations among component parts. It is suggested that a direct comparison between processing of wholistic and component properties is needed to support the hypothesis about the perceptual primacy of wholistic processing.

699 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a critical review of all theoretical aspects of the destination-choice process is presented, followed by a discussion of the role of motivation in travel behavior and its complex nature.

604 citations


Book
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: Eventually, you will entirely discover a new experience and talent by spending more cash, which will guide you to understand more just about the globe, experience, some places, when history, amusement, and a lot more.
Abstract: Eventually, you will entirely discover a new experience and talent by spending more cash. yet when? do you agree to that you require to get those all needs afterward having significantly cash? Why don't you attempt to get something basic in the beginning? That's something that will guide you to understand even more just about the globe, experience, some places, when history, amusement, and a lot more?

278 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper replaces quadratic additive terms in the objectives of the subproblems with more general D-functions which resemble (but are not strictly) distance functions which, when used in the proximal minimization algorithm, preserve its overall convergence.
Abstract: The original proximal minimization algorithm employs quadratic additive terms in the objectives of the subproblems. In this paper, we replace these quadratic additive terms by more generalD-functions which resemble (but are not strictly) distance functions. We characterize the properties of suchD-functions which, when used in the proximal minimization algorithm, preserve its overall convergence. The quadratic case as well as an entropy-oriented proximal minimization algorithm are obtained as special cases.

264 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the effects of political system type, distance, wealth, economic growth, alliances, and political stability on the rarity of conflict between democracies, and found that democracies engage in militarized disputes with each other less than would be expected by chance.
Abstract: Scholars increasingly are accepting the empirical generalization that democracies almost never go to war with each other, and infrequently even engage in militarized disputes with each other. It has not been clear, however, whether the rarity of conflict between democracies is caused by some aspect of being democratic, or whether it is caused by some other variable or variables that may be correlated with democracy. Using data on all independent states for the period 1946–1986, we examine the effects of political system type, distance, wealth, economic growth, alliances, and political stability. The results suggest that, although most of the other variables do have an effect, as hypothesized, there still seems to be an independent effect of political system type: democracies engage in militarized disputes with each other less than would be expected by chance. The effect may be enhanced by political stability; that is, states which can be perceived as stable democracies are less likely to be involved in di...

253 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a multiple caretaker environment, non-parental caregivers can be important attachment figures with considerable impact on children's later socioemotional development as discussed by the authors, which can be seen as a form of attachment.
Abstract: In a multiple caretaker environment, nonparental caregivers can be important attachment figures with considerable impact on children's later socioemotional development.

238 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the symbolic role of place-names as expressions of ideological values is discussed, where they are symbolic elements of landscape that reflect abstract or concrete national and local sentiments.
Abstract: This paper deals with the symbolic role of place-names as expressions of ideological values. Names are symbolic elements of landscape that reflect abstract or concrete national and local sentiments...

190 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship of coping resources, optimism, perceived control, and coping strategies, to anxiety, to physical symptoms, and to cognitive functioning during a real crisis.
Abstract: The coping process was examined in a group of Israeli subjects experiencing SCUD missile attacks during the Persian Gulf War. We were interested in examining the relationship of coping resources, optimism, perceived control, and coping strategies, to anxiety, to physical symptoms, and to cognitive functioning during a real crisis. Data were gathered via structured questionnaires in the midst of the Persian Gulf War (February 1991) on a sample of 261 adult respondents residing in northern Israel. Although people reported a mixture of palliative and active coping strategies, it was the use of palliative coping efforts that predicted greater anxiety and physical symptoms. Subjects with greater coping resources used more palliative and active coping strategies and had higher cognitive functioning. However, active coping did not predict any of the negative stress reactions (i.e., anxiety and physical symptoms). People who perceived being in control of the situation reported using less palliative coping and fewer symptoms. That active coping did not predict negative stress reactions may have been a function of the severity of the stressor, and the resultant high levels of anxiety that were engendered. Overall, these findings do point to a different coping process in a grave and ongoing disaster situation than that reported in reaction to more normal life events.

129 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Batia Laufer1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how L2 reading is affected by L2 proficiency as reflected in the learners' lexical level and by hidher general academic ability (including the reading ability in Ll) on the other hand.
Abstract: Reading in a foreign language is believed to be both a reading problem and an L2 problem. It is still unclear, however, how the two factors interact in determining the reading results in L2. The study investigates how L2 reading is affected by L2 proficiency as reflected in the learners' lexical level on the one hand and by hidher general academic ability (including the reading ability in Ll) on the other hand. Sixty four EFL learners took part in the study. For each subject, three scores were compared: vocabulary size in L2, general academic ability, and L2 reading. The results show that 1. with vocabulary size of fewer than 3000 word families (5000 lexical items), no amount of general ability will make the learner read well; 2. with vocabulary size of 5000 word families (8000 lexical items), reading in L2 will be satisfactory whatever the general ability; 3. with vocabulary size of 3000-4000 word families (about 5000-6500 lexical items), L2 reading may or may not be influenced by general ability. Practical implications of the results are suggested.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present, discuss, and competitively test two models for this class of social dilemmas, one postulating maximization of expected utility and the other yielding an equitable solution.
Abstract: Twelve groups of five subjects each participated in a nonco-operative game in which each member of a group receives the same endowment and must then decide independently and anonymously how much of it to contribute to the group benefit. Regardless of the size of his or her contribution, each member receives the same reward if, and only if, the sum of contributions is equal to or larger than a prespecified provision threshold. The results show that the level of contribution depends on the provision threshold, and that it increases when contributions are not restricted to be all-or-none. We present, discuss, and competitively test two models for this class of social dilemmas, one postulating maximization of expected utility and the other yielding an equitable solution.

119 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the results of two studies designed to investigate interactive behavior in two-person zero-sum games and assess the descriotive power of the minimax hypothesis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that variation in the heat of the fire, in the amount of ash between burned pine trees of different sizes, and in the distance from the burned canopy are responsible for the observed pattern of seedling distribution.
Abstract: The spatial distribution of seedlings of the dominant perennial plant species (Pinus halepensis, Cistus salviifolius, Rhus coriaria) and may annual species was studied after a wild fire in an eastern Mediterranean pine forest. The spatial distribution of all seedlings is affected by the location of the old burned pine trees. Seedling density of Pinus and Cistus is higher at a distance from the burned pine canopy and lower near the burned pine trunk. It is also higher beneath small burned pine trees than under big ones. Rhus seedling density is higher under big burned pine trees and also near the burned trunks. Seedlings of Pinus, Cistus and Rhus growing under the burned canopy of big pine trees tend to be taller than seedlings under small ones or outside the burned canopy. Most annual species germinate and establish themselves outside the burned canopies, and only a few annual species are found beneath them. It is suggested that variation in the heat of the fire, in the amount of ash between burned pine trees of different sizes, and in the distance from the burned canopy are responsible for the observed pattern of seedling distribution. The possible ecological significance of the spatial pattern of seedlings distribution and their differential growth rate are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
Freema Elbaz1
TL;DR: This article identified three aspects of the moral in teacher knowledge: a sense of hope, attentiveness to particular students, and caring for difference among students, which operate counter to the technocratic world view that is prevalent in modern educational settings.

Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: The article focuses on the economic circumstances and the family arrangements that govern the labor supply of Hispanic immigrant wives in the United States. We use a two-stage estimation procedure ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the process of ethnic identity formation among two different groups of recent immigrants to the United States: secular kibbutz-born Israelis and middle-class Haitians, and identified the role of the "proximal host", the category to which the immigrants would be assigned following immigration.
Abstract: This article examines the process of ethnic identity formation among two different groups of recent immigrants to the United States: secular kibbutz‐born Israelis and middle‐class Haitians. While the two groups are different in a number of ways, they share an ambivalence with the identities that American society would assign to them ‐ as Jews and blacks respectively. By contrasting these two case studies we identify the role of the ‘proximal host’, the category to which the immigrants would be assigned following immigration. The determination of the ultimate definition of the ethnic identities of these immigrants is a result of the interaction of the conception of identity the immigrants bring with them from their countries of origin, the definitions and reactions of the proximal host group, and the overall ordering and definitions of American society. The ambivalence of both groups of immigrants towards their post‐immigration identities is a result of both macro‐forces determining the definition...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The therapeutic effects of this vasodilator are not superior to a placebo, and nonsignificant differences between the groups on all outcome indices measured are indicated.
Abstract: Twenty-seven patients suffering from sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a treatment group (n = 13) receiving intravenous procaine and low-molecular-weight dextran, and a placebo control group (n = 14). The effect of treatment was analyzed by means of an analysis of variance and covariance procedures. Results indicated nonsignificant differences between the groups on all outcome indices measured. Sex, age, time since the onset of symptoms to the initiation of therapy, audiogram configuration, and initial severity of hearing loss did not significantly affect the results. These findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of this vasodilator are not superior to a placebo.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lobsters demonstrated a significant preference for shelters with more than one opening and for those that were in a horizontal as opposed to vertical position and it is suggested that these characteristics are anti-predator adaptations of S. latus which lack any morphology for active defense.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider a class of resource dilemmas where members of groups of size n are asked to share a common resource pool whose exact size, x, is not known.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of some contemporary and historical deeply divided societies shows a great diversity of modes of conflict-regulation consisting of variations of partition, violence, domination and accommodation as discussed by the authors, suggesting that unilateral or violent management of communal conflicts is not inevitable.
Abstract: A review of some contemporary and historical deeply divided societies shows a great diversity of modes of conflict-regulation consisting of variations of partition, violence, domination and accommodation This wide range of alternatives suggests that unilateral or violent management of communal conflicts is not inevitable Four options for dealing with deep internal ethnic conflicts are presented Partition is suitable only in certain cases where the groups have incompatible nationalisms and they are largely territorially separated Ethnic democracy combines genuine democratic institutions with ethnic dominance and appears when strong majorities espouse integral, exclusionary nationalism and a commitment to democracy Consociational democracy is a compromise which grants equal status and veto power to the constituent groups and hence fits situations of lack of a clear majority or a strong dominant group A liberal democracy is another mode which is also possible to apply to highly split societies in which large sections of the population deny or wish to diminish ethnic affiliations These four options are illustrated by applying them to four high conflict areas: partition to the West Bank and Gaza, ethnic democracy to Israel, consociational democracy to Lebanon and liberal democracy to South Africa It is concluded that deeply divided societies differ markedly in the appropriate form of conflict-regulation which varies according to the history and specific patterns of intercommunal relations

Journal ArticleDOI
Moshe Inbar1
01 Jun 1992-Catena
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the relationship between sediment yield trends and precipitation values within each area and compared trends along different areas. And they found that there is a decrease in sediment yield with increasing precipitation, while non climatic factors such as relief and human impact may explain the higher rate of sediment yield for the Pacific coastal areas.
Abstract: Rates of erosion in mediterranean type climate areas are variable and they depend on climatic, physiographic and human factors. Available data from four mediterranean climatic areas are analysed, in order to find a relationship between sediment yield trends and precipitation values within each area and to compare trends along different areas. It may be inferred that there is a decrease in sediment yield with increasing precipitation; two distinctive curves are noticed: one for Israel and Spain, with a sediment peak at 300 mm of annual precipitation and a decreasing rate of 50 t/km−2/yr−1 for 100 mm of increasing annual rainfall, and the other for the Pacific coast areas — California and Chile — with a sediment peak at 400 mm and a faster decreasing rate of 100 t/km−2/yr−1 every 100 mm increase of rainfall. Non climatic factors, such as relief and human impact, may explain the higher rate of sediment yield for the Pacific coastal areas. The general trend of the “Langbein-Schumm curve”, determining an established correlation between mean annual precipitation and sediment yield, is valid for the analysed areas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that although some of the objections to implementing Condorcet's proposal may have been valid in the past, none seems to be valid any longer.
Abstract: This paper focuses on decision-making by voting in systems at all levels: the grass-root organization, the community, the nation and the international system. It examines several possible reasone why Condorcet's rule for electing m out of n candidates (where 1 ≤ m < n and n ≥ 3) has hitherto not been implemented in any public elections, despite the fact that this rule was proposed over 200 years ago and is recognized in the social-choice literature as superior to all other known majoritarian voting procedures, in terms of the normative criteria used for evaluating such procedures. It is argued that although some of the objections to implementing Condorcet's proposal may have been valid in the past, none seems to be valid any longer. In connection with one of these objections — the possible existence of cycles in the social preference ordering — we describe three solutions that refine Condorcet's original proposal. A call is made for the actual implementation of Condorcet-type procedures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Daily circadian rhythms of body temperature (Tb) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured in two murid species, which occupy extremely different habitats in Israel, and Acomys russatus exhibits a tendency towards a nocturnal activity pattern, compared to the diurnal activity displayed by this species under natural conditions.
Abstract: Daily circadian rhythms of body temperature (Tb) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured in two murid species, which occupy extremely different habitats in Israel. The golden spiny mouse (Acomys mssalus) is a diurnal murid distributed in arid and hot parts of the great Syrio-African Rift Valley, while the broad-toothed field mouse (Apodeinns mystacinus) is a nocturnal species that inhabits the Mediterranean woodlands. In both species, the daily rhythms of Tb and VO2 are entrained by the photoperiod. Under laboratory experimental conditions (ambient temperature Ta = 33oC and photoperiod regime of 12L: 12D), Acomys russatus exhibits a tendency towards a nocturnal activity pattern, compared to the diurnal activity displayed by this species under natural conditions. Under the same photoperiod regime and at Ta = 28oC, Apodemus mystacinus displays nocturnal activity, as observed under natural conditions. The maximal values of Tb were recorded in Acomys russatus at midnight (23:50 h), while the maximal values...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A link between both subjective and objective sleep measures with temperament dimensions was indicated, and the modest association between sleep and temperament may suggest either a continuity between some aspects of day- and night-time functioning or, alternatively, the influence of the child's sleep behavior in shaping the mother's perceptions of her toddler's temperament.
Abstract: Objective steep measures derived from a computerized movement detector attached (o the child's leg, were obtained for a group of 31 toddlers (mean age: 18.5 months). The monitored sleep parameters were compared with maternal assessment of the child's sleep and her perception of his temperament. The validity of maternal diaries as a measure of the child's sleep was not supported. Nevertheless, a link between both subjective and objective sleep measures with temperament dimensions was indicated. The modest association between sleep and temperament may suggest either a continuity between some aspects of day- and night-time functioning or, alternatively, the influence of the child's Sleep behavior in shaping the mother's perceptions of her toddlers temperament.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined socioculturel and gender group differences in perceptions of major sources of academic stress in first year college students, in addition to the relationship between reported academic stress and college achievement.
Abstract: This study examined socioculturel and gender group differences in perceptions of major sources of academic stress in first year college students, in addition to the relationship between reported academic stress and college achievement. Data were collected via a self-administered student stress inventory given to a sample of 184 Jewish and 209 Arab college undergraduates studying in a major Israel university. They evaluated the personal stressfulness of each of 53 potential sources of academic stress along a 6-point Likert-type scale covering a wide range of potential academic Stressors (academic curriculum and course requirements, course evaluation procedures, college instruction, social milieu and cultural factors on campus, college administration and bureaucracy, physical conditions and accommodations, economic factors, organismic and interpersonal factors, student expectations, daily hassles and constraints). Arab, lower-status, and female students were hypothesized and found to be more stressed than their respective Jewish, upper-class and male counterparts, respectively. Cultural group background was found to be the most salient background predictor of student stress, followed by social class and gender, with each exerting independent (noninteractive) effects. Although group differences were observed in mean ratings, there proved to be a strong correspondence in the hierarchy of perceived Stressors across sociocultural and gender subgroups. As a whole, students appeared to be most stressed by pressures originating from course overload and academic evaluation procedures and least stressed by a variety of personal, familial, and social factors. Furthermore, student stress and achievement factors were found to be inversely correlated, with little evidence for the contention that stress differentially debilitates the academic performance of students as a function of gender or sociocultural group membership. The findings also lend some evidence to the cross-cultural generalizability of major stressors in academia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a unified methodology for dealing with both time and failure truncated data is presented, as well as inference for the expected number of failures and the probability of no failures in some given time interval.
Abstract: The power law process has been used to model reliability growth, software reliability and the failure times of repairable systems. This article reviews and further develops Bayesian inference for such a process. The Bayesian approach provides a unified methodology for dealing with both time and failure truncated data. As well as looking at the posterior densities of the parameters of the power law process, inference for the expected number of failures and the probability of no failures in some given time interval is discussed. Aspects of the prediction problem are examined. The results are illustrated with two data examples.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variation at this locus or at loci linked to it may be of adaptive significance and of value in the introgression of genes controlling abiotic stress tolerance from H. spontaneum into the H. vulgare gene pool.
Abstract: Grain isozyme and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) variability was examined in Hordeum spontaneum populations sampled from 27 geographical sites in Israel. Considerable phenotypic variability was observed with variants of ADH1, EST3, EST10, BMY1 and WSP detected, which are not available in the H. vulgare gene pool. Seven new rDNA phenotypes were detected in the H. spontaneum populations. Shannon's index of diversity was used to partition the total phenotypic variation into between and within population components. Most of the variation occurred between H. spontaneum populations. The distribution of both grain isozyme and rDNA phenotypes was non-random and correlated with a range of ecogeographical factors. In particular, the G phenotype of BMY1 was restricted to the Negev Desert and Dead Sea regions of Israel. Over 78% of the variation in the frequency of this particular phenotype could be explained by the number of rainy days per year and mean temperature in January. This suggests that variation at this locus or at loci linked to it may be of adaptive significance and of value in the introgression of genes controlling abiotic stress tolerance from H. spontaneum into the H. vulgare gene pool.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the maximum of the virtual waiting time during a cycle C for a variety of queueing models, including M/M/1 and phase-type service times.
Abstract: The distribution of the maximum of the virtual waiting time during a cycle C is studied for a variety of queueing models. For the M/M/1 queue, the idea is a generalization of the ladder height representation of the steady-state limit V( ∞), and the results are explicit in terms of the failure rate r(u) and the density. For queues with a general Markovian arrival process and phase-type service times, the basic idea is to represent the distribution of (C) by means of a multivariate version r(u) of the failure rate which again is related to generalized ladder heights. The fundamental step in the evaluation of r(u) is the determination of a set of first passage probabilities, which can be done either by solving a set of linear equations, or by deriving a matrix Ricatti differential equation having an explicit matrix-exponential solution; both approaches require the steady-state characteristics. For extreme value theory in the form of studying the asymptotic behaviour of as t → ∞, essentially only the tail cha...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Two-track Model of Bereavement as mentioned in this paper suggests that response to loss can be more effectively assessed when both the behavioral-psychological functioning and the internalized relationship to the deceas...
Abstract: The Two-track Model of Bereavement suggests that response to loss can be more effectively assessed when both the behavioral-psychological functioning and the internalized relationship to the deceas...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued that the origins of the Natufian culture are best explained within a framework of evolving socio-ecological relationships, and the evolution of the Levantine Epipalaeolithic can be traced back to a change from simple, mobile hunter-gathering to one of sedentary complex foraging.
Abstract: The archaeological record of the Levantine Epipalaeolithic has generally been interpreted as showing an abrupt and marked change from a system of simple, mobile hunter-gathering to one of sedentary complex foraging. Thus the Natufian is seen to represent a revolutionary break from its immediate predecessors, the Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran are shown not to conform to the small, simple and mobile paradigm and it is possible to document processual change leading to the Natufian. While the Natufian did emerge within a setting of palaeoenvironmental change, it is argued that the origins of this archaeological culture are best explained within a framework of evolving socioecological relationships.