Showing papers by "University of Haifa published in 1993"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine two explanatory models for the relative lack of conflict between democracies: the normative model suggests that democracies do not fight each other because norms of compromise and cooperation prevent their conflicts of interest from escalating into violent clashes, and the structural model asserts that complex political mobilization processes impose institutional constraints on the leaders of two democracies confronting each other to make violent conflict impossible.
Abstract: Democratic states are in general about as conflict- and war-prone as nondemocracies, but democracies have rarely clashed with one another in violent conflict. We first show that democracy, as well as other factors, accounts for the relative lack of conflict. Then we examine two explanatory models. The normative model suggests that democracies do not fight each other because norms of compromise and cooperation prevent their conflicts of interest from escalating into violent clashes. The structural model asserts that complex political mobilization processes impose institutional constraints on the leaders of two democracies confronting each other to make violent conflict unfeasible. Using different data sets of international conflict and a multiplicity of indicators, we find that (1) democracy, in and of itself, has a consistent and robust negative effect on the likelihood of conflict or escalation in a dyad; (2) both the normative and structural models are supported by the data; and (3) support for the normative model is more robust and consistent.
1,215 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined all three questions within a unified model, with the aim of demystifying the feeling-of-knowing (FOK) phenomenon and showed that the computation of FOK is parasitic on the processes involved in attempting to retrieve the target, relying on the accessibility of pertinent information.
Abstract: Even when Ss fail to recall a solicited target, they can provide feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments about its availability in memory. Most previous studies addressed the question of FOK accuracy, only a few examined how FOK itself is determined, and none asked how the processes assumed to underlie FOK also account for its accuracy. The present work examined all 3 questions within a unified model, with the aim of demystifying the FOK phenomenon. The model postulates that the computation of FOK is parasitic on the processes involved in attempting to retrieve the target, relying on the accessibility of pertinent information. It specifies the links between memory strength, accessibility of correct and incorrect information about the target, FOK judgments, and recognition memory. Evidence from 3 experiments is presented. The results challenge the view that FOK is based on a direct, privileged access to an internal monitor.
782 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analysis examines whether differences in the lengths of time elapsed between the measurement of organizational commitment and departure interact with the career stages of employees in different modalities.
Abstract: This meta-analysis examines whether differences in the lengths of time elapsed between the measurement of organizational commitment and departure interact with the career stages of employees in mod...
462 citations
TL;DR: The DEA efficiency ratings can be useful tool for port managers and for researchers, providing a deeper insight into port performance, and does not require the development of ‘standards’ against which efficiency is measured, although such standards can be incorporated in the DEA analysis.
Abstract: The large variety of factors that influence port performance complicates the determination of port efficiency. This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of efficiency. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), as a it is called, has particular applicability in the service sector. Applying mathematical programming techniques. DEA enables relative efficiency ratings ti be derived within a set of analysed units. Thus it does not require the developmentof ‘standards’ against which efficiency is measured, although such standards can be incorporated in the DEA analysis. The efficiency of units is compared with an ‘efficiency envelope’ that contains the most efficient units in the group. The DEA approach will be demonstrated by a hypothetical numerical example where the performance of 20 ports are compared. The DEA efficiency ratings can be useful tool for port managers and for researchers, providing a deeper insight into port performance. Weaknesses can be detected, leadungs the way to potential improvements.
420 citations
TL;DR: Retinal projections and visual thalamo‐cortical connections were studied in the subterranean mole rat, belonging to the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi, by anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques.
Abstract: Retinal projections and visual thalamo-cortical connections were studied in the subterranean mole rat, belonging to the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi, by anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. Quantitative image analysis was used to estimate the relative density and distribution of retinal input to different primary visual nuclei. The visual system of Spalax presents a mosaic of both regressive and progressive morphological features. Following intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugates, the retina was found to project bilaterally to all visual structures described as receiving retinal afferents in non-fossorial rodents. Structures involved in form analysis and visually guided behaviors are reduced in size by more than 90%, receive a sparse retinal innervation, and are cytoarchitecturally poorly differentiated. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, as defined by cyto- and myelo-architecture, cytochrome oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase distribution as well as by afferent and efferent connections, consists of a narrow sheet 3-5 neurons thick, in the dorsal thalamus. Connections with visual cortex are topographically organized but multiple cortical injections result in widespread and overlapping distributions of geniculate neurons, thus indicating that the cortical map of visual space is imprecise. The superficial layers of the superior colliculus are collapsed to a single layer, and the diffuse ipsilateral distribution of retinal afferents also suggests a lack of precise retinotopic relations. In the pretectum, both the olivary pretectal nucleus and the nucleus of the optic tract could be identified as receiving ipsilateral and contralateral retinal projections. The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus is also bilaterally innervated, but distinct subdivisions of this nucleus or the intergeniculate leaflet could not be distinguished. The retina sends a sparse projection to the dorsal and lateral terminal nuclei of the accessory optic system. The medial terminal nucleus is not present. In contrast to the above, structures of the "non-image forming" visual pathway involved in photoperiodic perception are well developed in Spalax. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives a bilateral projection from the retina and the absolute size, cytoarchitecture, density, and distribution of retinal afferents in Spalax are comparable with those of other rodents. A relatively hypertrophied retinal projection is observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Other regions which receive sparse visual input include the lateral and anterior hypothalamic areas, the retrochiasmatic region, the sub-paraventricular zone, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the anteroventral and anterodorsal nuclei, the lateral habenula, the mediodorsal nucleus, and the basal telencephalon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
227 citations
TL;DR: It is reported here that severe regression of thalamic and tectal structures involved in form and motion perception is coupled to a selective hypertrophy of structures subserving photoperiodic functions and can be explained as an adaptive response to the underground environment.
Abstract: THE mole rat, Spalax ehrenberghi, is an extreme example of natural visual degeneration in mammals: visual pathways are regressed and incomplete1, and the absence of visual cortical potentials or an overt behavioural response to light have led to the conclusion that Spalax is completely blind2–4. But structural and molecular investigations of the atrophied, subcutaneous eye suggest a functional role for the retina in light perception5,6, and entrainment of circadian locomotor and thermoregulatory rhythms by ambient light demonstrates a capacity for photoperiodic detection2,7–9. We report here that severe regression of thalamic and tectal structures involved in form and motion perception is coupled to a selective hypertrophy of structures subserving photoperiodic functions. As an alternative to the prevalent view that ocular regression results from negative or nonselective evolutionary processes10–12, the differential reduction and expansion of visual structures in Spalax can be explained as an adaptive response to the underground environment.
191 citations
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In its normative role, classical decision theory is an abstract system of propositions that is designed to describe the choices of an ideal hypothetical decision maker given the theory's very specific assumptions about the nature of the decision task.
Abstract: In its normative role, classical decision theory is an abstract system of propositions that is designed to describe the choices of an ideal hypothetical decision maker—omniscient, computationally omnipotent Economic Man—given the theory's very specific assumptions about the nature of the decision task. The assumption that classical theory is prescriptively appropriate has motivated nearly 40 years of empirical behavioral research—every study that has evaluated the quality of human decision making using the prescriptions of classical theory as the standard of comparison has been a reaffirmation of this assumption. Even the most casual reader of the decision literature is aware of the research on decision heuristics and biases. This work, started in large part by Ward Edwards, Daniel Kahneman, and Amos Tversky, and subsequently carried on both by them and by many other researchers, focuses upon judgment rather than decision making. However, insofar as it has examined decision making per se, it suggests or documents discrepancies between decision behavior and classical theory.
181 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that grade 10 students do not appreciate the most prevailing contemporary practices in science classes, perceived by them as mainly the copying of the teacher's notes, and that they prefer science teaching and learning in which they take an active and responsible part.
Abstract: Grade 10 students' perceptions of classroom practices and activities, as well as their attitudes toward science teaching and school science, were assessed in the Westend School District (pseudonym) in British Columbia, using both quantitative (statistics of Likert-type scales) and qualitative (critical interpretive analysis of interview data) methods. The major findings of the study were that students do not appreciate the most prevailing contemporary practices in science classes, perceived by them as mainly the copying of the teacher's notes, and that they prefer science teaching and learning in which they take an active and responsible part. Additionally, teaching style appears to be the major determinant of high school students' attitudes toward science and science teaching. No change in students' perceptions of and attitudes toward science teaching and school science (in 1989 compared with 1986) could be detected in spite of the impact made by the recently advocated constructivist and science-technology-society (STS) approaches on science curriculum and science education. It is argued, therefore, that more emphasis must be placed on the science teachers' role and their teaching style if an educational change in the constructivist/STS direction is to be achieved.
172 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, detailed measurements of soil nutrients, runoff and sediment discharge were made in two plots about 200 m 2 each in a plantation of Aleppo and Brutia pine in the Mediterranean climatic region of Israel.
Abstract: Summary Detailed measurements of soil nutrients, runoff and sediment discharge were made in two plots about 200 m 2 each in a plantation of Aleppo and Brutia pine in the Mediterranean climatic region of Israel. One of the plots was affected by a moderate wildfire at the end of summer 1988. The soil nutrient content in the burnt plot was increased significantly. Runoff and erosion rates were low in both plots. However, on the burnt plot they were lower than on the unburnt plot, due to increased infiltration capacity. These results suggest that light and moderate forest fires may increase soil fertility without causing a marked difference in soil runoff and erosion.
113 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined patterns of avoidance and preference for phrasal verbs or equivalent single-word verbs among Swedish learners of English and found that avoidance is determined more by a systemic incongruence between the first language and the second language than by the inherent difficulty of L2 forms.
Abstract: Among the structural and lexical factors claimed to account for avoidance in second language learning are (a) cross-linguistic difference, (b) cross-linguistic similarity, and (c) intrinsic complexity of the second language features avoided. This paper examines patterns of avoidance and preference for phrasal verbs or equivalent single-word verbs among Swedish learners of English. We assumed that if the subjects avoided English phrasal verbs, particularly the figurative ones, even though phrasal verbs exist in Swedish, this would indicate that inherent semantic difficulty of second language forms was the main factor contributing to the avoidance behavior. If, on the other hand, the learners did not show any preference for one-word verb forms in English, or indeed favored the phrasal forms, this would support the assumption that avoidance or nonavoidance depends largely on differences or similarities between the native and the foreign language.A multiple-choice test and a translation test were given to two groups of advanced Swedish-speaking learners of English. Each test consisted of 20 sentences, allowing for the choice of either a phrasal or a synonymous single-word verb. The test answers showed that the Swedish learners avoided neither phrasal verbs in general nor the figurative ones in particular, regardless of whether the verbs were similar to, or different from, their Swedish translation equivalents. Furthermore, the results were compared to the avoidance patterns of a group of advanced Hebrew-speaking learners of English. From the comparison it emerged that the Swedish learners usedsignificantly more phrasal verbs than the Israelis, notably figurative ones. These results suggest that the avoidance is determined more by a systemic incongruence between the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) than by the inherent difficulty of L2 forms.
108 citations
TL;DR: The authors compare spoken and signed languages in two modalities to establish modality independent linguistic universals, and accounting for modality-dependent structure and organisation, which is of theoretical importance for both reasons.
Abstract: The study of phonological structure and patterns across languages is seen by contemporary phonologists as a way of gaining insight into language as a cognitive system. Traditionally, phonologists have focused on spoken languages. More recently, we have observed a growing interest in the grammatical system underlying signed languages of the deaf. This development in the field of phonology provides a natural laboratory for investigating language universals. As grammatical systems, in part, reflect the modality in which they are expressed, the comparison of spoken and signed languages permits us to separate those aspects of grammar which are modality-dependent from those which are shared by all human languages. On the other hand, modality-dependent characteristics must also be accounted for by a comprehensive theory of language. Comparing languages in two modalities is therefore of theoretical importance for both reasons: establishing modality-independent linguistic universals, and accounting for modality-dependent structure and organisation.
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analysis examines whether the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover differs across occupational groups and it was suggested that the OC-turnover relationship will be correlated with turnover.
Abstract: This meta-analysis examines whether the relationship between organizational commitment (OC) and turnover differs across occupational groups. It was suggested that the OC-turnover relationship will ...
TL;DR: The authors found that the building blocks on which the teaching of energy is based are held even by fifth and sixth graders, which implies that the process of learning about energy may begin from fifth grade onwards in primary schools.
Abstract: This paper reports on a study which attempts to answer the question: at what age may children usefully be taught about energy? It has been shown in previous studies that conceptual change strategies, based on children's prior knowledge about energy, have been successful with 9th‐grade students. This study shows that the ‘building blocks’ on which the teaching of energy is based are held even by fifth and sixth graders. This implies that the process of learning about energy may begin from fifth grade onwards in primary schools.
TL;DR: Assessment of the ecological significance of NST by comparing various parameters concerning NST, RMR and overall minimal thermal conductance revealed that RMR is an adaptive parameter and has an allometric relation with body mass.
TL;DR: A way computer simulations can be used to address the problem of teaching for conceptual change and understanding by embedding the relevant physical laws directly into the program code and allowing for genuine discoveries.
Abstract: In this paper, we consider a way computer simulations can be used to address the problem of teaching for conceptual change and understanding. After identifying three levels of understanding of a natural phenomenon (concrete, conceptual, and metaconceptual) that need to be addressed in school science, and classifying computer model systems and simulations more generally in terms of the design choices facing the programmer, we argue that there are ways to design computer simulations that can make them more powerful than laboratory models. In particular, computer simulations that provide an explicit representation for a set of interrelated concepts allow students to perceive what cannot be directly observed in laboratory experiments: representations for the concepts and ideas used for interpreting the experiment. Further, by embedding the relevant physical laws directly into the program code, these simulations allow for genuine discoveries. We describe how we applied these ideas in developing a computer simulation for a particular set of purposes: to help students grasp the distinction between mass and density and to understand the phenomenon of flotation in terms of these concepts. Finally, we reflect on the kinds of activities such conceptually enhanced simulations allow that may be important in bringing about the desired conceptual change.
TL;DR: The authors examined how moral judgments are applied to events in other cultures and found that subjects make both universal and relativistic judgments, contingent on the types of beliefs held in the culture to which the moral judgments were applied.
Abstract: This study examined how moral judgments are applied to events in other cultures. It was hypothesized that subjects make both universal and relativistic judgments, contingent on the types of beliefs held in the culture to which the moral judgments were applied. It was furthermore expected that subjects would be both relativists and universalists at all ages. 72 subjects (aged 11–9, 15–10, and 21–3 years) were asked to apply moral judgments which they had made about a familiar context to 2 types of cultures, 1 where different informational beliefs were held and 1 where different moral beliefs were held. The results confirmed the hypotheses. Most subjects, at all ages, contextualized their moral judgments when they applied them to cultures with different informational beliefs but made nonrelativistic judgments with respect to cultures with opposing moral beliefs. Furthermore, subjects justified their relativistic judgments on informational grounds and their nonrelativistic judgments on moral grounds. These findings demonstrated that nonrelativistic and relativistic thinking coexist throughout a wide age range and underscored the need to distinguish between moral and nonmoral relativism when studying developmental patterns in the moral domain.
TL;DR: Overall, the program had a positive effect on attitudes, emotions, knowledge and awareness of distress coping skills and had some degree of face validity and social validity from the students' vantage point, lending support to the feasibility of a cognitive-behavioral, school-based prevention program for students' distress-coping enhancement.
TL;DR: It is generally accepted that there are three major phonological elements in the signs of sign language: (i) the shape of the hand, (ii) the location of hand on or near the body, and (iii) the movement of hand.
Abstract: It is generally accepted that there are three major categories of phonological elements in the signs of sign language: (i) the shape of the hand, (ii) the location of the hand on or near the body and (iii) the movement of the hand – either (a) movement of the fingers or palm at a single location or (b) movement of the whole hand along a path from one location to another. It has further been argued that each of these categories consists of hierarchically organised classes of features (Sandler 1987b, 1989a).
TL;DR: The results indicate that students’ entry-level knowledge in microbiology was equal for both groups, and women in the experimental group achieved significantly higher scores than those of girls in the control group.
Abstract: A modular course in microbiology that included the simulation software The Growth Curve of Microorganisms was taught to 181 students from five 10th-grade classes. The goal of the study was to investigate the impact of Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL) integrated with classroom-laboratory instruction versus classroom-laboratory work alone on students’ achievement and mastery of science process skills. The results indicate that students’ entry-level knowledge in microbiology was equal for both groups. On the posttest, the experimental group achieved a significantly higher mean score on academic achievement. There were no significant differences within the groups by gender. Between the groups, girls in the experimental group achieved significantly higher scores than those of girls in the control group. The experimental group performed significantly better on three science process skills: (a) graph communication, (b) interpreting data, and (c) controlling variables. The integration of CAL into the exis...
TL;DR: In this paper, a 20-item Tendency to Gossip Questionnaire (TGQ) was developed and validated against peer ratings using 30 kibbutz members and four possible subscales of gossip content emerged through factor analysis: physical appearance, achievement, social information, and sublimated gossip.
Abstract: A newly-developed 20-item Tendency to Gossip Questionnaire (TGQ) is described. TGQ scores were normally distributed and showed high internal consistency (.87) for a sample of 120 students (58 female, 62 male). TGQ scores for females were significantly higher than those for males. The TGQ was validated against peer ratings using 30 kibbutz members. The TGQ's relationship to social desirability and vocational interest in people-oriented professions were studied. Four possible subscales of gossip content emerged through factor analysis: (1) physical appearance, (2) achievement, (3) social information, and (4) sublimated gossip.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that any reducible element in an atomic domain is a product of two irreducible elements (i.e., every nonzero nonunit in the atomic domain of a non-zero unit is a Product of Two Infinities).
TL;DR: In this article, a model enabling the computation of the coupling distribution and other statistical parameters of interest, such as coupling distribution's expectation and standard deviation, is developed, and its results compare well with computations based on the analytical model.
Abstract: The authors point out that the random positioning of wires, as described here, frequently occurs in practice since the relative positions of the wires are often unknown. Consequently, the problem of crosstalk has a probabilistic nature and needs to be analyzed accordingly. The problem of two wires whose heights above ground and whose distance of separation are known only probabilistically is considered. A model enabling the computation of the coupling distribution and other statistical parameters of interest, such as the coupling distribution's expectation and standard deviation, is developed. A simulation was performed, and its results compare well with computations based on the analytical model. >
TL;DR: The data suggest that the more accurate estimate of true protein (Y) from Kjeldahl total nitrogen (X) should be based on the highly significant linear regression between these two variables:Y=4.885X−0.6.
Abstract: The protein content of pulps of 26 fleshy fruit species from east Mediterranean habitats in Israel were estimated using two different methods: (1) the Kjeldahl procedure in which the total recovered nitrogen is multiplied by 6.25 to estimate total proteins, and (2) amino acid analysis by amino acid analyzer. The average protein content obtained by the Kjeldahl procedure was 5.75% (dry weight) while it was only 3.90% when amino acids were analyzed. The higher value of protein content by the Kjeldahl procedure is most likely the result of a relatively high proportion of nonprotein nitrogen compounds (31%) in these pulps. Therefore the 6.25 factor is not valid and a 4.05 factor may be more accurate for assessing the true protein content of these fleshy fruits. The data also suggest that the more accurate estimate of true protein (Y) from Kjeldahl total nitrogen (X) should be based on the highly significant linear regression between these two variables:Y=4.885X−0.6.
TL;DR: The most salient coping tactics found among men and women alike were active seeking of information by way of the media, acceptance of the situation, taking action, planning, positive reinterpretation, and seeking out of social support for emotional reasons.
TL;DR: In this article, a single spray of 100mM solutions of K2HPO4, KH2PO4, Na4P2O7 and Na3,PO4 on the upper surface of the first true leaf of cucumber plants 2h before inoculation with a conidial suspension of Sphaeroth is described.
Abstract: A single spray of 100mM solutions of K2HPO4, KH2PO4, Na4P2O7 and Na3,PO4 on the upper surface of the first true leaf of cucumber plants 2h before inoculation with a conidial suspension of Sphaeroth...
TL;DR: The means whereby contemporary scholars approach postmortems in the absence of clear legal reference are depicted, which will mean the difficulties that post mortems create for Muslims at present will be weighed against some shar i instructions which may help circumvent them.
Abstract: Postmortem examinations have recently become common practice in Western medicine: they are used to verify the cause of death and to obtain additional scientific information on certain diseases, as well as to train medical students. For religious people of the monotheistic faiths postmortems present several ethical questions even though the advantages attributed to postmortems in the West are also acknowledged by Jews, Christians and Muslims. The Islamic way of dealing with such questions will be surveyed via contemporary fatawa (legal opinions) issued primarily by Egyptian scholars; Islamic law, which was formulated in the eighth to ninth centuries, did not speak of postmortems. I will therefore depict the means whereby contemporary scholars approach postmortems in the absence of clear legal reference. The difficulties that postmortems create for Muslims at present will be weighed against some shar i instructions which may help circumvent them. While the ethical and religious debate continues, postmortems seem to be accepted but not, however, without certain reservations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report two studies addressing the meaning of primary and secondary control beliefs for transition to modernity and modern adolescents, using a Likert-type item structure.
Abstract: This article reports of two studies addressing the meaning of primary and secondary control beliefs for transition to modernity and modern adolescents. Study 1 participants (N = 365) were Malaysian (transition to modernity), and German and North American (modern) adolescents. Study 2 participants (N = 757) were Israeli Druze (transition to modernity) and Israeli Jewish (modern) adolescents. The control beliefs scales employed in the two studies drew from the primary-secondary control beliefs conceptualisation (Rothbaum, Weisz, & Snyder, 1982), shared a similar Likert-type item structure, but differed in operationalisation. Analyses tested two hypotheses: (1) the value mediation hypothesis postulated that transition to modernity adolescents will score higher on secondary control beliefs and modern adolescents will score higher on primary control beliefs; (2) the double transition hypothesis postulated that transition to modernity adolescents will score higher on both primary and secondary control beliefs. ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study heritage museums as ideological and performative arenas and argue that our future is where our past is, and that heritage museums should be viewed as ideological arenas.
Abstract: (1993). “Our future is where our past is:” Studying heritage museums as ideological and performative arenas. Communication Monographs: Vol. 60, Into the New Century, pp. 69-75.
TL;DR: Genetic studies aimed at chromosomally-locating salt tolerant genes and unravelling the mechanism(s) of salt resistance in these wild cereals are proceeding now with both genetical and physiological studies.
Abstract: Salt tolerance was tested in the progenitors of cultivated cereals, wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) from Israel. Plants from five selected populations of H. spontaneum from the Mediterranean Coastal Plain and northern Negev desert, were grown on 250 and 350 mM of NaCl. Likewise, five populations of T. dicoccoides from the eastern Samaria steppes, Mt. Hermon and Mt. Carmel, were grown on 175 and 250 mM of NaCl. Here we report on superior genotypes of H. spontaneum, ripening at 350 mM NaCl (= 60 % sea water), and of T. dicoccoides ripening at 250 mM (— 40 % sea water). We are proceeding now with both genetical and physiological studies aimed at chromosomally-locating salt tolerant genes and unravelling the mechanism(s) of salt resistance in these wild cereals.
TL;DR: It was found that the willingness-to-pay estimates calculated in the Israel study were reasonable and that the methodology is able to adapt to the special nature of the health care commodity while adhering to the conditions for reliability and validity in a contingent-valuation study.
Abstract: The use of the contingent-valuation method for determining willingness to pay for non-market or currently available health care services continues to be experimental. In this study, the contingent-valuation method was used to calculate willingness-to-pay estimates for a pro posed change in the Israeli health care system. It was found that the willingness-to-pay estimates calculated in the Israel study were reasonable and that the methodology is able to adapt to the special nature of the health care commodity while adhering to the conditions for reliability and validity in a contingent-valuation study. Key words: Contingent-valuation method; willingness to pay for health care; Israeli medical care system. (Med Decis Making 1993;13:302-310)