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Showing papers by "University of Hamburg published in 2002"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main characteristics of practice theory, a type of social theory which has been sketched by such authors as Bourdieu, Giddens, Taylor, late Foucault and others, are discussed in this paper.
Abstract: This article works out the main characteristics of `practice theory', a type of social theory which has been sketched by such authors as Bourdieu, Giddens, Taylor, late Foucault and others. Practice theory is presented as a conceptual alternative to other forms of social and cultural theory, above all to culturalist mentalism, textualism and intersubjectivism. The article shows how practice theory and the three other cultural-theoretical vocabularies differ in their localization of the social and in their conceptualization of the body, mind, things, knowledge, discourse, structure/process and the agent.

4,669 citations


Book
04 Mar 2002
TL;DR: This chapter discusses statistical concepts in climate research, as well as time series and stochastic processes, and some of the techniques used to estimate covariance functions and spectra.
Abstract: 1. Introduction Part I. Fundamentals: 2. Probability theory 3. Distributions of climate variables 4. Concepts in statistical inference 5. Estimation Part II. Confirmation and Analysis: 6. The statistical test of a hypothesis 7. Analysis of atmospheric circulation problems Part III. Fitting Statistical Models: 8. Regression 9. Analysis of variance Part IV. Time Series: 10. Time series and stochastic processes 11. Parameters of univariate and bivariate time series 12. Estimating covariance functions and spectra Part V. Eigen Techniques: 13. Empirical orthogonal functions 14. Canonical correlation analysis 15. POP analysis 16. Complex eigentechniques Part VI. Other Topics: 17. Specific statistical concepts in climate research 18. Forecast quality evaluation Part VII. Appendices.

1,915 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, photostable thiol-capped CdTe nanocrystals were synthesized using post-preparative size-selective precipitation and selective photochemical etching.
Abstract: New approaches to synthesize photostable thiol-capped CdTe nanocrystals are reported. Post-preparative size-selective precipitation and selective photochemical etching have been developed as methods providing an increase of photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the nanocrystals of up to 40%. Some advantages of thiol-capping in comparison to conventional organometallic syntheses of quantum dots are discussed.

1,500 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
03 Jan 2002-Nature
TL;DR: It is suggested that p53 has a role in regulating organismal ageing by generating mice with a deletion mutation in the first six exons of the p53 gene that express a truncated RNA capable of encoding a carboxy-terminal p53 fragment.
Abstract: The p53 tumour suppressor is activated by numerous stressors to induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or senescence. To study the biological effects of altered p53 function, we generated mice with a deletion mutation in the first six exons of the p53 gene that express a truncated RNA capable of encoding a carboxy-terminal p53 fragment. This mutation confers phenotypes consistent with activated p53 rather than inactivated p53. Mutant (p53+/m) mice exhibit enhanced resistance to spontaneous tumours compared with wild-type (p53+/+) littermates. As p53+/m mice age, they display an early onset of phenotypes associated with ageing. These include reduced longevity, osteoporosis, generalized organ atrophy and a diminished stress tolerance. A second line of transgenic mice containing a temperature-sensitive mutant allele of p53 also exhibits early ageing phenotypes. These data suggest that p53 has a role in regulating organismal ageing.

1,387 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The loss of distinct Cl- channels leads to an impairment of transepithelial transport in cystic fibrosis and Bartter's syndrome, to increased muscle excitability in myotonia congenita, to reduced endosomal acidification and impaired endocytosis in Dent's disease, and to impaired extracellular acidification by osteoclasts and osteopetrosis.
Abstract: Cl− channels reside both in the plasma membrane and in intracellular organelles Their functions range from ion homeostasis to cell volume regulation, transepithelial transport, and regulation of e

1,223 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A selection of the potential impacts of climate change on agriculture,forestry, unmanaged ecosystems, sea level rise, human mortality, energyconsumption, and water resources are estimated and valued in monetary terms.
Abstract: A selection of the potential impacts of climate change – on agriculture,forestry, unmanaged ecosystems, sea level rise, human mortality, energyconsumption, and water resources – are estimated and valued in monetaryterms. Estimates are derived from globally comprehensive, internallyconsistent studies using GCM based scenarios. An underestimate of theuncertainty is given. New impact studies can be included following themeta-analytical methods described here. A 1 °C increase in the globalmean surface air temperature would have, on balance, a positive effect onthe OECD, China, and the Middle East, and a negative effect on othercountries. Confidence intervals of regionally aggregated impacts, however,include both positive and negative impacts for all regions. Global estimatesdepend on the aggregation rule. Using a simple sum, world impact of a1 °C warming would be a positive 2% of GDP, with a standarddeviation of 1%. Using globally averaged values, world impact would be anegative 3% (standard deviation: 1%). Using equity weighting, worldimpact would amount to 0% (standard deviation: 1%).

824 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that haploinsufficiency of IRF6 disrupts orofacial development and are consistent with dominant-negative mutations disturbing development of the skin and genitalia.
Abstract: Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) belongs to a family of nine transcription factors that share a highly conserved helix–turn–helix DNA-binding domain and a less conserved protein-binding domain. Most IRFs regulate the expression of interferon-α and -β after viral infection1, but the function of IRF6 is unknown. The gene encoding IRF6 is located in the critical region for the Van der Woude syndrome (VWS; OMIM 119300) locus at chromosome 1q32–q41 (refs 2,3). The disorder is an autosomal dominant form of cleft lip and palate with lip pits4, and is the most common syndromic form of cleft lip or palate. Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS; OMIM 119500) is a disorder with a similar orofacial phenotype that also includes skin and genital anomalies5. Phenotypic overlap6 and linkage data7 suggest that these two disorders are allelic. We found a nonsense mutation in IRF6 in the affected twin of a pair of monozygotic twins who were discordant for VWS. Subsequently, we identified mutations in IRF6 in 45 additional unrelated families affected with VWS and distinct mutations in 13 families affected with PPS. Expression analyses showed high levels of Irf6 mRNA along the medial edge of the fusing palate, tooth buds, hair follicles, genitalia and skin. Our observations demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of IRF6 disrupts orofacial development and are consistent with dominant-negative mutations disturbing development of the skin and genitalia.

800 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
18 Oct 2002-Science
TL;DR: The results confirm theoretical predictions that the size and the shape of the vortex core as well as its magnetic field dependence are governed by only two material parameters, the exchange stiffness and the saturation magnetization that determines the stray field energy.
Abstract: Thin film nanoscale elements with a curling magnetic structure (vortex) are a promising candidate for future nonvolatile data storage devices. Their properties are strongly influenced by the spin structure in the vortex core. We have used spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy on nanoscale iron islands to probe for the first time the internal spin structure of magnetic vortex cores. Using tips coated with a layer of antiferromagnetic chromium, we obtained images of the curling in-plane magnetization around and of the out-of-plane magnetization inside the core region. The experimental data are compared with micromagnetic simulations. The results confirm theoretical predictions that the size and the shape of the vortex core as well as its magnetic field dependence are governed by only two material parameters, the exchange stiffness and the saturation magnetization that determines the stray field energy.

785 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The discovery that leptin has direct effects on renal pathophysiological characteristics is discovered, which suggests that the kidney is not only a site of leptin metabolism, but also a target organ for leptin action in pathophysiology states.

773 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
09 Aug 2002-Science
TL;DR: Obviously, anaerobic microbial consortia can generate both carbonate precipitation and substantial biomass accumulation, which has implications for the understanding of carbon cycling during earlier periods of Earth's history.
Abstract: Massive microbial mats covering up to 4-meter-high carbonate buildups prosper at methane seeps in anoxic waters of the northwestern Black Sea shelf. Strong 13C depletions indicate an incorporation of methane carbon into carbonates, bulk biomass, and specific lipids. The mats mainly consist of densely aggregated archaea (phylogenetic ANME-1 cluster) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus group). If incubated in vitro, these mats perform anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction. Obviously, anaerobic microbial consortia can generate both carbonate precipitation and substantial biomass accumulation, which has implications for our understanding of carbon cycling during earlier periods of Earth's history.

Book
01 Jan 2002

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that Sox10 is restricted in the central nervous system to myelin-forming oligodendroglia, but does not control erbB3 expression as in peripheral glia, and functions in peripheral and central glia at different stages and through different mechanisms.
Abstract: Sox10 is a high-mobility-group transcriptional regulator in early neural crest. Without Sox10, no glia develop throughout the peripheral nervous system. Here we show that Sox10 is restricted in the central nervous system to myelin-forming oligodendroglia. In Sox10-deficient mice progenitors develop, but terminal differentiation is disrupted. No myelin was generated upon transplantation of Sox10-deficient neural stem cells into wild-type hosts showing the permanent, cell-autonomous nature of the defect. Sox10 directly regulates myelin gene expression in oligodendrocytes, but does not control erbB3 expression as in peripheral glia. Sox10 thus functions in peripheral and central glia at different stages and through different mechanisms.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2002-Brain
TL;DR: Pain-related regions in the secondary somatosensory cortex and insular cortex showed a response that did not distinguish between innocuous trials but showed a positive linear relationship with signal changes for painful trials, indicating that the amygdala is involved in coding 'uncertainty', as has been suggested previously in relation to classical conditioning.
Abstract: Only recently have neuroimaging studies moved away from describing regions activated by noxious stimuli and started to disentangle subprocesses within the nociceptive system. One approach to characterizing the role of individual regions is to record brain responses evoked by different stimulus intensities. We used such a parametric single-trial functional MRI design in combination with a thulium:yttrium-aluminium-granate infrared laser and investigated pain, stimulus intensity and stimulus awareness (i.e. pain-unrelated) responses in nine healthy volunteers. Four stimulus intensities, ranging from warm to painful (300-600 mJ), were applied in a randomized order and rated by the subjects on a five-point scale (P0-4). Regions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the intraparietal sulcus differentiated between P0 (not perceived) and P1 but exhibited no further signal increase with P2, and were related to stimulus perception and subsequent cognitive processing. Signal changes in the primary somatosensory cortex discriminated between non-painful trials (P0 and P1), linking this region to basic sensory processing. Pain-related regions in the secondary somatosensory cortex and insular cortex showed a response that did not distinguish between innocuous trials (P0 and P1) but showed a positive linear relationship with signal changes for painful trials (P2-4). This was also true for the amygdala, with the exception that, in P0 trials in which the stimulus was not perceived (i.e. 'uncertain' trials), the evoked signal changes were as great as in P3 trials, indicating that the amygdala is involved in coding 'uncertainty', as has been suggested previously in relation to classical conditioning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Block copolymers find numerous applications from the production of inorganic nanoparticles (metals, semiconductors, magnets, magnets) and mesoporous materials up to take-up/release systems in chemo- and gene therapy.
Abstract: Block copolymers form a large number of superlattices with characteristic dimensions in the range of a few nanometers up to several micrometers by self-organization. The interplay of supramolecular physics and chemistry opens up new approaches to the production of inorganic, organic, and biological structures and to their integration into functional units. Possible applications in the fields of materials science and molecular biology are being investigated. Block copolymers find numerous applications from the production of inorganic nanoparticles (metals, semiconductors, magnets) and mesoporous materials up to take-up/release systems in chemo- and gene therapy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Frontotemporal functional connectivity is reduced in schizophrenia and may be associated with auditory hallucinations and previous demonstrations of hypofrontality in schizophrenia may reflect particular task requirements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new indicator, called "integration", is introduced, which characterizes the number of interacting components of the climate system being explicitly described in a model, which is closer to comprehensive coupled models of atmospheric and oceanic circulation than to "conceptual" or "box" models.
Abstract: We propose a new perspective on the hierarchy of climate models which goes beyond the ''classical'' climate modeling pyramid that is restricted mainly to atmospheric processes, Most notably, we introduce a new indicator, called ''integration'', which characterizes the number of interacting components of the climate system being explicitly described in a model. The location of several model types, from conceptual to comprehensive, is presented in a new spectrum of climate system models. In particular. the location of the Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) in this spectrum is discussed in some detail and examples are given, which indicate that there is currently a broad range of EMICs in use. In some EMICs, the number of processes and/or the detail of description is reduced for the sake of simulating the feedbacks between as many components of the climate system as feasible. Others, with a lesser degree of interaction, or ''integration'', are used for long-term ensemble simulations to study specific aspects of climate variability. EMICs appear to be closer to comprehensive coupled models of atmospheric and oceanic circulation (CGCMs) than to ''conceptual'' or ''box'' models. We advocate that EMICs be considered as complementary to CGCMs and conceptual models, because we believe that there is an advantage of having a spectrum of climate system models which are designed to tackle specific aspects of climate and which together provide the proper tool for climate system modeling.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These and other features of the geographical distribution of the mtDNA haplogroups observed in the Han Chinese make an initial Paleolithic colonization from south to north plausible but would suggest subsequent migration events in China that mainly proceeded from north to south and east to west.
Abstract: To characterize the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in Han Chinese from several provinces of China, we have sequenced the two hypervariable segments of the control region and the segment spanning nucleotide positions 10171–10659 of the coding region, and we have identified a number of specific coding-region mutations by direct sequencing or restriction-fragment–length–polymorphism tests. This allows us to define new haplogroups (clades of the mtDNA phylogeny) and to dissect the Han mtDNA pool on a phylogenetic basis, which is a prerequisite for any fine-grained phylogeographic analysis, the interpretation of ancient mtDNA, or future complete mtDNA sequencing efforts. Some of the haplogroups under study differ considerably in frequencies across different provinces. The southernmost provinces show more pronounced contrasts in their regional Han mtDNA pools than the central and northern provinces. These and other features of the geographical distribution of the mtDNA haplogroups observed in the Han Chinese make an initial Paleolithic colonization from south to north plausible but would suggest subsequent migration events in China that mainly proceeded from north to south and east to west. Lumping together all regional Han mtDNA pools into one fictive general mtDNA pool or choosing one or two regional Han populations to represent all Han Chinese is inappropriate for prehistoric considerations as well as for forensic purposes or medical disease studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although spontaneous conversion of donor NSCs to TH+ cells contributed to nigral reconstitution in DA-depleted areas, the majority of DA neurons in the mesostriatal system were “rescued” host cells, suggesting that host structures may benefit not only from NSC-derived replacement of lost neurons but also from the “chaperone” effect of some N SC-derived progeny.
Abstract: We investigated the hypothesis that neural stem cells (NSCs) possess an intrinsic capacity to “rescue” dysfunctional neurons in the brains of aged mice. The study focused on a neuronal cell type with stereotypical projections that is commonly compromised in the aged brain—the dopaminergic (DA) neuron. Unilateral implantation of murine NSCs into the midbrains of aged mice, in which the presence of stably impaired but nonapoptotic DA neurons was increased by treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), was associated with bilateral reconstitution of the mesostriatal system. Functional assays paralleled the spatiotemporal recovery of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) activity, which, in turn, mirrored the spatiotemporal distribution of donor-derived cells. Although spontaneous conversion of donor NSCs to TH + cells contributed to nigral reconstitution in DA-depleted areas, the majority of DA neurons in the mesostriatal system were “rescued” host cells. Undifferentiated donor progenitors spontaneously expressing neuroprotective substances provided a plausible molecular basis for this finding. These observations suggest that host structures may benefit not only from NSC-derived replacement of lost neurons but also from the “chaperone” effect of some NSC-derived progeny.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reduction of platinum acetylacetonate and thermodecomposition of cobalt carbonyl in the presence of 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid were employed in different coordinating mixtures to produce monodisperse, highly crystalline CoPt(3) nanoparticles, which were found to assemble into two- and three-dimensional structures.
Abstract: Reduction of platinum acetylacetonate and thermodecomposition of cobalt carbonyl in the presence of 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid were employed in different coordinating mixtures to produce monodisperse, highly crystalline CoPt3 nanoparticles. The mean particle size can be varied from 1.5 to 7.2 nm by controlling the reaction conditions and the type of coordinating mixture. As-synthesized CoPt3 particles represent single crystal domains and have chemically disordered face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. Nearly spherical CoPt3 nanocrystals were found to assemble into two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structures. An AB5 type superlattice is observed by TEM after mixing two nanoparticle samples with different mean sizes. Slow precipitation led to the formation of facetted colloidal crystals with sizes up to 20 μm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The distribution of properties within ensembles of colloidally grown II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanocrystals was studied and a drastic difference in the photoluminescence efficiencies of size-selected fractions was observed, indicating a general character of the phenomenon observed.
Abstract: The distribution of properties within ensembles of colloidally grown II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanocrystals was studied. A drastic difference in the photoluminescence efficiencies of size-selected fractions was observed for both organometallically prepared CdSe and InAs colloids and for CdTe nanocrystals synthesized in aqueous medium, indicating a general character of the phenomenon observed. The difference in the photoluminescence efficiencies is attributed to different averaged surface disorder of the nanocrystals originating from the Ostwald ripening growth mechanism when larger particles in the ensemble grow at the expense of dissolving smaller particles. At any stage of growth, only a fraction of particles within the ensemble of growing colloidal nanocrystals has the most perfect surface and, thus, shows the most efficient photoluminescence. This is explained by a theoretical model describing the evolution of an ensemble of nanocrystals in a colloidal solution. In an ensemble of growing nanocrystals, the fraction of particles with the highest photoluminescence corresponds to the particle size having nearly zero average growth rate. The small average growth rate leads to the lowest possible degree of surface disorder at any given reaction conditions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived estimates of the impact of climate change on nine world regions, for the period 2000-2200, for agriculture, forestry, water resources, energy consumption, sea level rise, ecosystems, fatal vector borne diseases, and fatal cardiovascular and respiratory disorders.
Abstract: Monetised estimates of the impact of climate change are derived. Impacts are expressed as functions of climate change and 'vulnerability'. Vulnerability is measured by a series of indicators, such as per capita income, population above 65, and economic structure. Impacts are estimated for nine world regions, for the period 2000-2200, for agriculture, forestry, water resources, energy consumption, sea level rise, ecosystems, fatal vector- borne diseases, and fatal cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. Uncertainties are large, often including sign switches. In the short term, the estimated sensitivity of a sector to climate change is found to be the crucial parameter. In the longer term, the change in the vulnerability of the sector is often more important for the total impact. Impacts can be negative or positive, depending on the time, region, and sector one is looking at. Negative impacts tend to dominate in the later years and in the poorer regions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical description of the evolution of an ensemble of nanoparticles in a colloidal solution is applied to the problem of control over the nanocrystal monodispersity.
Abstract: Advanced colloidal syntheses enable the preparation of monodisperse semiconductors and magnetic alloy nanocrystals. They can be further used as building blocks for the fabrication of ordered assemblies: two-dimensional and three-dimensional arrays and colloidal supercrystals. This article reviews our recent activities in these fields. A theoretical description of the evolution of an ensemble of nanoparticles in a colloidal solution is applied to the problem of control over the nanocrystal monodispersity.

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Apr 2002-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that mice lacking the K+/Cl- (K-Cl) co-transporter Kcc4 (coded for by Slc12a7) are deaf because their hair cells degenerate rapidly after the beginning of hearing.
Abstract: Hearing depends on a high K(+) concentration bathing the apical membranes of sensory hair cells. K(+) that has entered hair cells through apical mechanosensitive channels is transported to the stria vascularis for re-secretion into the scala media(). K(+) probably exits outer hair cells by KCNQ4 K(+) channels(), and is then transported by means of a gap junction system connecting supporting Deiters' cells and fibrocytes() back to the stria vascularis. We show here that mice lacking the K(+)/Cl(-) (K-Cl) co-transporter Kcc4 (coded for by Slc12a7) are deaf because their hair cells degenerate rapidly after the beginning of hearing. In the mature organ of Corti, Kcc4 is restricted to supporting cells of outer and inner hair cells. Our data suggest that Kcc4 is important for K(+) recycling() by siphoning K(+) ions after their exit from outer hair cells into supporting Deiters' cells, where K(+) enters the gap junction pathway. Similar to some human genetic syndromes(), deafness in Kcc4-deficient mice is associated with renal tubular acidosis. It probably results from an impairment of Cl(-) recycling across the basolateral membrane of acid-secreting alpha-intercalated cells of the distal nephron.

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Dec 2002-Nature
TL;DR: Initial results from a study of the interaction of soft X-ray radiation, generated by a free-electron laser, with Xe atoms and clusters are presented, finding that, whereasXe atoms become only singly ionized by the absorption of single photons, absorption in clusters is strongly enhanced.
Abstract: Intense radiation from lasers has opened up many new areas of research in physics and chemistry, and has revolutionized optical technology. So far, most work in the field of nonlinear processes has been restricted to infrared, visible and ultraviolet light, although progress in the development of X-ray lasers has been made recently. With the advent of a free-electron laser in the soft-X-ray regime below 100 nm wavelength, a new light source is now available for experiments with intense, short-wavelength radiation that could be used to obtain deeper insights into the structure of matter. Other free-electron sources with even shorter wavelengths are planned for the future. Here we present initial results from a study of the interaction of soft X-ray radiation, generated by a free-electron laser, with Xe atoms and clusters. We find that, whereas Xe atoms become only singly ionized by the absorption of single photons, absorption in clusters is strongly enhanced. On average, each atom in large clusters absorbs up to 400 eV, corresponding to 30 photons. We suggest that the clusters are heated up and electrons are emitted after acquiring sufficient energy. The clusters finally disintegrate completely by Coulomb explosion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pain, stimulus intensity, and stimulus awareness responses within the anterior cingulate cortex are investigated using a parametric single-trial functional magnetic resonance imaging design and identified a region in the dorsal posterior ACC showing a response that discriminated between nonpainful trials.
Abstract: Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated activations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) related to the affective component of pain, but not to stimulus intensity. However, it is possible that the low spatial resolution of positron emission tomography, as used in the majority of these studies, obscured areas coding stimulus intensity. We revisited this issue, using a parametric single-trial functional magnetic resonance imaging design, and investigated pain, stimulus intensity, and stimulus awareness (i.e., pain unrelated) responses within the ACC in nine healthy volunteers. Four different stimulus intensities ranging from warm to painful (300-600 mJ) were applied with a thulium yttrium-aluminum granite infrared laser in a randomized order and rated by the subjects on a five point scale (P0-P4). Pain-related regions in the ventral posterior ACC showed a response that did not distinguish between innocuous trials (P0 and P1) but showed a positive linear relationship with the blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast signal for painful trials (P2-P4). Regions in the dorsal anterior ACC along the cingulate sulcus differentiated between P0 (not perceived) and P1 but exhibited no additional signal increase with P2; these regions are related to stimulus awareness and probably to cognitive processing. Most importantly, we identified a region in the dorsal posterior ACC showing a response that discriminated between nonpainful trials (P0 and P1); therefore, this region was simply related to basic sensory processing and not to pain intensity. Stimulus-related activations were all located adjacent to the cingulate motor area, highlighting the strategic link of stimulus processing and response generation in the posterior ACC.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings show that persistent developmental stuttering results from disturbed timing of activation in speech-relevant brain areas, and suggest that right hemisphere overactivation merely reflects a compensatory mechanism, analogous to right hemisphere activation in aphasia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that at standard NaCl intake, renal water and electrolyte excretion is indistinguishable in sgk1-knockout mice and wild-type (sgk1(+/+)) mice, and dietary NaCl restriction reveals an impaired ability of sgK1(-/-) mice to adequately decrease Na(+) excretion despite increases in plasma aldosterone levels and proximal-tubular Na(+) and fluid reabsorption.
Abstract: The serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (sgk1) is induced by mineralocorticoids and, in turn, upregulates heterologously expressed renal epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) activity in Xenopus oocytes. Accordingly, Sgk1 is considered to mediate the mineralocorticoid stimulation of renal ENaC activity and antinatriuresis. Here we show that at standard NaCl intake, renal water and electrolyte excretion is indistinguishable in sgk1-knockout (sgk1–/–) mice and wild-type (sgk1+/+) mice. In contrast, dietary NaCl restriction reveals an impaired ability of sgk1–/– mice to adequately decrease Na+ excretion despite increases in plasma aldosterone levels and proximal-tubular Na+ and fluid reabsorption, as well as decreases in blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-section analysis is conducted on destinations of OECD tourists and a factor and regression analysis on holiday activities of Dutch tourists, to find optimal temperatures at travel destination for differ- ent tourists and different tourist activities.
Abstract: Tourism, being volatile and situation-specific, is responsive to climate change. A cross- section analysis is conducted on destinations of OECD tourists and a factor and regression analysis on holiday activities of Dutch tourists, to find optimal temperatures at travel destination for differ- ent tourists and different tourist activities. Globally, OECD tourists prefer a temperature of 21 ◦ C (average of the hottest month of the year) at their choice of holiday destination. This indicates that, under a scenario of gradual warming, tourists would spend their holidays in different places than they currently do. The factor and regression analysis suggests that preferences for climates at tourist destinations differ among age and income groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Allogeneic transplantation with haemopoietic stem cells from an HLA-matched related donor does not seem to improve the clinical outcome in patients with t(4;11)-positive leukaemia.