Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 1977"

Muon and Electron Number Nonconservation in a V-A Gauge Model

Abstract: We analyze muon and electron lepton-number nonconservation in a pure V-A gauge model The rates for mu --> egamma, mu --> eee-bar, and K/sub L/ --> mue-bar are computed for this model We find that for a reasonable range of neutral heavy-lepton mass these rates are in accord with, but not extremely small compared to, present experimental bounds We comment on the nonorthogonality of nu/sub e/ and nu/sub mu/, and interesting features of the L/sup -/ decays

A mapping function for man.

Abstract: Assuming a perfect correspondence between the site of crossing-over and an observed chiasma, data on meiosis in the human male are used to estimate a mapping parameter which on average turns out to be intermediate between the Kosambi and Carter-Falconer values, but smaller for acrocentrics. A table is given for converting recombination frequencies to map distances.

Pulmonary Insulin Responsivity: In Vivo Effects of Insulin on the Diabetic Rat Lung and Specific Insulin Rinding to Lung Receptors in Normal Rats11

Abstract: Adult rats were rendered diabetic by a single iv injection of streptozotocin (70 or 75 mg/kg). In these rats, serum insulin fell to minimal levels during the 48 h following drug treatment, and this was roughly paralleled by a progressive decrease in the ability of the lung to oxidize glucose. The addition of insulin to diabetic rat lung slices in vitro had no restorative effect on the depressed glucose oxidative rate during a 2 h incubation period; however, two daily treatments of the rats with 1 unit of protamine zinc insulin completely restored lung glucose oxidation rate to normal, without significantly reducing the hyperglycemic state of the rats. An examination of the temporal changes in glucose utilization by the rat lung after acute insulin treatment revealed that the diabetic lung responded directly to serum levels of insulin, whereas the nomal lung appeared to be unaffected by serum insulin levels as high as 87 ng/ml. The reduced rate of glucose oxidation in the diabetic lung was apparent after p...

Causal analysis of academic performance

Abstract: Maximum likelihood methods are presented to test for the relations between causes and effects in linear path diagrams, without assuming that estimates of causes are free of error. Causal analysis is illustrated by published data of the Equal Educational Opportunity Survey, which show that American schools do not significantly modify socioeconomic differences in academic performance and that little of the observed racial difference in academic performance is causal. For two races differing by 15 IQ points, the differential if social class were randomized would be only about 3 points. The principle is stressed that a racial effect in a causal system may be environmental and that its etiology can be studied only by analysis of family resemblance in hybrid populations.

Locus of control and frontal electromyographic response training

Abstract: Forty-eight normal subjects from a college population, representing extreme internal and external orientations on a locus of control scale, were provided an auditory signal in a laboratory relaxation setting. For one group (feedback) the pitch of the signal varied as a function of frontal electromyographic (EMG) levels, while for another group (control) the pitch was constant. The feedback subjects acquired lower EMG potentials than did the control subjects, and the internal subjects in the feedback condition acquired lower levels than did the external subjects. In the control condition, no consistent differences in EMG levels between internal and external subjects were obtained. These results were stable across two replications, three ethnically distinct groups, and both sexes. Additional measures designed to reflect the effects of the frontal EMG training as a generalized relaxation technique for this population, including finger temperatures and a variety of postexperiment questionnaire ratings of relaxation, yielded negative results. Tests of other predictions from the locus of control construct are also discussed.

Colchester revisited: a genetic study of mental defect.

Abstract: This reanalysis of a classic survey leads to inferences about design of genetic studies, resolution of heterogeneity, and the role of autosomal and sex-linked genes in mental retardation, which is no longer refractory to segregation analysis. By discriminating between sociofamilial and biological types we estimate that at least 351 autosomal loci can produce mental retardation, with an inbred load of 0.83 detrimental equivalents and a mutation rate of 0.008 per gamete, or less than 2.4 X 10(-5) per locus. The distribution of probands was estimated as: 7 per cent medical, 60 per cent sociofamilial, and 33 per cent biological. Simple genetic mechanisms account for virtually all the biological category. Within the sociofamilial group cultural inheritance and polygenes could not be resolved.

International Advertising Strategy

Abstract: The first part of this monograph discusses new perspectives on advertising standardisation. Until recently the controversy over the applicability of standardised advertising themes or advertising campaigns has ignored the realistic marketing approach employed by a select group of multinational companies. The authors note that many companies take a theme or campaign that has been successful in one market, often their domestic market, and employ it in multiple markets; their approach is to make local subsidiaries operate within strict advertising parameters. Goodyear International Corporation and a few other firms, however, follow a pattern approach in which the theme or campaign is initially designed for multi‐market usage and local flexibility.

Assessing Parent-Child Relationship Disorders in Clinical Practice: The Child's Point of View

Abstract: This paper presents two short-form scales that measure the degree or magnitude of problems children have in their relationships with their parents. The scales were designed for use in research and in clinical settings to monitor and evaluate the client's response to treatment through repeated administrations. Both-scales have a reliability in excess of .90 as well as good discriminant and construct validity, and both have been used in clinical practice where they were found to be important adjuncts to the conduct and the evaluation of treatment.

Tropical Agriculture: Crop Diversity and Crop Yields

Abstract: Agricultural land use in the tropics is characterized by marked regional contrast, diversity of crops, and less acreage in cereal crops but more in legumes than in the temperate zone. Crop yields a...

Indirect methods as criteria of spoilage in tofu (soybean curd)

Abstract: Changes in the liquid surrounding packaged tofu (viz., increases in acidity, optical density and viable count) indicated that spoilage of tofu cakes was associated with bacterial growth. These indirect criteria had a high correlation with flavor deterioration detected by sensory evaluation of the tofu cakes.

The use of rec-bacteria for testing of carcinogenic substances.

Abstract: A series of rec − Escherichia coli strains were tested for their sensitivity to for known carcinogenic compounds by examination of a zone of inhibited bacterial growth around a central well containing the test chemical. The mutants recA − , recB − recC − , and recA − recB − recC − were all more sensitive to the mutagens than the parental strain AB1157. The recB − recC − strain was examined with a larger series of compounds and was found to respond to many of the substances in a similar way as the Salmonella typhimurium strains of Ames but with some notable exceptions. Nitrosamines, with rat liver microsomal activation, could be detected at lower levels and a group of aromatic amino compounds failed to react with these rec − E. coli. An unusual feature of these rec − mutants is their sensitivity to mixtures of nitrosamines and 2-acetyl aminofluorene in the absence of microsomal activation.

A genetic and epidemiologic study of periodontal disease in Hawaii. II. Genetic and environmental influence.

Abstract: In order to determine the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors in periodontal disease, path analysis has been applied to 241 nuclear families. Common family environment was represented by an index. The data failed to detect significant heritability, and common family environment proved to be a major determinant in the variation of periodontal health.

Intergroup Conflict in the Southern Philippines: An Empirical Analysis*

Abstract: This study explores the utility of social-psychological factors, inferred from aggregate or ecological data, which had brought about (or depressed) the emergence of intergroup violence between Muslims and Christians in Mindanao, Philippines in the early 1970s. Eight variables underlying the theme of social strain or tension were selected and analyzed (by MSA-1) for 80 municipalities, half of which were violent and the other half, nonviolent. A violent community was one which experienced physical manifestations of civilian attacks and depredations on either Muslims or Christians, resulting in death, in jury, and destruction of property around 1970 and 1972, and confirmed by newspaper reports. Five variables were found to be facilitators of violence, namely: relative deprivation, Muslim displacement, size of Muslim population, rate of uneducated population, and tenancy. The remainder were considered inhibitors, namely: size of Christian population, land ownership, and farm population. Some interpretive conc...

Heroin detoxification with acupuncture and electrical stimulation.

Abstract: Acupuncture with electrical stimulation is a feasible nonchemical method for detoxification of heroin addicts, with particular limitations as regards to heavy users. Short-term follow-up seems to indicate reversion to heroin is comparable to other detoxification methods. It could be of great interest to study the effect of easily available postdetoxification maintenance acupuncture as an alternative to heroin. Withdrawal symptoms are relieved in a hierarchial manner with apparent parasympathetically mediated symptoms subsiding first, and frequently with incomplete resolution of bone and joint pain.

Covalent labeling of the tetrodotoxin receptor in excitable membranes

Abstract: A photoaffinity labeling technique is described by which a tetrodotoxin analog is covalently bound to receptor sites associated with the sodium pores of excitable membranes. The biological activity of the toxin analog is retained after the covalent binding reaction.

Turbulence and waves inside flexible-wall systems designed for biological studies

Abstract: Simultaneous flow measurements were performed by hot-wire anemometry inside and outside (a) a closed bag, and (b) a flow-through system designed for metabolic experiments of Fucus vesiculosus communities. Since water movement is considered an important parameter in such biological studies, the walls of the systems were flexible in order to establish flow conditions within the enclosed water body comparable to those in the natural environment. In situ experiments in the Baltic Sea at a water depth of 2 m showed that energy spectra inside the systems were comparable to those outside for a variety of flow and wave conditions. Thus, biological data from glexible wall systems, carefully designed to meet specific natural flow requirements, can be taken as reliable input data for natural ecosystem modeling.

Nitroso group exchange as a way of activation of nitrosamines by bacteria

Abstract: MUTAGENIC compounds and most carcinogens are thought to interact either directly or through metabolic activation processes with DNA to alter and damage the double helical structure. Bacteria defective in some aspect of DNA repair or recombination are in general much more sensitive to mutagenic and carcinogenic agents than the parent strains. Several bacterial test systems1,2 have been developed to assay for carcinogenic activity based on the premise that most carcinogens are mutagens in the proper conditions. One of the most widely used bacterial screening systems has been developed by Ames et al.1 based on mutational reversion to prototrophy of a sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium. We have developed a screening system using rec− Escherichia coli based on the lethal nature of unrepaired DNA3–5.

Addicts, Fences, and the Market for Stolen Goods:

Abstract: Examination of the literature of the heroin problem in the United States Reveals that there has been scant attention paid to the type of property crime specialized in by addicts or to the marketing network of addict-stolen goods. This paper begins to remedy both neglects by focusing on merchandise theft as a primary source of income for the heroin addict. A methodology is developed for estimating the income addicts receive for merchandise that they steal. Next a method is discussed for determining the type of middlemen who purchase stolen merchandise from addicts and how much they mark up the items before retailing them in the secondhand goods market. This yields estimates for the retail value of goods stolen and the gross revenue to middlemen. Since addicts tend to sell stolen items to otherwise legitimate businessmen, not underground fences as is widely believed, there appears to be substantial scope for reducing merchandise theft by instituting stricter regulations on the sale of secondhand goods. A sy...

The Varied and Fascinating Chemistry of Marine Mollusks

Abstract: With illustrations from a single phylum of marine invertebrates, the mollusks, this review presents a cross section of recent marine natural product research. The origins of this research, biological, biomedical, chemical, or serendipitous, are presented as well as the results.

An Ocean Bottom Seismograph Using Digital Telemetry and Floating-Point Conversion

Abstract: An ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) using digital telemetry to convey eight channels of information to a shore station through 10 km of single-conductor armored cable was installed July 27, 1976 at a depth of 600 m off the northeastern coast of Oahu, Hawaii. Power for the OBS is supplied by the shore station through the same cable. A floating-point scheme requires only 12 bits for the digitization of each channel within a 108-dB dynamic range. The eight channels are each sampled at 70/g rate and include: 1) the outputs from three orthogonal 1-Hz geophones; 2) a crystal hydrophone output; 3) a rectified output from the same hydrophone in the 500-1500-Hz band; 4) a temperature and water current sensing thermistor; and 5) two system test channels. The geophones are mounted in self-leveling gimbals with brakes which are released three times each day. A calibration signal is also applied to each geophone calibration coil three times a day. The OBS has recorded on the average two events a day, 70 percent of which are of apparent local origin, and 20 percent of which are apparently earthquakes originating near the island of Hawaii. The digital telemetry scheme enables direct computer connection and digital recording. Using these digital records, ocean noise spectra have been computed and correlated with temperature and current records.

Glutathione peroxidase system and microsomal lipoperoxidation in prenecrotic stages of dietary hepatic necrosis in rats.

Abstract: Simultaneous dietary deficiency of vitamin E and Se in weanling rats results in fatal hepatic necrosis. To investigate the possible relation between the state of hepatic cytosol glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) system (including glutathione reducA­ase,GSH-Rd, and glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G-6-PD) and the hepatic microsomal lipo peroxidation (MLP), as well as the possible implications of these factors in the development of hepatic necrosis, weanling male rats were fed a basal diet low in Se and vitamin E, or were pair-fed with the same diet supplemented with either 3 mg/100 g diet of d/-a-tocopherol, with 0.36 mg/100 g diet of sodium selenite, or with both. Rats from the four groups were killed at 9, 20, and 26 days. At the late prenecrotic stage, GSH-Px activity in rats fed the basal diet alone was reduced by 97% and the in vitro MLP levels ( malonaldehyde ) were increased by seven-fold as com pared with rats fed the diet supplemented with Se and vitamin E. How ever, in vivo MLP (diene conjugation) was only detected in the liver of one rat that already had foci of necrosis at the time of killing. The decrease in GSH-Px was completely prevented by Se, but vitamin E had no effect. Dietary vitamin E and/or Se had little effect on the activity of GSH-Rd, but both agents, singly or in combination, prevented the reduction of G-6-PD that occurred in rats deficient in vitamin E and Se. The increased in vitro MLP was only partially reduced by either Se or vitamin E, since in both cases there still were three-fold increases. These results suggest that: a) no clear-cut relation exists between the massive decline of cytosol GSH-Px and the development of hepatic necrosis; b) the state of GSH-Px is probably unrelated to MLP; and c) microsomes may not be the initial site of damage. J. Nutr. 107: 1852-1858, 1977.

Objectives of Psychiatric Education in a Primary Care Curriculum.

Abstract: This paper gives the rationale, background, and outline of psychiatric curriculum development in the education of the primary care physician at one medical school. It is important to clarify the educational objectives, to develop specific teaching techniques to meet the objectives, and to have adequate assessment measures to evaluate the objectives and techniques. Additionally, it is necessary for an ongoing committee to continue to monitor and adjust the program as the assessment requires. The value of the program has been educational clarity, the development of a high esprit de corp among the faculty, student acceptance, and integration of psychiatry into the total medical school curriculum.

Molecular charmonium and C-exotic mesons?

Abstract: Recently De R\'ujula et al. and Okun and Voloshin suggested that several peaks in ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}$ annihilation cross section into hadrons are due to resonances between two charmed mesons in a relative $P$ wave. Such a picture raises at once the question whether $C$-exotic mesons formed also from two charmed mesons (or four-quark molecules) in a relative $P$ wave may not coexist at comparable mass. We examine briefly here the spectroscopy for $C$-exotic mesons with ${J}^{P}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${I}^{G}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}}, {1}^{+}$, and ${J}^{P}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${I}^{G}={0}^{+}, {1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.