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Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 1980"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of coherent forward scattering in matter upon neutrino oscillations in the three-neutrino picture is evaluated and illustrated using an oscillation solution suggested by solar and reactor data.
Abstract: We evaluate the influence of coherent forward scattering in matter upon neutrino oscillations in the three-neutrino picture. We write down the exact solution and also approximate first-order solutions that exhibit general features more transparently. Oscillation characteristics in matter that could be observed in deep-mine experiments are discussed and illustrated using an oscillation solution suggested by solar and reactor data.

317 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seven families with X-linked mental retardation (MR) have been studied clinically and cytogenetically and all affected males in six of the families were found to have a fragile site on Xq in a number of their peripheral lymphocytes.
Abstract: Seven families with X-linked mental retardation (MR) have been studied clinically and cytogenetically. All affected males in six of the families were found to have a fragile site on Xq in a number of their peripheral lymphocytes. The fragile site was not seen in any of the affected males in the seventh family. The affected males in the six families with the fragile X had a syndrome characterized by a variable degree of MR, macro-orchidism, a characteristic repetitive, jocular speech, normal body proportions, and large jaws and ears. The fragile X chromosome could only be detected in a proportion of female carriers and its frequency in females was found to be correlated with their mental status to be inversely correlated with their age.

196 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A study of the relationship of productivity and efficiency to the organization's structure, size, and age (or "time") indicated that a highly centralized authority structure is the most powerful direct determinant of productivityand efficiency.
Abstract: A study of the relationship of productivity and efficiency to the organization's structure, size, and age (or “time”) indicated that a highly centralized authority structure is the most powerful di...

158 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two sesquiterpenoids, nakafuran-8 (1) and −9 (8), have been isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea fragilis and from its prey, the nudibranchs Hypselodoris godeffroyana and Chromodoris maridadilus.
Abstract: Two new sesquiterpenoids, nakafuran-8 (1) and −9 (8), have been isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea fragilis and from its prey, the nudibranchs Hypselodoris godeffroyana and Chromodoris maridadilus. The structures were established by spectral analysis and chemical transformations. Both compounds possess antifeedant properties when assayed in the laboratory against common reef fishes, Chaetodon spp.

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
29 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model was developed for the calculation of wave attenuation and wave set-up on a shallow reef, using the incident waves in the ocean as boundary conditions.
Abstract: In attempting to specify criteria for the design of structures on coastal reefs, it was found that no adequate method existed to derive those criteria from the deep water wave conditions. In order to fill the gap, a program of measurements and analysis was initiated at the University of Hawaii. The program consisted of prototype and laboratory measurements. Great emphasis was placed on reliable field data, which were collected on Ala Moana Reef, in Honolulu. Laboratory investigations on the behavior of waves on shallow reefs are subject to scale effects; verification from field observations is required to obtain reliable results. As a result of this study, a mathematical model was developed for the calculation of wave attenuation and wave set-up on a shallow reef, using the incident waves in the ocean as boundary conditions. This paper discusses the general behavior of waves approaching a shallow reef and presents some essential characteristics of the mathematical model. The study is limited to waves approaching the shoreline at right angles. The results of this study can be extended to breakwaters with wide, submerged berms.

106 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The production in hadron collisions of a pair of virtual photons, each having a large invariant mass, proceeds via two mechanisms: (a) two independent Drell-Yan-type annihilations of quark pairs in a single interaction and (b) the pair annihilation process qq-bar..--> gamma..*..gamma..* as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The production in hadron collisions of a pair of virtual photons, each having a large invariant mass, proceeds via two mechanisms: (a) two independent Drell-Yan-type annihilations of quark pairs in a single interaction and (b) the pair annihilation process qq-bar..--> gamma..*..gamma..*. We argue that both mechanisms allow intriguing tests of constituent structure and its associated scaling laws and we show that, despite their ..cap alpha../sup 4/ production rate, events of this type are accessible with existing ..pi.. and proton beams.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There was no convincing evidence for major loci causing hypertension in this population, and the polymorphism proposed by Platt was excluded as a principal cause of hypertension.
Abstract: Blood pressure gave evidence for genetic heritability (0.24 for systolic, 0.19 for diastolic) and for cultural heritability (0.16 for systolic, 0.09 for diastolic in children) in a sample of Japanese-American families. A small but significant fraction of cultural inheritance was due to maternal effects, possibly mediated through dietary habits. There was no convincing evidence for major loci causing hypertension in this population, and the polymorphism proposed by Platt was excluded as a principal cause of hypertension.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: While no differences in maximum life span were found between dietary groups, the 50% survival time of rats fed the UFD at high level of vitamin E was significantly longer than in all the other groups, and this beneficial effect was apparently not related to any particular influence on the incidence of chronic nephropathy.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the standard electroweak gauge model was generalized to SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1), which has twice the number of gauge bosons of the standard model.
Abstract: We show how the standard electroweak gauge model can be naturally generalized to SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(2)', which has twice the number of gauge bosons of the standard model. All known fermions transform with respect to SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1); spontaneous symmetry breaking is achieved with a scalar quartet which links SU(2) and SU(2)' and the usual scalar doublet. The interaction Hamiltonian at low energy reproduces the low-energy phenomenology of the standard model. The high-energy predictions of the model are explored. One $W$ and one $Z$ are less massive than the corresponding bosons of the standard model. These light bosons are relatively narrow, with total widths typically 50 MeV. Cross sections for light $Z$ and $W$ production in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collisions and hadron collisions are given. A $Z$ mass as low as 32 GeV is compatible with existing measurements; the most stringent present limit is set by the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation cross section.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The eggs of sea birds with long incubation times are large in relation to the size of the adult bird in the two species that have been studied, and the high energy content of the egg is paralleled by the greater total amount of oxygen consumed during incubation, so that prolonged incubation probably entails a comparatively high allocation of energy resources to maintenance requirements.
Abstract: Sea birds with long incubation periods are identified, together with the features of their incubation physiology which distinguish them from birds in general. Most sea birds with prolonged incubation are members of the order Procellariformes. The majority of Pelecaniformes and Charadniformes with long incubation periods are tropical species. The total amount of water lost from the egg during incubation is a similar fraction of the initial egg weight in sea birds with prolonged incubation as in other birds. The oxygen consumption of the newly hatched chick is similarly related to the chick weight, regardless of the duration of incubation. Within the constraints imposed by these similarities, sea birds with prolonged incubation display a number of adaptations. The daily rate of water loss from the egg, the water vapor conductance of the egg shell, and the total functional pore area of the egg are all relatively low in sea birds with prolonged incubation. The eggs of sea birds with long incubation times are large in relation to the size of the adult bird in the two species that have been studied, the high energy content of the egg is paralleled by the greater total amount of oxygen consumed during incubation. However, the growth of the embryo is relatively slow in at least one sea bird with a long incubation time so that prolonged incubation probably entails a comparatively high allocation of energy resources to maintenance requirements. In some species with prolonged incubation, the interval between pipping and hatching is also long and it appears to be a period of great physiological importance. Ecologically prolonged incubation is associated with either pelagic feeding habits or a tropical environment, both factors may be related to food supply.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Blood platelet trapping has been demonstrated in the area of evolving myocardial infarction in baboons and an area of ischemia developed in which typical changes evolved in S-T segments.
Abstract: Blood platelet trapping has been demonstrated in the area of evolving myocardial infarction in baboons. Sixteen baboons were subjected to ligation of the diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and the extent of myocardial ischemia was monitored with a 64 to 72 electrode epicardial electrocardiographic grid. Eight animals received no treatment and eight were pretreated twice (at 12 hours and at 2 hours before ligation) with aspirin, 600 mg orally. Measurement of infarct extent included all electrode points with S-T segment elevation of 2 mV or greater. Chromium-51-tagged autologous platelets were injected 15 minutes before ligation. In all animals an area of ischemia developed in which typical changes evolved in S-T segments. In three of the eight aspirin-treated animals, double ligation was carried out. Aspirin was administered after release of the first ligature but before religation, and the area of S-T segment elevation was reduced by as much as 23 percent after aspirin treatment. Platelet trapping outside the area of S-T elevation was seen in 25± 3 percent of the total wall samples in aspirin-treated animals compared with 44 ± 7 percent of those in control animals (p

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Distribution of metabolites among different species may result from variation in competing halogenation and oxidation processes which operate from common precursors.
Abstract: 1. 1. Distribution of halophenols and haloindoles in four species of Enteropneusta is reported. 2. 2. The “iodoform-like” odor of the animals is due to bromophenols in the genus Balanoglossus and to 3-haloindoles in the genera Ptychodera and Glossobalanus. 3. 3. Distribution of metabolites among different species may result from variation in competing halogenation and oxidation processes which operate from common precursors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results of crosses and back-crosses between this transovarial transmission-efficient line and noninfected mosquitoes indicated that SA virus was transmitted in Ae.
Abstract: The mechanism of transovarial transmission of San Angelo (SA) virus in Aedes albopictus was investigated.A mosquito line with SA virus filial infection rates of almost 100% was developed by selection. Results of crosses and back-crosses between this transovarial transmission-efficient line and noninfected mosquitoes indicated that SA virus was transmitted in Ae. albopictus by maternal inheritance. The infection status of the male parent was of no consequence; the virus was passed from generation to generation through the females. Transovarially infected mosquitoes contained less virus than insects infected by inoculation. The behavior of SA virus in Ae. albopictus was similar to that of sigma virus in Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that some females in the transovarial transmission-efficient line had developed a chronic infection of their germinal cells (oogonia). Serial transovarial passage of SA virus in Ae. albopictus did not alter its plaque morphology, infectivity for mosquitoes, or pathogenicity for vertebrates. Transovarially infected mosquitoes transmitted the virus by bite to mice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the standard SU(2) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} U(1) model is extended to include two $W$ and two $Z$ bosons without changing the structure of its low-energy phenomenology.
Abstract: The standard SU(2) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} U(1) model is extended to include two $W$ and two $Z$ bosons without changing the structure of its low-energy phenomenology. The experimental implications of this model regarding the existence of a light $W$ and a light $Z$ are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a second class of neutrino oscillations which can arise when both Majorana and dirac neutrinos mass terms exist was considered. But their effect on current oscillation experiments was not discussed.
Abstract: This Letter considers a second class of neutrino oscillations which can arise when both Majorana and dirac neutrino mass terms exist. These oscillations mix neutrino members of weak current doublets with singlets of the same chirality. A depletion of a neutrino beam results, with apparent nonconservation of probability. Possible relevance to current oscillation experiments is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results appear to be consistent with the notion that the chromophore of bathorhodopsin is a twisted all-trans isomer, which is readily obtainable from the 7-cis, 9-Cis, and 11- cis isomers.
Abstract: The photoreaction of 7-cis-rhodopsin derived from 7-cis-retinal and cattle opsin was studied by low-temperature spectrophotometry. Upon irradiation of 7-cis-rhodopsin at liquid nitrogen temperature (-190 degrees C) with blue light, its spectrum shifted to the longer wavelengths, indicating the formation of a bathoproduct. The bathoproduct thus formed was found to be identical with bathorhodopsin formed from rhodopsin in their spectroscopic, photochemical, and thermal properties. Therefore, we believe that the bathoproduct is, in fact, bathorhodopsin. The fact that 7-cis-rhodopsin can be readily converted to rhodopsin and to 9-cis-rhodopsin shows that the identical retinal binding site of opsin is involved in the three isomeric rhodopsins. These results appear to be consistent with the notion that the chromophore of bathorhodopsin is a twisted all-trans isomer, which is readily obtainable from the 7-cis, 9-cis, and 11-cis isomers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It would appear that the dietary levels of vitamin E had no effect on the extent of in vivo lipoperoxidation in rats feeding the unsaturated fat diets but may have had some preventive effect in rats fed the combined fat diets for 18 months.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Kawasaki syndrome is a newly-recognized clinical entity characterized by multisystem involvement that has an acute onset and triphasic clinical course and is characterized by widespread vasculitis.
Abstract: Kawasaki syndrome or the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS, MLNS) is an acute febrile exanthematous illness of children, first recognized in Japan by Kawasaki in 1967.1 In 1970, the Research Committee of MCLS, supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Japanese government, organized a case registry to elucidate the clinical, pathologic, epidemiologic, and etiologic features. By 1974, the committee had collected approximately 5,000 cases from all over Japan.1,2 The illness has continued to be recognized in Japan with more than 10,000 cases registered by 1979. The disease was recognized independently in the United States by Melish et al with 12 cases encountered between 1971 and 1974.3,4 Although these American workers had no knowledge of the Japanese experience they independently identified the same diagnostic criteria. Later consultations with Japanese MCLS researchers have established that the cases in Hawaii and the cases in Japan were indistinguishable in their presenting manifestations and their clinical course. Since 1974, Kawasaki syndrome has been recognized worldwide. Outside Japan, the illness appears to be most prevalent in Hawaii which has the largest published series3; the largest proportion of cases in the United States reported to the Center for Disease Control come from this state. The experience at the Kapiolani-Children9s Medical Center now includes more than 100 cases from various parts of Hawaii.


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Jun 1980-Nature
TL;DR: Results show that a similar mechanism operates in the antibody-mediated viral plaque enhancement of MVE virus on CE cells with virus–antibody complexes of another flavivirus, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus.
Abstract: While studying virus neutralization of many togaviruses by antisera raised in chickens, Hawkes and Lafferty1,2 observed a significant increase of plaque counts above controls when virus–antibody mixtures were assayed on chick embryo (CE) cell monolayers, or monolayers derived from other avian embryos. Among those antisera tested, partial neutralizing activity was observed at low dilutions and plaque enhancement at high dilutions above the neutralizing end point. These studies interested us because of the many apparent similarities between plaque enhancement and enhanced replication of dengue virus in mononuclear phagocytes. The latter has been shown to be mediated by anti-dengue IgG at dilutions above neutralization end points. When non-neutralized immune complexes are formed between dengue virus and antibody molecules, the Fc termini attach to cell receptors and complexes are internalized; this facilitates infection and results in enhanced production of virus3,4. The same phenomenon has been extended to West Nile (WN) virus demonstrated on mouse macrophage cell lines by Peiris and Porterfield5. Here, we have examined the infection of CE cells with virus–antibody complexes of another flavivirus, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus. Our results show that a similar mechanism operates in the antibody-mediated viral plaque enhancement of MVE virus on CE cells.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It has been demonstrated that stable aromatic rhodopsin analogues can be prepared and the stereoselectivity of isomers of these compounds in their interaction with opsin and the absorption properties of the resultant pigments are similar to those of the parent retinal.
Abstract: The preparation of seven aromatic analogues of retinal, the isolation and characterization of their geometric isomers, and the interaction of these isomers with cattle opsin are reported. Within certain limitations, it has been demonstrated that stable aromatic rhodopsin analogues can be prepared. In general, the stereoselectivity of isomers of these compounds in their interaction with opsin and the absorption properties of the resultant pigments are similar to those of the parent retinal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nodamura virus multiplied and caused paralysis and death when injected into the thoraces of adult Aedes albopictus and Toxorhynchites amboinensis mosquitoes but not when similarly injected into Culex quinquefasciatus adults.
Abstract: Summary Nodamura virus multiplied and caused paralysis and death when injected into the thoraces of adult Aedes albopictus and Toxorhynchites amboinensis mosquitoes but not when similarly injected into Culex quinquefasciatus adults. A. albopictus also became infected after ingesting a Nodamura virus suspension or after immersion in a virus suspension as larvae, but they did not die. Head squash preparations of the injected insects, examined by indirect fluorescent antibody technique, showed large amounts of Nodamura virus antigen in the brain regardless of the mode of infection. Nodamura virus was isolated from and titrated in mosquito cell (AP-61) cultures. Comparative titrations indicate that this method of assay is more sensitive than intracerebral inoculation of infant mice.

Posted Content
TL;DR: This paper developed behavioral relationships explaining investors' demands for long-term bonds, using three alternative hypotheses about investors' expectations of future bond prices (yields) using U.S. 'data for six major categories of bond market investors, consistently support an autoregressive expectations model.
Abstract: This paper develops behavioral relationships explaining investors' demands for long-term bonds, using three alternative hypotheses about investors' expectations of future bond prices (yields). The results, based on U.S. 'data for six major categories of bond market investors, consistently support an autoregressive expectations model. The results also have implications for further aspects of investors' portfolio behavior, including expectations formation, response to inflation, and speed of adjustment.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1980-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented trace element abundance data for these basalts and provided further support for a relatively long-lived thermal and magmatic event in the late Cretaceous resulting in voluminous and widespread magmatism in the central and western Pacific consistent with earlier suggestions.
Abstract: Leg 61 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was concerned with drilling a single continuously cored multiple re-entry hole at site 462 in the Central Nauru Basin (Fig. 1). Preliminary results of this drilling, which penetrated more than 1 km beneath the sea floor, were presented earlier1,2. One major result was the discovery of a late Cretaceous off-ridge volcanic/intrusive complex of basaltic composition and great thickness (>500 m). We now present trace element abundance data for these basalts. Results of the drilling provide further support for a relatively long-lived thermal and magmatic event in the late Cretaceous resulting in voluminous and widespread magmatism in the central and western Pacific consistent with earlier suggestions3–5. The trace element data show that most of the rocks produced during this event have trace element characteristics intermediate between those of normal and transitional mid-ocean ridge basalts (N- and T-type MORB)6 and different from Hawaiian basalts7. These results indicate that basalts which are depleted in light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to the heavy REE may, in certain conditions, be erupted as voluminous intra-plate eruptions far from active ridge crests.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Weinberg-Salam model in the limit of vanishing external momenta has been shown to have an effective coupling in the case of a large mass quark.
Abstract: We compute exactly the effective $\mathrm{Zd}\overline{s}$ coupling in the Weinberg-Salam model in the limit of vanishing external momenta The result is of importance if the effect of the $t$ quark, which has presumably a rather large mass, is to be taken into account

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the normative functioning of the volcano warning system on the island of Hawaii was examined and the combination of factors, both environmental and social, which allowed the system to operate with success was identified.
Abstract: This study examines the normative functioning of the volcano warning system on the Island of Hawaii. The research seeks to identify the combination of factors, both environmental and social, which allows the system to operate with success. On the basis of the findings, several recommendations are offered for improving environmental hazard warning systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1980-Steroids
TL;DR: The free sterol mixture of the sponge Stylotella agminata contained a series of 3-hydroxymethyl-A-nor sterols of 5 alpha-cholestane and a new cyclopropane-containing sterol was isolated and shown to be 3 epsilon-Hydroxymethy- A-nor-5 alpha-gorgostane.