Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 1983"
1,225 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of research findings concludes that there is considerable evidence that instruction is beneficial for children as well as adults, for beginning, intermediate, and advanced students, 3) on integrative and discrete point tests, and 4) in acquisition-rich and acquisition-poor environments.
Abstract: Does second language instruction promote second language acquisition? Some studies conclude that instruction does not help (or even that it is counter-productive); others find it beneficial. The picture becomes clearer if two distinctions are made. First, researchers may address one or both of two issues: the absolute effect of instruction, on the one hand, and its relative utility, on the other. Second, studies need to be subclassified according to whether or not the comparisons they make involve controlling for the total amount of instruction, exposure, or instruction plus exposure-that is, for the total opportunity to acquire the second language. Observing these distinctions, a review of research findings concludes that there is considerable (although not overwhelming) evidence that instruction is beneficial 1) for children as well as adults, 2) for beginning, intermediate, and advanced students, 3) on integrative as well as discrete-point tests, and 4) in acquisition-rich as well as acquisition-poor environments. These findings have implications for theories of second language acquisition, such as Krashen's Monitor Theory, which make predictions about second language acquisition with and without instruction, and also for those involved in educational administration, program design, and classroom teaching.
598 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that the adjustments made by native speakers appear to be reacting not to one, but to a combination of factors, such as the linguistic characteristics and comprehen-sibility of the non-native's interlanguage, but particularly his or her apparent comprehension of what the native speaker is saying.
Abstract: At least 40 studies have been conducted of the linguistic and conversational adjustments made by native speakers of a language using it for communication with non-native speakers. The modifications sometimes result in ungrammatical speech. Generally, however, they serve to provide input that is well-formed, a sort of linguistic and conversational cocoon for the neophyte second language acquirer. Most of the findings hold across age groups, social classes and settings, although some differences, both qualitative and quantitative, have been noted in these areas, too. In making the adjustments described, native speakers appear to be reacting not to one, but to a combination of factors. These include the linguistic characteristics and comprehen-sibility of the non-native's interlanguage, but particularly his or her apparent comprehension of what the native speaker is saying. The adjustments appear to be necessary for second language acquisition, in that beginners seem unable to acquire from unmodified native speaker input. There is some doubt as to their sufficiency in this regard.
594 citations
TL;DR: In this article, three dimensions of conceptualization, planning, and performance involved in the teaching of listening comprehension are considered, referred to as approach, design, and procedure (Richards and Rodgers 1982).
Abstract: This article outlines three dimensions in the teaching of listening comprehension. In approach, it discusses the nature of spoken discourse and offers a theory of listening comprehension that takes into account the processes that listeners make use of. In design, it analyzes learners' listening needs, proposes a taxonomy of microskills, and establishes objectives for teaching these skills. And finally, in procedure, it presents classroom activities and exercise types that can be used to attain these objectives. Not to let a word get in the way of its sentence Nor to let a sentence get in the way of its intention, But to send your mind out to meet the intention as a guest; THAT is understanding. Chinese proverb, fourth century B.C. In this article, three dimensions of conceptualization, planning, and performance involved in the teaching of listening comprehension are considered. These are referred to as approach, design, and procedure (Richards and Rodgers 1982). Initially, an outline of some of what is known about the processes involved in listening is presented. This is the level of approach, where assumptions about how listeners proceed in decoding utterances to extract meanings are spelled out. The next level, that of design, is where an operationalization is made of the component micro-skills which constitute our competence as listeners. This in turn enables objectives to be defined for the teaching of listening comprehension. At the third level, that of procedure, questions concerning exercise types and teaching techniques are examined. These three levels illustrate the domain of methodology in language teaching.
459 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest the possibility of a preventive or therapeutic role for thiazides in osteoporosis, and the higher mineral content found among thiazide users is related to the drug and not to the underlying hypertension.
Abstract: The thiazide diuretics are known to cause calcium retention. In order to study the effect of thiazides on bone mineralization, we have measured the mineral content of bone at five sites (the distal radius, the distal ulna, the proximal radius, the proximal ulna, and the os calcis) in 1368 men with a mean age of 68 years, including 323 who were taking thiazides for hypertension. The results were adjusted for age and body-mass index. Thiazide users had significantly more bone mineral content at all five sites than did non-users. Untreated hypertensive patients and persons without hypertension had comparable bone mineral content, indicating that the higher mineral content found among thiazide users is related to the drug and not to the underlying hypertension. These findings suggest the possibility of a preventive or therapeutic role for thiazides in osteoporosis. (N Engl J Med 1983; 309:344–7.)
230 citations
TL;DR: The findings support the view that Ae.
Abstract: Transovarial transmission of all four dengue serotypes was demonstrated in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The rates of such transmission varied with the serotype and strain of virus. In general, the highest rates were observed with strains of dengue type 1 and the lowest with dengue type 3. Surprisingly, despite the use of viral strains of the four dengue serotypes which gave the highest rates with Ae. albopictus, transovarial transmission was observed in Aedes aegypti only with dengue type 1, and then only at a relatively low rate. Five different strains of Ae. aegypti were employed, including one that was known to be relatively susceptible to oral infection with dengue viruses. The findings support the view that Ae. aegypti, while of major importance from the point of view of transmission of dengue to man, may be relatively unimportant in the overall natural history of dengue viruses.
229 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that inhibitors did not play a direct role in controlling wall softening and a close relationship exists between PG and xylanase and the rise in respiration, ethylene evolution, and softening.
Abstract: Pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG), xylanase, cellulase, and proteinase activity were determined and related to respiration, ethylene evolution, and changes in skin color of papaya ( Carica papaya L.) fruit from harvest through to the start of fruit breakdown. PME gradually increased from the start of the climacteric rise reaching a peak 2 days after the respiratory peak. PG and xylanase were not detectable in the preclimacteric stage but increased during the climacteric: during the post climacteric stage, the PG declined to a level one-quarter of peak activity with xylanase activity returning to zero. Cellulase activity gradually increased 3-fold after harvest to peak at the same time as PME, 2 days after the edible stage. Proteinase declined throughout the climacteric and postclimacteric phases. A close relationship exists between PG and xylanase and the rise in respiration, ethylene evolution, and softening. Cultivar differences in postclimacteric levels of enzymic activity were not detected. An inhibitor of cellulase activity was detected in preclimacteric fruit. The inhibitor was not benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC). BITC did inhibit PG activity, though no inhibitor of PG activity was detected in preclimacteric homogenates when BITC was highest. The results indicate that inhibitors did not play a direct role in controlling wall softening.
157 citations
TL;DR: To provide sufficient numbers of patients varying in age of initial adequate surgical alignment for congenital esotropia, 162 patients managed by seven ophthalmologists in three countries were personally examined by the author and the results compiled for a clinical study.
147 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated how different types of topic reinstatements affected second language learners' recognition and recall of sentence topics in lectures and found that the redundant repeated noun was significantly better recognized than the simple noun, and was better recalled than the conditional or synonym.
Abstract: An experiment was designed to investigate how different types of topic reinstatements affected second language learners' recognition and recall of sentence topics in lectures. The variant reinstatement structures tested were repetition of the noun topic, rhetorical questions, synonyms, conditional clauses, and simple noun reiteration. The research question was whether syntactic simplicity or elaboration and redundancy would be more effective in promoting retention of the topic. Findings indicated that the redundant repeated noun was significantly better recognized than the simple noun, and was better recalled than the conditional or synonym. Learners with relatively low English proficiency tended to have poorer recall ability on the syntactically more complex structures.
142 citations
TL;DR: The inference that wall-binding sites were involved led to the testing of uranium uptake by chitin, cellulose, and cellulose derivatives in microcolumns, all of which were active, especially chit in particular.
Abstract: Penicillium digitatum mycelium can accumulate uranium from aqueous solutions of uranyl chloride. Azide present during the uptake tests does not inhibit the process. Killing the fungal biomass in boiling water or by treatment with alcohols, dimethyl sulfoxide, or potassium hydroxide increases the uptake capability to about 10,000 parts per million (dry weight). Formaldehyde killing does not enhance the uranium uptake. The inference that wall-binding sites were involved led to the testing of uranium uptake by chitin, cellulose, and cellulose derivatives in microcolumns. All were active, especially chitin.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the dark hemisphere of Iapetus was found to be very red, similar to a few asteroids and the earth's moon, but with no spectral features implying olivine or pyroxene.
TL;DR: This article reviewed studies employing or investigating the metalinguistic judgments of native and nonnative speakers and compared their results and methodologies in an attempt to stimulate reliable and informative applications of such judgments in future research.
Abstract: Studies employing or investigating the metalinguistic judgments of native and nonnative speakers are reviewed. Their results and methodologies are compared in an attempt to stimulate reliable and informative applications of such judgments in future research. It is found that, given appropriate controls and validation procedures, metalinguistic judgments can play a useful role in language acquisition studies.
TL;DR: The American Association of Mental Deficiency defines mental retardation as “sub-average general intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior.”
Abstract: The American Association of Mental Deficiency defines mental retardation as “sub-average general intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior.”
TL;DR: The ultrastructure of the endometrial stroma in rats bearing deciduomata was examined in detail on day 9 (day of vaginal cornification = day 0) of pseudopregnancy.
Abstract: The ultrastructure of the endometrial stroma in rats bearing deciduomata was examined in detail on day 9 (day of vaginal cornification = day 0) of pseudopregnancy, together with the development of deciduomata from day 4 to day 8. Five major regions were recognizable on day 9. 1) In the basal zone, which contributes to endometrial regeneration following decidualization, stromal cells remained fibrocyte-like and were separated by wide bands of collagen fibrils. Capillaries were fenestrated and large. 2) The capsule surrounding the antimesometrial (region of the) deciduoma was composed of flattened cells, showing mitosis, which appeared to provide a source of appositional growth of the deciduoma. 3) The large, tightly packed, polyploid cells of the antimesometrial deciduoma showed morphological evidence of protein synthesis activity, an absence of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and surface specializations suggestive of adhesion (adherens junctions), communication (gap junctions), and maintenance of an extensive surface area (lamellar processes). These cells came into very close apposition with capillary endothelial cells, which were seldom fenestrated, lacked any continuous basal lamina, and showed evidence of high metabolic activity. 4) The loosely packed mesometrial deciduoma contained a structurally supportive, "fixed" population of spiny cells and a "free" population of granulated cells and their putative precursors, together with a meshwork of large, sinusoidal capillaries whose endothelium was generally supported by a basal lamina. 5) The peripheral parts of the glycogenic area, which was structurally similar to the mesometrial deciduoma, contained many grossly enlarged intercellular spaces of undetermined function. The stromal cells at day 4, which give rise to all non-vascular elements except the granulated cells mentioned above, were structurally simple and fibrocyte-like. Only two distinct regions, subepithelial and deep, were recognizable. Capillaries at day 4 generally possessed a continuous endothelium, with a complete basal lamina and many pericytes. Between days 5 and 8, the stromal cells showed divergent forms of differentiation according to their position in the endometrium. Ultrastructural differentiation of the vasculature also showed divergence according to position, leading to the various types of capillaries seen at day 9. Regional variation, and high levels of structural organization, characterize the "programmed" decidual response in the pseudopregnant rat.
TL;DR: Although agreement for blinded BP duplicates was generally good, the appearance of sound was identified with greater reproducibility than was the disappearance (diastolic BP), and recertification procedures were of great value in assuring the continued high quality of BP data.
Abstract: Accurate, reproducible measurements of blood pressure (BP) were central to the goals and objectives of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP), a multicenter clinical trial on the efficacy of pharmacological treatment of individuals with elevated BP. All potential BP observers with or without previous experience in measuring BP were required to undergo a defined training program and meet set performance criteria to be certified to take HDFP BP. Recertification was required twice a year. Originally an audiotape test was used to measure accuracy of BP readings. This approach was later replaced by a videotape test, which proved more realistic and an equally effective tool for long-term quality control. With this technique of certifications, 75% of the individuals taking the test passed on the first attempt and more than 95% passed with one or two attempts. Although agreement for blinded BP duplicates was generally good, the appearance of sound (systolic BP) was identified with greater reproducibility than was the disappearance (diastolic BP). These recertification procedures were of great value in assuring the continued high quality of our BP data.
TL;DR: This study investigates the effects of son preference on sex ratio and fertility at the family level, utilizing World Fertility Survey data for Korea, whose population is known to have a strong preference for sons and a fairly high level of contraceptive use.
Abstract: This study investigates the effects of son preference on sex ratio and fertility at the family level, utilizing World Fertility Survey data for Korea, whose population is known to have a strong preference for sons and a fairly high level of contraceptive use. The sex ratio (number of males per 100 females) of siblings in small families is considerably higher than in large families. The sex ratio of last-born children in families of any size is markedly higher than that of the previous children. The sex distribution of children for a given family size, if less than five, deviates significantly from the Bernoulli sequence. The observed frequency of all-girl families is especially small in comparison with the expected value. The sex of the last child strongly influences couples’ decision making regarding additional births in all steps of family building except for bearing a second child. In increasing their families to moderate size, parents appear to take into consideration the sex distribution of all earlier births.
TL;DR: Fungia scutaria spawned vigorously with a lunar beriodicity during the summer months of 1981 and 1982 and was absent in winter and spring (1983), but attempts to docment settlement produced ambiguous results.
Abstract: Fungia scutaria spawned vigorously with a lunar beriodicity during the summer months of 1981 and 1982. Spawning activity declined in the fall of both years and was absent in winter and spring (1983). There was only one short spawning event per lunar cycle. Each event occurred in the evening between 1700 and 1900 hours 1 to 4 days following the full moon. Fungia scutaria exhibits gonochorism. Females ejected eggs through their mouths into the seawater above. Many of these negatively buoyant eggs settled onto the oral discs and were moved off the edge by ciliary-mucoid activity. Spermatoza from males were similarly expelled in a jet of gastrovascular fluid. Spawned eggs were small and lacked endosymbiotic zooxanthellae. Rapid development led to ciliated solid planulae by the next morning. Within 24 h a mouth had begun to develop. Planulae may have been able to feed within 39 h. Infection with zooxanthellae occurred 4–5 days following spawning. Planulae may have become competent for settlement by 7 days, but attempts to docment settlement produced ambiguous results.
TL;DR: Results on vertex coloring and the vertex independence number of a finite graph are used to prove the theorem that G cannot be covered by the union of fewer than [|G|^1^3] abelian subgroups.
TL;DR: The SeaMARC II system as mentioned in this paper is a long-range, side-scan sonar system which produces geometrically correct acoustic images o f the seafloor and has the unique capability of being able to measure the direction to a seaf loor reflector.
Abstract: SeaMARC II is a long-range, side-scan sonar system which produces geometrically correct acoustic images o f the seafloor. In addition, the system has the unique capability of being able to measure the direction to a seafloor reflector. When the range and direction to a reflector are accurately determined these data can be converted to position and depth, so that bathymetry can be calculated for the ensonified swath of seafloor. Thus, the SeaMARC II system provides the acoustic equivalent of an aerial photograph of the seafloor accompanied by a high resolution bathymetric map. The system is being jointly developed by International Submarine Technology Ltd. (IST), of Redmond, Wash., and the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics (HIG), of the University of Hawaii.
TL;DR: This paper conducted a survey of ESL students' attitudes toward and preferences for the correction of spoken errors by native speaker friends and found that the majority of the ESL students viewed correcting errors as facilitating and even being necessary for the improvement of their oral English.
Abstract: This article presents the findings of a survey of ESL students' attitudes toward and preferences for the correction of spoken errors by native speaker friends. The 418 subjects reported generally positive attitudes toward error correction and claimed to prefer even more correction than their friends did. They saw correcting errors as facilitating—even being necessary—for the improvement of their oral English.
TL;DR: The data indicate that acute exercise by running a marathon does alter the immediate hormonal profile and that acute Exercise in an aquatic program results in a different response.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Nusselt number as a function of the Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers plus an additional dimensionless parameter that accounts for viscous dissipation was used to correlate the experimental data more accurately than does any one of the eight previously published correlation equations.
TL;DR: Familial correlations are available for individuals reared by biological and foster parents, with and without indices of relevant environment, and there is good agreement among data sets.
Abstract: Familial correlations are available for individuals reared by biological and foster parents, with and without indices of relevant environment. Five data sets give estimates of genetic heritability which range from 0.194 to 0.360 for systolic pressure and from 0.147 to 0.346 for diastolic pressure. Concomitant estimates of cultural heritability due to common family environment range from 0.042 to 0.183 for systolic pressure and from 0.008 to 0.310 for diastolic pressure. There is good resolution of genetic and environmental determinants. Most of the variance is due to random environment and errors of measurement. Although estimates of variance components are spatiotemporally limited to particular populations, there is good agreement among data sets.
TL;DR: To provide sufficient numbers of patients varying in age of initial adequate surgical alignment for congenital esotropia, 154 patients managed by seven ophthalmologists in three countries were personally examined by the author and the results compiled for a clinical study.
Abstract: To provide sufficient numbers of patients varying in age of initial adequate surgical alignment for congenital esotropia, 154 patients managed by seven ophthalmologists in three countries were personally examined by the author and the results compiled for a clinical study. Examiner bias was minimized by having the examination performed without prior knowledge of the clinical history and the tests were standardized in both method of examination and test devices. From this population group 106 patients were chosen who had reliable answers, satisfactory alignment and an ophthalmologist's exam of the congenital nature of the problem by at least one year of age. The results of sensory testing showed that those adequately aligned by the age of 6 months versus 12 months versus 24 months were not statistically different, but those patients aligned after 24 months of age demonstrated a significantly lower percentage with evidence for binocularity (p less than .001).
TL;DR: Precultured penicillium biomass can accumulate U from solutions of uranyl chloride as mentioned in this paper, and it can remove, over a 1 to 4 h period, between 20 and 30 °C, 75 to 90% of the UO2 ion from 1 to 10 ppm solutions.
Abstract: PreculturedPenicillium biomass can accumulate U from solutions of uranyl chloride. A 4 g (fresh weight) fungal mass will remove, over a 1 to 4 h period, between 20 and 30 °C, 75 to 90% of the UO2-ion from 1 to 10 ppm solutions. Accumulation is more or less the same between pH 5.5 to 7.5, and retains over 2/3 of its efficiency at pH 2.5. Boiling, pasteurization and trichloracetic acid pretreatment do not reduce and may increase fungal efficiency. Preculture with Tween 80 improves efficiency by its effect on formation of small beaded mycelial masses.
TL;DR: Results suggest that the enzyme-immunoassay procedure may be valuable for routine direct assessment of ciguatoxin in fish tissues because of its practicality, sensitivity and specificity.
TL;DR: Results indicate that the activity of specific ion channels in the cell membrane can indeed be modulated by protein phosphorylation, and that in different cells different ion channels may be affected.
TL;DR: Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured in resting and incubating Laysan albatrosses and Bonin petrels on Midway Atoll to determine fat metabolism and fractional water content.