Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 1993"
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic spectral analysis has been carried out on a large subset (39 of 144) of the S-type asteroid population, including a number of distinct compositional subtypes which exhibit surface silicate assemblages.
489 citations
TL;DR: This study examines the impact of teams on using EMS in dispersed and face-to-face settings and suggests that EMS can be effective in augmenting traditional audio-conferencing by strengthening the medium and allowing additional communication use to be exchanged among participants.
Abstract: Economic, social, and political institutions worldwide are relying increasingly on communication technology to perform a variety of functions: holding electronic town meetings where hundreds of people in numerous cities participate simultaneously; forging strategic links with business partners, thereby forming "virtual corporations" that can be instantly disbanded; redefining the conventional notion of a college campus by offering classes via interactive media to non-traditional students; and enabling consumers with personal digital assistants to remain connected with their children and families at all times In this environment, where geographic and temporal boundaries are shrinking rapidly, electronic meeting systems (EMS) are playing an important role This study examines the impact of teams on using EMS in dispersed and face-to-face settings The results suggest that EMS can be effective in augmenting traditional audio-conferencing by strengthening the medium and allowing additional communication use to be exchanged among participants They also indicate that EMS can improve decision-making performance, given proper task-technology fit and adequate facilitation As businesses expand globally, such systems will provide instant communication capabilities and help coordinate dispersed decision-making activities
348 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that all high-energy dependent quenching is xanthophyll dependent, and Antheraxanthin apparently contributes toQuenching as effectively as zeaxanth in and explains quench previously not accounted for by zeax anthin.
Abstract: Zeaxanthin has been correlated with high-energy non-photochemical fluorescence quenching but whether antheraxanthin, the intermediate in the pathway from violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, also relates to quenching is unknown. The relationships of zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and ΔpH to fluorescence quenching were examined in chloroplasts ofPisum sativum L. cv. Oregon andLactuca sativa L. cv. Romaine. Data matrices as five levels of violaxanthin de-epoxidation against five levels of light-induced lumen-proton concentrations were obtained for both species. The matrices included high levels of antheraxanthin as well as lumen-proton concentrations induced by subsaturating to saturation light levels. Analyses of the matrices by simple linear and multiple regression showed that quenching is predicted by models where the major independent variable is the product of lumen acidity and de-epoxidized xanthophylls, the latter as the sum of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin. The interactions of lumen acidity and xanthophyll concentration are shown in three-dimensional plots of the best-fit multiple regression models. Antheraxanthin apparently contributes to quenching as effectively as zeaxanthin and explains quenching previously not accounted for by zeaxanthin. Hence, we propose that all high-energy dependent quenching is xanthophyll dependent. Quenching requires a threshold lumen pH that varies with xanthophyll composition. After the threshold, quenching is linear with lumen acidity or xanthophyll composition.
317 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that particular patterns of defensive behaviors may provide a very appropriate animal model for the analysis of pharmacological effects on anxiety, with females more defensive than males.
296 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993TL;DR: In this paper, the Borel construction of G-CW-complexes has been studied in the context of rational homotopy theory and torus and p-torus actions on Poincare duality spaces.
Abstract: Preface 1. Equivalent cohomology of G-CW-complexes and the Borel construction 2. Summary of some aspects of rational homotopy theory 3. Localisation 4. General results on torus and p-torus actions 5. Actions on Poincare duality spaces Appendices References Indexes.
282 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the content of humorous television advertising from four national cultures: Korea, Germany, Thailand, and the United States and found that humorous communications from such diverse national cultures share certain universal cognitive structures underlying the message.
Abstract: Humor is a commonly used communication tool in advertising in the United States, but U.S. marketers know little about its use and effectiveness in foreign markets. Such limited knowledge hinders international managers' ability to determine which aspects of humorous communications are likely to be amenable to global standardization and which should be adapted to local expectations. The authors examine the content of humorous television advertising from four national cultures: Korea, Germany, Thailand, and the United States. Findings indicate that humorous communications from such diverse national cultures share certain universal cognitive structures underlying the message. However, the specific content of humorous advertising is likely to be variable across national cultures along major normative dimensions such as collectivism- individualism.
267 citations
TL;DR: A transaction costs model is presented that shows how parallel sourcing provides incentives for supplier performance associated with multiple sourcing while preserving claimed benefits of sole sourcing.
Abstract: Japanese auto makers are reported to enjoy high supplier performance through long-term relationships, specific investments, and sole sourcing. Quality management consultants in the U.S. have been strongly advocating adoption of these practices. But economic and management theorists would predict that the combination of a high level of relationship-specific investments and sole sourcing will lead to problems with supplier performance. In fact the Japanese auto makers use a hybrid form of organization we term parallel sourcing. We present a transaction costs model that shows how parallel sourcing provides incentives for supplier performance associated with multiple sourcing while preserving claimed benefits of sole sourcing.
258 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple driven dissipative system consisting of a vector field with local instabilities that cause rapid diffusion of the field was proposed to model the dynamics of the complex magnetized plasma of solar active regions.
Abstract: The contention of Lu and Hamilton (1991) that the energy release process in solar flares can be understood as avalanches of many small reconnection events is further developed. The dynamics of the complex magnetized plasma of solar active regions is modeled with a simple driven dissipative system, consisting of a vector field with local instabilities that cause rapid diffusion of the field. It is argued that the avalanches in this model are analogous to solar flares. The distributions of avalanches in this model are compared with the solar flare frequency distributions obtained from ISEE 3/ICE satellite observations. Quantitative agreement is found with the energy, peak luminosity, and duration distributions over four orders of magnitude in flare energy, from the largest flares down to the completeness limit of the observations. It is predicted that the power-law solar flare frequency distributions will be found to continue downward with the same logarithmic slopes to an energy of about 3 x 10 exp 25 ergs and duration of about 0.3 s, with deviations from power-law behavior below these values.
240 citations
TL;DR: An arena analysis of the heterogeneous constructions of RU486 by various actors, including scientists, pharmaceutical compa nies, medical groups, antiabortion groups, women's health movement groups, and others who have produced situated knowledges are offered.
Abstract: In the highly contentious abortion arena, the new oral abortifacient technology RU486 is one among many actors. This article offers an arena analysis of the heterogeneous constructions of RU486 by various actors, including scientists, pharmaceutical compa nies, medical groups, antiabortion groups, women's health movement groups, and others who have produced situated knowledges. Conceptually, we find not only that the identity of the nonhuman actor-RU486 -is unstable and multiple but also that, in practice, there are other (previously invisible) implicated actors—the downstream users and consumers of the technology. If we try to follow all the actors, we find a fuller and more historicized arena, and, ironically, we too can be construed as implicated actors in it.
230 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a kinetic model for biomass gasification is developed based on the mechanism of surface reactions, and the apparent rate constants are computed by minimizing the differences between experimental data and theoretical results for different residence times and different temperatures.
229 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of the steam reforming of glucose in supercritical water at 34.5 MPa and temperatures between 450° and 650°C were presented, where the gas consisted primarily of hydrogen and carbon dioxide and a small amount of carbon monoxide and methane.
Abstract: Results of the steam reforming of glucose in supercritical water at 34.5 MPa and temperatures between 450° and 650°C are presented. At 600°C and above glucose is completely gasified (no observable char or tar product) in less than one minute. The gas consists primarily of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and a small amount of carbon monoxide and methane. Phase separation of the products exiting the reactor makes the gas available at very high pressure.
TL;DR: Bacterial populations were easier to distinguish from background fluorescence when stained with HO342 than whenstained with DAPI, because HO342 has a higher relative fluorescence quantum yield.
Abstract: We investigated the accuracy and precision of flow cytometric (FCM) estimates of bacterial abundances using 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Hoechst 33342 (HO342, a bisbenzamide derivative) on paraformaldehyde-fixed seawater samples collected from two stations near Oahu, Hawaii. The accuracy of FCM estimates was assessed against direct counts by using epifluorescence microscopy. DAPI and HO342 differ in two aspects of their chemistry that make HO342 better suited for staining marine heterotrophic bacteria for FCM analysis. These differences are most important in studies of open-ocean ecosystems that require dual-beam FCM analysis to clearly separate heterotrophic bacterial populations from populations of photosynthetic Prochlorococcus spp. Bacterial populations were easier to distinguish from background fluorescence when stained with HO342 than when stained with DAPI, because HO342 has a higher relative fluorescence quantum yield. A substantially higher coefficient of variation of blue fluorescence, which was probably due to fluorescent complexes formed by DAPI with double-stranded RNA, was observed for DAPI-stained populations. FCM estimates averaged 2.0 and 12% higher than corresponding epifluorescence microscopy direct counts for HO342 and DAPI-stained samples, respectively. A paired-sample t test between FCM estimates and direct counts found no significant difference for HO342-stained samples but a significant difference for DAPI-stained samples. Coefficients of variation of replicate FCM abundance estimates ranged from 0.63 to 2.9% (average, 1.5%) for natural bacterial concentrations of 6 × 105 to 15 × 105 cells ml-1.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Five stages of decomposition (fresh, bloated, decay, post-decay, and skeletal) are suggested as reference points in the decomposition process and factors that may delay invasion of the remains by arthropods or alter developmental patterns, such as wrapping of the body, climate, or presence of drugs and toxins in the remains are discussed.
Abstract: Insects are frequently the first organisms to arrive at a dead body. By their activities they begin a biological clock that will allow for an estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI). In this publication, the two general approaches to estimation of the PMI using entomological data are reviewed: (a) use of individual species developmental patterns; and (b) use of arthropod succession data. Recent advances in studies of the biologies of various Diptera (flies) have allowed for more accurate estimates, as have recent detailed studies of the roles of various arthropods in the decomposition process. Five stages of decomposition (fresh, bloated, decay, post-decay, and skeletal) are suggested as reference points in the decomposition process. These stages are largely artificial, but serve as convenient references in court situations. Factors that may delay invasion of the remains by arthropods or alter developmental patterns, such as wrapping of the body, climate, or presence of drugs and toxins in the remains, are discussed. A general plan of approach to the estimation of PMI using entomological data is presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 1 - 5.4 micrometers Cryogenic Echelle Spectrograph (CSHELL) for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility is described, which operates in a single-order long-slit mode, and a circular variable filter is used as an order sorter.
Abstract: A 1 - 5.4 micrometers Cryogenic Echelle Spectrograph (CSHELL) for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility is described. It achieves a resolving power of 5,000 to 40,000 using slits ranging from 4.0' to 0.5' in width and 30' long. It operates in a single-order long-slit mode, and a circular variable filter is used as an order sorter. Two infrared arrays are employed to achieve spectral coverage from 1 - 5.4 micrometers : a 256 X 256 HgCdTe NICMOS-3 array for 1 - 2.5 micrometers and a SBRC 58 X 62 InSb array for 2.8 - 5.4 micrometers . A closed- cycle cooler is employed to keep the optics and supporting structure at 73 K and to maintain the detectors at their proper operating temperatures. The entire spectrograph fits within an envelope of 64 cm X 35 cm X 27 cm. The instrument is controlled by a microcomputer mounted on the telescope, but the observer commands the instrument from a UNIX X Windows workstation on the Internet. This use of the Internet for communication between instrument control and user interface computers facilitates remote observing. A limiting magnitude of 12.3 mag is achieved for S/N equals 10 in 1 hour integration time, at resolving power of 20,000 at 2.2 micrometers wavelength.
TL;DR: Two of Mendel's three laws were quickly discarded as information on the organization and transmission of genes accumulated at the beginning of this century, but his law of segregation has shown remarkable staying power.
TL;DR: In this article, a negative correlation between bioturbation rate and tracer half-life was found in deep-sea sediments, and the authors hypothesize that this negative relationship results from age-dependent mixing, a process in which recently sedimented, food-rich particles are ingested and mixed at higher rates by deposit feeders than are older, foodpoor particles.
TL;DR: It is shown that, for RM codes, the standard binary order of bit positions is optimum at every bit position with respect to the state complexity of a minimal trellis diagram by using a theorem due to V.K. Wei (1991).
Abstract: It was shown earlier that for a punctured Reed-Muller (RM) code or a primitive BCH code, which contains a punctured RM code of the same minimum distance as a large subcode, the state complexity of the minimal trellis diagrams is much greater than that for an equivalent code obtained by a proper permutation of the bit positions. The problem of finding a permutation of the bit positions for a given code that minimizes the state complexity of its minimal trellis diagram is related to the generalized Hamming weight hierarchy of a code, and it is shown that, for RM codes, the standard binary order of bit positions is optimum at every bit position with respect to the state complexity of a minimal trellis diagram by using a theorem due to V.K. Wei (1991). The state complexity of the trellis diagram for the extended and permuted (64, 24) BCH code is discussed. >
TL;DR: This review of studies from the U.S. and elsewhere indicate that it is unreasonable to consider the often-used figure of 10% of the male population as more or less regularly engaging in same-sex activities.
Abstract: The general public as well as the scientific community have use for accurate data on the size(s) of the heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual populations. Uses include political, legal, medical, and social. The data upon which the typically used figures are dependent have come under scrutiny. This review of studies from the U.S. and elsewhere indicate that it is unreasonable to consider the often-used figure of 10% of the male population as more or less regularly engaging in same-sex activities. The figure is closer to half that. And the figure for the lesbian population is even smaller. Further, routinely exclusive or predominantly exclusive homosexual activities are more common than bisexual activities.
TL;DR: The tear trough deformity and its extension into the cheek is an extremely common and consistently deforming characteristic of the lower orbital region and an implant designed to alleviate the deformity is now available from an implant manufacturer in a variety of sizes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the discovery of blueschist-facies minerals (lawsonite, aragonite, sodic pyroxene and blue amphibole) in clasts from a serpentinite seamount in the forearc of the active Mariana subduction zone.
Abstract: THE high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks known as blueschists have long been considered to form in subduction zones, where the descent of a relatively cold slab leads to the occurrence of unusually low temperatures at mantle pressures. Until now, however, the link between blueschist-facies rocks and subduction zones has been indirect, relying on a spatial association of blueschists with old subduction complexes, and estimates of the geothermal gradients likely to exist in subduction zones. Here we strengthen this link, by reporting the discovery of blueschist-facies minerals (lawsonite, aragonite, sodic pyroxene and blue amphibole) in clasts from a serpentinite seamount in the forearc of the active Mariana subduction zone. The metamorphic conditions estimated from the mineral compositions are 150–250 °C and 5–6 kbar (16–20 km depth). The rocks must have been entrained in rising serpentine mud diapirs, and extruded from mud volcanoes onto the sea floor. Further study of these rocks may provide new insight into the tectonics of trench-forearc systems, and in particular, the processes by which blueschist-facies clasts come to be associated with forearc sediments in ancient subduction complexes.
TL;DR: Data support the hypothesis that low-threshold VGCC can mediate extracellular calcium influx on the stimulation of cell proliferation by PDGF and inhibitory effects on calcium influx and cell proliferation each had a mean inhibitory dose of 2-3 microM.
Abstract: The role of low-threshold voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) in modulating extracellular calcium influx and proliferation was investigated in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated C3H/10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts. Previous studies demonstrated that cell cycle progression after PDGF stimulation was dependent on extracellular calcium influx producing a sustained increase in the intracellular calcium concentration. In this study, PDGF-induced calcium influx, the sustained intracellular calcium increase, and progression to S phase were inhibited by nordihydroguariaretic acid (NDGA), an inhibitor of calcium influx through VGCC. With the use of the whole cell patch-clamp technique to measure calcium currents, NDGA inhibited inward calcium current through low-threshold VGCC, the only VGCC expressed in C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts. The inhibitory effects of NDGA on calcium influx and cell proliferation each had a mean inhibitory dose of 2-3 microM. Although NDGA also effectively inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, the addition of prostaglandins or leukotrienes could not reverse this inhibition nor could it be replicated by other antioxidants. These data support the hypothesis that low-threshold VGCC can mediate extracellular calcium influx on the stimulation of cell proliferation by PDGF.
TL;DR: An IC-processed piezoelectric microphone with on-chip, large-scale integrated (LSI) CMOS circuits has been designed, fabricated, and tested in a joint, interactive process between a commercial CMOS foundry and a university micromachining facility as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An IC-processed piezoelectric microphone with on-chip, large-scale integrated (LSI) CMOS circuits has been designed, fabricated, and tested in a joint, interactive process between a commercial CMOS foundry and a university micromachining facility. The 2500*2500*3.5 mu m/sup 3/ microphone has a piezoelectric ZnO layer on a supporting low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposited (LPCVD), silicon-rich, silicon nitride layer. The optimum residual-stress-compensation scheme for maximizing microphone sensitivity produces a slightly buckled microphone diaphragm. A model for the sensitivity dependence of device operation to residual stress is confirmed by applying external strain. The packaged microphone has a resonant frequency of 18 kHz, a quality factor Q approximately=40, and an unamplified sensitivity of 0.92 mV/Pa. Differential amplifiers provide 49 dB gain with 13 mu V A-weighted noise at the input. >
TL;DR: A self-consistent terminology for partitioning data is presented and it is shown that bulk partition and bulk exchange coefficients are denoted by D and KD, respectively.
TL;DR: Parr et al. as discussed by the authors suggest that the recrational services sector represents a growing, yet currently understudied, opportunity in the area of international services marketing, and that personal consumption expenditures in the United States have increased from $50 billion in 1985 to $246.8 billion in 1988.
Abstract: The following study suggests that the recrational services sector represents a growing, yet currently understudied, opportunity in the area of international services marketing. For example, personal consumption expenditures in the United States have increased from $50 billion in 1985 to $246.8 billion in 1988. Parry suggests that European consumers have also been presented with an increasingly eclectic array of recreational alternatives during the last decade.
TL;DR: Canthopexy with fat reduction and enhancement of the deficient suborbital portion of the malar complex should be the principal thrust of lower lid surgery.
TL;DR: The results support hypothesized roles for androgens in male function and E2 in female function in A. melanopus, however, E2 increases lagged behind oogonial proliferation, arguing against an influence of this steroid in the initiation of female function.
TL;DR: Twin pairs in which at least one twin is homosexual were solicited through announcements in the gay press and personal referrals from 1980 to the present and findings are interpreted as supporting the argument for a biological basis in sexual orientation.
Abstract: Twin pairs in which at least one twin is homosexual were solicited through announcements in the gay press and personal referrals from 1980 to the present. An 18-page questionnaire on the "sexuality of twins" was filled out by one or both twins. Thirty-eight pairs of monozygotic twins (34 male pairs and 4 female pairs) were found to have a concordance rate of 65.8% for homosexual orientation. Twenty-three pairs of dizygotic twins were found to have a concordance rate of 30.4% for homosexual orientation. In addition, three sets of triplets were obtained. Two sets contained a pair of monozygotic twins concordant for sexual orientation with the third triplet dizygotic and discordant for homosexual orientation. A third triplet set was monozygotic with all three concordant for homosexual orientation. These findings are interpreted as supporting the argument for a biological basis in sexual orientation.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The 1991 eruption of Pinatubo produced about 5 cubic kilometers of dacitic magma and may be the second largest volcanic eruption of the century as discussed by the authors, which produced sulfate aerosols that produced the largest perturbation to the stratospheric aerosol layer since the eruption of Krakatau in 1883.
Abstract: The 1991 eruption of Pinatubo produced about 5 cubic kilometers of dacitic magma and may be the second largest volcanic eruption of the century. Eruption columns reached 40 kilometers in altitude and emplaced a giant umbrella cloud in the middle to lower stratosphere that injected about 17 megatons of SO2, slightly more than twice the largest yielded by the 1982 eruption of El Chichon, Mexico. The SO2 formed sulfate aerosols that produced the largest perturbation to the stratospheric aerosol layer since the eruption of Krakatau in 1883. The aerosol cloud spread rapidly around the Earth in about 3 weeks and attained global coverage by about 1 year after the eruption. Peak local midvisible optical depths of up to 0.4 were measured in late 1992, and globally averaged values were about 0.1 to 0.15 for 2 years. The large aerosol cloud caused dramatic decreases in the amount of net radiation reaching the Earth's surface, producing a climate forcing that was two times stronger than the aerosols of El Chichon. Effects on climate were an observed surface cooling in the northern hemisphere of up to 0.5 to 0.6 C, equivalent to a hemispheric-wide reduction in net radiation of 4 watts per square meter and a cooling of perhaps as large as -0.4 C over large parts of the earth in 1992-93. Climate models seem to have predicted the cooling with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The Pinatubo climate forcing was stronger than the opposite warming of either the El Nino event or anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the period 1991-93. As a result of the presence of the aerosol particles, midlatitude ozone concentrations reached their lowest levels on record during 1992-93, the southern hemisphere 'ozone hole' increased in 1992 to an unprecedented size and ozone depletion rates were observed to be faster than ever before recorded. The atmospheric impact of the Pinatubo eruption has been profound, and it has sparked a lively interest in the role that volcanic aerosols play in climate change. This event has shown that a powerful eruption providing a 15 to 20 megaton release of SO2 into the stratosphere can produce sufficient aerosols to offset the present global warming trends and severely impact the ozone budget.
TL;DR: A summary of theoretical and speculative research on the physics of igneous processes involved in asteroid differentiation is presented in this paper, where evidence for the existence of asteroidal magma oceans is considered and processes which may have occurred in these oceans are examined.
Abstract: A summary is presented of theoretical and speculative research on the physics of igneous processes involved in asteroid differentiation. Partial melting processes, melt migration, and their products are discussed and explosive volcanism is described. Evidence for the existence of asteroidal magma oceans is considered and processes which may have occurred in these oceans are examined. Synthesis and inferences of asteroid heat sources are discussed under the assumption that asteroids are heated mainly by internal processes and that the role of impact heating is small. Inferences of these results for earth-forming planetesimals are suggested.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal decomposition of Avicel cellulose was studied by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry in hermetically sealed sample holders and the experimental results showed a marked catalytic effect of the water on the cellulose decomposition.