Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 2011"
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National Institutes of Health1, Cancer Prevention Institute of California2, Michigan Department of Community Health3, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station4, University of Hawaii at Manoa5, University of Iowa6, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center7, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services8, Texas Department of State Health Services9, United States Department of Health and Human Services10
TL;DR: Standardized incidence ratios and excess absolute risks assessing relative and absolute cancer risk in transplant recipients compared with the general population to describe the overall pattern of cancer following solid organ transplantation are described.
Abstract: Context Solid organ transplant recipients have elevated cancer risk due to immunosuppression and oncogenic viral infections. Because most prior research has concerned kidney recipients, large studies that include recipients of differing organs can inform cancer etiology. Objective To describe the overall pattern of cancer following solid organ transplantion. Design, Setting, and Participants Cohort study using linked data on solid organ transplant recipients from the US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (1987-2008) and 13 state and regional cancer registries. Main Outcome Measures Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and excess absolute risks (EARs) assessing relative and absolute cancer risk in transplant recipients compared with the general population. Results The registry linkages yielded data on 175 732 solid organ transplants (58.4% for kidney, 21.6% for liver, 10.0% for heart, and 4.0% for lung). The overall cancer risk was elevated with 10 656 cases and an incidence of 1375 per 100 000 person-years (SIR, 2.10 [95% CI, 2.06-2.14]; EAR, 719.3 [95% CI, 693.3-745.6] per 100 000 person-years). Risk was increased for 32 different malignancies, some related to known infections (eg, anal cancer, Kaposi sarcoma) and others unrelated (eg, melanoma, thyroid and lip cancers). The most common malignancies with elevated risk were non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 1504; incidence: 194.0 per 100 000 person-years; SIR, 7.54 [95% CI, 7.17-7.93]; EAR, 168.3 [95% CI, 158.6-178.4] per 100 000 person-years) and cancers of the lung (n = 1344; incidence: 173.4 per 100 000 person-years; SIR, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.86-2.08]; EAR, 85.3 [95% CI, 76.2-94.8] per 100 000 person-years), liver (n = 930; incidence: 120.0 per 100 000 person-years; SIR, 11.56 [95% CI, 10.83-12.33]; EAR, 109.6 [95% CI, 102.0-117.6] per 100 000 person-years), and kidney (n = 752; incidence: 97.0 per 100 000 person-years; SIR, 4.65 [95% CI, 4.32-4.99]; EAR, 76.1 [95% CI, 69.3-83.3] per 100 000 person-years). Lung cancer risk was most elevated in lung recipients (SIR, 6.13 [95% CI, 5.18-7.21]) but also increased among other recipients (kidney: SIR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.34-1.59]; liver: SIR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.74-2.19]; and heart: SIR, 2.67 [95% CI, 2.40-2.95]). Liver cancer risk was elevated only among liver recipients (SIR, 43.83 [95% CI, 40.90-46.91]), who manifested exceptional risk in the first 6 months (SIR, 508.97 [95% CI, 474.16-545.66]) and a 2-fold excess risk for 10 to 15 years thereafter (SIR, 2.22 [95% CI, 1.57-3.04]). Among kidney recipients, kidney cancer risk was elevated (SIR, 6.66 [95% CI, 6.12-7.23]) and bimodal in onset time. Kidney cancer risk also was increased in liver recipients (SIR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.40-2.29]) and heart recipients (SIR, 2.90 [95% CI, 2.32-3.59]). Conclusion Compared with the general population, recipients of a kidney, liver, heart, or lung transplant have an increased risk for diverse infection-related and unrelated cancers.
1,147 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the role of context in service provision and, more broadly, in market co-creation, and discuss how these market levels influence one another, and conceptualize markets as simultaneous, continuous exchanges that are bounded by each of these levels of context.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of context in service provision and, more broadly, in market co-creation. We oscillate foci from an individual actor at the micro level to a market at the macro level to make the scaleable influence of context more salient. This reveals the meso level, which is nestled between the micro and macro levels. We discuss how these market levels influence one another. We conceptualize markets as simultaneous, continuous exchanges that are bounded by each of these levels of context.
912 citations
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TL;DR: A BAP1-related cancer syndrome is identified that is characterized by mesothelioma and uveal melanoma, and it is hypothesized that other cancers may also be involved and that mesot helioma predominates upon asbestos exposure.
Abstract: Because only a small fraction of asbestos-exposed individuals develop malignant mesothelioma, and because mesothelioma clustering is observed in some families, we searched for genetic predisposing factors. We discovered germline mutations in the gene encoding BRCA1 associated protein-1 (BAP1) in two families with a high incidence of mesothelioma, and we observed somatic alterations affecting BAP1 in familial mesotheliomas, indicating biallelic inactivation. In addition to mesothelioma, some BAP1 mutation carriers developed uveal melanoma. We also found germline BAP1 mutations in 2 of 26 sporadic mesotheliomas; both individuals with mutant BAP1 were previously diagnosed with uveal melanoma. We also observed somatic truncating BAP1 mutations and aberrant BAP1 expression in sporadic mesotheliomas without germline mutations. These results identify a BAP1-related cancer syndrome that is characterized by mesothelioma and uveal melanoma. We hypothesize that other cancers may also be involved and that mesothelioma predominates upon asbestos exposure. These findings will help to identify individuals at high risk of mesothelioma who could be targeted for early intervention.
897 citations
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research2, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston3, Children's Memorial Hospital4, Northern Illinois University5, Mayo Clinic6, Fudan University7, Columbia University8, Boston University9, RTI International10, University of Arizona11, University of Hawaii at Manoa12, University of Bari13, University College London14, Wellcome Trust15, University of California, San Francisco16, Mississippi University for Women17, University of Limoges18, UCL Institute of Neurology19, Medical University of South Carolina20, National Institutes of Health21, Karolinska Institutet22, University of Calgary23
TL;DR: The purpose of this document is to promote consistency in definitions and methods in an effort to enhance future population‐based epidemiologic studies, facilitate comparison between populations, and encourage the collection of data useful for the promotion of public health.
Abstract: Worldwide, about 65 million people are estimated to have epilepsy. Epidemiologic studies are necessary to define the full public health burden of epilepsy; to set public health and health care priorities; to provide information needed for prevention, early detection, and treatment; to identify education and service needs; and to promote effective health care and support programs for people with epilepsy. However, different definitions and epidemiologic methods complicate the tasks of these studies and their interpretations and comparisons. The purpose of this document is to promote consistency in definitions and methods in an effort to enhance future population-based epidemiologic studies, facilitate comparison between populations, and encourage the collection of data useful for the promotion of public health. We discuss: (1) conceptual and operational definitions of epilepsy, (2) data resources and recommended data elements, and (3) methods and analyses appropriate for epidemiologic studies or the surveillance of epilepsy. Variations in these are considered, taking into account differing resource availability and needs among countries and differing purposes among studies.
844 citations
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TL;DR: Resolving agronomic P imbalances may be possible with more efficient use of P fertilizers and more effective recycling of manure P, to increase global agricultural productivity while maintaining or improving freshwater quality.
Abstract: Increased phosphorus (P) fertilizer use and livestock production has fundamentally altered the global P cycle. We calculated spatially explicit P balances for cropland soils at 0.5° resolution based on the principal agronomic P inputs and outputs associated with production of 123 crops globally for the year 2000. Although agronomic inputs of P fertilizer (14.2 Tg of P·y−1) and manure (9.6 Tg of P·y−1) collectively exceeded P removal by harvested crops (12.3 Tg of P·y−1) at the global scale, P deficits covered almost 30% of the global cropland area. There was massive variation in the magnitudes of these P imbalances across most regions, particularly Europe and South America. High P fertilizer application relative to crop P use resulted in a greater proportion of the intense P surpluses (>13 kg of P·ha−1·y−1) globally than manure P application. High P fertilizer application was also typically associated with areas of relatively low P-use efficiency. Although manure was an important driver of P surpluses in some locations with high livestock densities, P deficits were common in areas producing forage crops used as livestock feed. Resolving agronomic P imbalances may be possible with more efficient use of P fertilizers and more effective recycling of manure P. Such reforms are needed to increase global agricultural productivity while maintaining or improving freshwater quality.
683 citations
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TL;DR: PC-PALM is an effective tool with broad applicability for analysis of protein heterogeneity and function, adaptable to other single-molecule strategies, and shows dramatic changes in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein arrangement under varying perturbations.
Abstract: Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) is a powerful approach for investigating protein organization, yet tools for quantitative, spatial analysis of PALM datasets are largely missing. Combining pair-correlation analysis with PALM (PC-PALM), we provide a method to analyze complex patterns of protein organization across the plasma membrane without determination of absolute protein numbers. The approach uses an algorithm to distinguish a single protein with multiple appearances from clusters of proteins. This enables quantification of different parameters of spatial organization, including the presence of protein clusters, their size, density and abundance in the plasma membrane. Using this method, we demonstrate distinct nanoscale organization of plasma-membrane proteins with different membrane anchoring and lipid partitioning characteristics in COS-7 cells, and show dramatic changes in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein arrangement under varying perturbations. PC-PALM is thus an effective tool with broad applicability for analysis of protein heterogeneity and function, adaptable to other single-molecule strategies.
552 citations
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TL;DR: In contrast to the much-feted "borderless world" of the early 1990s, the trend during the past decade has been to consider the exercise of state sovereignty at great distances from the border line itself as "bordering".
462 citations
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TL;DR: Research on the tube-dwelling polychaete worm Hydroides elegans is described to exemplify approaches to understanding biofilm bacteria as a source of settlement cues and larvae as bearers of receptors for bacterial cues.
Abstract: Communities of microorganisms form thin coats across solid surfaces in the sea. Larvae of many marine invertebrates use biofilm components as cues to appropriate settlement sites. Research on the tube-dwelling polychaete worm Hydroides elegans, a globally common member of biofouling communities, is described to exemplify approaches to understanding biofilm bacteria as a source of settlement cues and larvae as bearers of receptors for bacterial cues. The association of species of the bacterial genus Pseudoalteromonas with larval settlement in many phyla is described, and the question of whether cues are soluble or surface-bound is reviewed, concluding that most evidence points to surface-bound cues. Seemingly contradictory data for stimulation of barnacle settlement are discussed; possibly both explanations are true. Paleontological evidence reveals a relationship between metazoans and biofilms very early in metazoan evolution, and thus the receptors for bacterial cues of invertebrate larvae are very old and possibly unique. Finally, despite more than 60 years of intense investigation, we still know very little about either the bacterial ligands that stimulate larval settlement or the cellular basis of their detection by larvae.
449 citations
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California Institute of Technology1, Johns Hopkins University2, University of Arizona3, Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy4, University of California, Los Angeles5, University of Hawaii at Manoa6, Harvard University7, Dartmouth College8, University of California, Santa Barbara9, Cornell University10, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University11, University of Missouri–Kansas City12, University of Maryland, College Park13, Clemson University14, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign15, Pennsylvania State University16, United States Naval Academy17, University of Portsmouth18, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich19, Lowell Observatory20
TL;DR: In this article, the authors carried out a highly uniform survey of the near-Earth object (NEO) population at thermal infrared wavelengths ranging from 3 to 22 μm, allowing them to refine estimates of their numbers, sizes, and albedos.
Abstract: With the NEOWISE portion of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) project, we have carried out a highly uniform survey of the near-Earth object (NEO) population at thermal infrared wavelengths ranging from 3 to 22 μm, allowing us to refine estimates of their numbers, sizes, and albedos. The NEOWISE survey detected NEOs the same way whether they were previously known or not, subject to the availability of ground-based follow-up observations, resulting in the discovery of more than 130 new NEOs. The survey's uniform sensitivity, observing cadence, and image quality have permitted extrapolation of the 428 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) detected by NEOWISE during the fully cryogenic portion of the WISE mission to the larger population. We find that there are 981 ± 19 NEAs larger than 1 km and 20,500 ± 3000 NEAs larger than 100 m. We show that the Spaceguard goal of detecting 90% of all 1 km NEAs has been met, and that the cumulative size distribution is best represented by a broken power law with a slope of 1.32 ± 0.14 below 1.5 km. This power-law slope produces ~13,200 ± 1900 NEAs with D > 140 m. Although previous studies predict another break in the cumulative size distribution below D ~ 50-100 m, resulting in an increase in the number of NEOs in this size range and smaller, we did not detect enough objects to comment on this increase. The overall number for the NEA population between 100 and 1000 m is lower than previous estimates. The numbers of near-Earth comets and potentially hazardous NEOs will be the subject of future work.
410 citations
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University of California, Berkeley1, University of Oxford2, Rutgers University3, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network4, University of California, Santa Barbara5, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory6, Arizona State University7, California Institute of Technology8, Weizmann Institute of Science9, Carnegie Institution for Science10, University of Hawaii at Manoa11, American Museum of Natural History12, University of Toronto13, Tel Aviv University14, University of Tokyo15
TL;DR: The luminosity of the progenitor system (especially the companion star) is 10–100 times fainter than previous limits on other type Ia supernova progenitors systems, allowing us to rule out luminous red giants and almost all helium stars as the mass-donating companion to the exploding white dwarf.
Abstract: Type Ia supernovae are thought to result from a thermonuclear explosion of an accreting white dwarf in a binary system1, 2, but little is known of the precise nature of the companion star and the physical properties of the progenitor system. There are two classes of models1, 3: double-degenerate (involving two white dwarfs in a close binary system2, 4) and single-degenerate models5, 6. In the latter, the primary white dwarf accretes material from a secondary companion until conditions are such that carbon ignites, at a mass of 1.38 times the mass of the Sun. The type Ia supernova SN 2011fe was recently detected in a nearby galaxy7. Here we report an analysis of archival images of the location of SN 2011fe. The luminosity of the progenitor system (especially the companion star) is 10–100 times fainter than previous limits on other type Ia supernova progenitor systems8, 9, 10, allowing us to rule out luminous red giants and almost all helium stars as the mass-donating companion to the exploding white dwarf.
382 citations
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TL;DR: Together, the results show that Twist1 needs to induce Snail2 to suppress the epithelial branch of the EMT program and that Twist2 and Twist1 act together to promote EMT and tumor metastasis.
Abstract: To metastasize, carcinoma cells must attenuate cell–cell adhesion to disseminate into distant organs. A group of transcription factors, including Twist1, Snail1, Snail2, ZEB1, and ZEB2, have been shown to induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus promoting tumor dissemination. However, it is unknown whether these transcription factors function independently or coordinately to activate the EMT program. Here we report that direct induction of Snail2 is essential for Twist1 to induce EMT. Snail2 knockdown completely blocks the ability of Twist1 to suppress E-cadherin transcription. Twist1 binds to an evolutionarily conserved E-box on the proximate Snail2 promoter to induce its transcription. Snail2 induction is essential for Twist1-induced cell invasion and distant metastasis in mice. In human breast tumors, the expression of Twist1 and Snail2 is highly correlated. Together, our results show that Twist1 needs to induce Snail2 to suppress the epithelial branch of the EMT program and that Twist1 and Snail2 act together to promote EMT and tumor metastasis. Cancer Res; 71(1); 245–54. ©2010 AACR.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a modified Tiedtke cumulus parameterization (CP) scheme has been implemented into the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF) to improve the representation of marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds over the southeast Pacific (SEP).
Abstract: A modified Tiedtke cumulus parameterization (CP) scheme has been implemented into the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF) to improve the representation of marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds over the southeast Pacific (SEP). A full month simulation for October 2006 was performed by using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) final analysis (FNL) as both the initial and lateral boundary conditions and the observed sea surface temperature (SST). The model simulation was compared with satellite observations and with results from an intense ship-based campaign of balloon soundings during 16–20 October 2006 at 20°S, 85°W.The model with the modified Tiedtke scheme successfully captured the main features of the MBL structure and low clouds over the SEP, including the geographical distribution of MBL clouds, the cloud regime transition, and the vertical structure of the MBL. The model simulation was repeated with the various CP schemes currently provided as...
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University of Oxford1, Broad Institute2, Harvard University3, University of Southern California4, University of Pennsylvania5, Jackson State University6, University of Mississippi7, Vanderbilt University8, Roswell Park Cancer Institute9, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center10, Rutgers University11, National Institutes of Health12, City of Hope National Medical Center13, University of Texas at Austin14, Boston University15, American Cancer Society16, Wake Forest University17, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston18, University of Miami19, Johns Hopkins University20, Cancer Prevention Institute of California21, Stanford University22, University of Illinois at Chicago23, University of Hawaii at Manoa24, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill25, Northwestern University26, Henry Ford Health System27, University of Washington28, University of Virginia29, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center30, Science Applications International Corporation31, University of California, San Francisco32, Case Western Reserve University33, Tougaloo College34
TL;DR: This work builds a genetic map measuring the probability of crossing over at each position in the genome, based on about 2.1 million crossovers in 30,000 unrelated African Americans, and identifies about 2,500 recombination hotspots that are active in people of West African ancestry but nearly inactive in Europeans.
Abstract: Recombination, together with mutation, gives rise to genetic variation in populations. Here we leverage the recent mixture of people of African and European ancestry in the Americas to build a genetic map measuring the probability of crossing over at each position in the genome, based on about 2.1 million crossovers in 30,000 unrelated African Americans. At intervals of more than three megabases it is nearly identical to a map built in Europeans. At finer scales it differs significantly, and we identify about 2,500 recombination hotspots that are active in people of West African ancestry but nearly inactive in Europeans. The probability of a crossover at these hotspots is almost fully controlled by the alleles an individual carries at PRDM9 (P value < 10(-245)). We identify a 17-base-pair DNA sequence motif that is enriched in these hotspots, and is an excellent match to the predicted binding target of PRDM9 alleles common in West Africans and rare in Europeans. Sites of this motif are predicted to be risk loci for disease-causing genomic rearrangements in individuals carrying these alleles. More generally, this map provides a resource for research in human genetic variation and evolution.
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Duke University1, University of Pennsylvania2, University of Birmingham3, University of Strasbourg4, St James's University Hospital5, University of Michigan6, Baylor College of Medicine7, National Institutes of Health8, Heidelberg University9, University of Geneva10, Cairo University11, University of Zurich12, University of Utah13, Istanbul University14, University of Hawaii at Manoa15, RWTH Aachen University16, University of Paris17, University College London18, University of California, San Diego19, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine20
TL;DR: It is shown that mutations in TTC21B, which encodes the retrograde intraflagellar transport protein IFT139, cause both isolated nephronophthisis and syndromic Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy.
Abstract: Ciliary dysfunction leads to a broad range of overlapping phenotypes, collectively termed ciliopathies. This grouping is underscored by genetic overlap, where causal genes can also contribute modifier alleles to clinically distinct disorders. Here we show that mutations in TTC21B, which encodes the retrograde intraflagellar transport protein IFT139, cause both isolated nephronophthisis and syndromic Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Moreover, although resequencing of TTC21B in a large, clinically diverse ciliopathy cohort and matched controls showed a similar frequency of rare changes, in vivo and in vitro evaluations showed a significant enrichment of pathogenic alleles in cases (P < 0.003), suggesting that TTC21B contributes pathogenic alleles to ∼5% of ciliopathy cases. Our data illustrate how genetic lesions can be both causally associated with diverse ciliopathies and interact in trans with other disease-causing genes and highlight how saturated resequencing followed by functional analysis of all variants informs the genetic architecture of inherited disorders.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a simple transformation of the Nino3 and Nino4 SST indices was proposed to identify the two types of ENSO events, and two new indices were devised that separately identified the two different types of El Nino events.
Abstract: [1] El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which dominates variability on interannual timescale in the climate system, is known to exhibit various spatio-temporal characteristics. Recent studies show that in additional to a canonical El Nino with its major center of sea surface temperatures (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific cold-tongue region, a different type of El Nino with its major action center shifted to the warm-pool edge has emerged and become more common during the past two decades. Because the SST patterns of these two types of El Nino events are highly correlated, neither of the traditional Nino3 and Nino4 SST indices alone is effective in representing the new-type El Nino. Through a simple transformation of the Nino3 and Nino4 indices, we devised two new indices that separately identify the two types of ENSO events. Unlike the Nino3 and Nino4 indices, the two new indices are of little simultaneous correlation. The SST patterns associated with these new indices capture SST characteristics of the two types of ENSO. Their running lagged-correlations capture different ENSO-phase propagations and ENSO regime changes associated with the climate shift in 1976/77.
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Arizona State University1, University of California, Riverside2, Carnegie Institution for Science3, University of California, Davis4, Ohio State University5, Liverpool John Moores University6, University of St Andrews7, Universities Space Research Association8, Space Telescope Science Institute9, University of Virginia10, Goddard Space Flight Center11, Max Planck Society12, University of Washington13, University of Massachusetts Amherst14, University of Oxford15, Cardiff University16, Australian National University17, University of Hawaii at Manoa18, New Mexico State University19, INAF20, California Institute of Technology21, Ames Research Center22
TL;DR: The panchromatic 10-band ERS data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) Early Release Science (ERS) observations in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) South field is described in this article.
Abstract: We describe the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) Early Release Science (ERS) observations in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) South field. The new WFC3 ERS data provide calibrated, drizzled mosaics in the UV filters F225W, F275W, and F336W, as well as in the near-IR filters F098M (Ys ), F125W (J), and F160W (H) with 1-2 HST orbits per filter. Together with the existing HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) GOODS-South mosaics in the BViz filters, these panchromatic 10-band ERS data cover 40-50 arcmin2 at 0.2-1.7 μm in wavelength at 007-015 FWHM resolution and 0090 Multidrizzled pixels to depths of AB 26.0-27.0 mag (5σ) for point sources, and AB 25.5-26.5 mag for compact galaxies. In this paper, we describe (1) the scientific rationale, and the data taking plus reduction procedures of the panchromatic 10-band ERS mosaics, (2) the procedure of generating object catalogs across the 10 different ERS filters, and the specific star-galaxy separation techniques used, and (3) the reliability and completeness of the object catalogs from the WFC3 ERS mosaics. The excellent 007-015 FWHM resolution of HST/WFC3 and ACS makes star-galaxy separation straightforward over a factor of 10 in wavelength to AB 25-26 mag from the UV to the near-IR, respectively. Our main results are: (1) proper motion of faint ERS stars is detected over 6 years at 3.06 ± 0.66 mas year–1 (4.6σ), consistent with Galactic structure models; (2) both the Galactic star counts and the galaxy counts show mild but significant trends of decreasing count slopes from the mid-UV to the near-IR over a factor of 10 in wavelength; (3) combining the 10-band ERS counts with the panchromatic Galaxy and Mass Assembly survey counts at the bright end (10 mag AB 20 mag) and the Hubble Ultra Deep Field counts in the BVizYsJH filters at the faint end (24 mag AB 30 mag) yields galaxy counts that are well measured over the entire flux range 10 mag AB 30 mag for 0.2-2 μm in wavelength; (4) simple luminosity+density evolution models can fit the galaxy counts over this entire flux range. However, no single model can explain the counts over this entire flux range in all 10 filters simultaneously. More sophisticated models of galaxy assembly are needed to reproduce the overall constraints provided by the current panchromatic galaxy counts for 10 mag AB 30 mag over a factor of 10 in wavelength.
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TL;DR: In this article, two types of 10-Ah single cells (one prismatic and another cylindrical) from two manufacturers were tested at room temperature and 60°C. The results were analyzed using incremental capacity analysis (ICA) along with other electrochemical techniques.
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TL;DR: This review focuses on recent developments in the use of natural products as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease and discusses more than 180 compounds and summarizes 400 references.
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TL;DR: Risk assessment behaviors respond to drugs effective against generalized anxiety disorder; however, flight, a dominant specific defense in many common situations, shows a pharmacological response profile closer to that of panic disorder.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the North American Drought Atlas (NADA) database of tree-ring records to produce a continuous, annually resolved record of ENSO variability over the past 1,100 years.
Abstract: Our ability to predict El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity is hampered by the relatively short length of the instrumental record. An annually resolved record of ENSO variability over the past millennium based on tree rings indicates that ENSO amplitude varies on a 50–90 year cycle, providing an important constraint for improving predictions. The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate variability on Earth, alternating between anomalously warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) conditions in the tropical Pacific at intervals of 2–8 years1,2. The amplitude of ENSO variability affects the occurrence and predictability of climate extremes around the world3,4, but our ability to detect and predict changes in ENSO amplitude is limited by the fact that the instrumental record is too short to characterize its natural variability5,6,7,8. Here we use the North American Drought Atlas9,10—a database of drought reconstructions based on tree-ring records—to produce a continuous, annually resolved record of ENSO variability over the past 1,100 years. Our record is in broad agreement with independent, ENSO-sensitive proxy records in the Pacific and surrounding regions. Together, these records indicate that ENSO amplitude exhibits a quasi-regular cycle of 50–90 years that is closely coupled to the tropical Pacific mean state. Anomalously warm conditions in the eastern Pacific are associated with enhanced ENSO variability, consistent with model simulations11. The quasi-periodic ENSO amplitude modulation reported here offers a key observational constraint for improving models and their prediction of ENSO behaviour linked to global warming.
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University of Southern California1, Mayo Clinic2, German Cancer Research Center3, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill4, Roswell Park Cancer Institute5, University of Melbourne6, Westmead Hospital7, Rutgers University8, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg9, National Institutes of Health10, City of Hope National Medical Center11, University of Helsinki12, Vanderbilt University13, Bosch14, University of Tübingen15, Harvard University16, University of Sydney17, University of Sheffield18, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens19, American Cancer Society20, Princess Anne Hospital21, University of California, Los Angeles22, Kaiser Permanente23, University of Hamburg24, Lund University25, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki26, University of Kansas27, Washington University in St. Louis28, University of Miami29, Agency for Science, Technology and Research30, Cancer Prevention Institute of California31, Stanford University32, University of Oulu33, University of Hawaii at Manoa34, University of Eastern Finland35, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven36, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology37, Karolinska Institutet38, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute39, Boston University40, Fox Chase Cancer Center41, University of Pennsylvania42, University of London43, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust44, Heidelberg University45, University of Oxford46, Imperial College London47
TL;DR: The results identify a genetic locus associated with estrogen receptor negative breast cancer subtypes in multiple populations in multiple population of women.
Abstract: Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer shows a higher incidence in women of African ancestry compared to women of European ancestry. In search of common risk alleles for ER-negative breast cancer, we combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from women of African ancestry (1,004 ER-negative cases and 2,745 controls) and European ancestry (1,718 ER-negative cases and 3,670 controls), with replication testing conducted in an additional 2,292 ER-negative cases and 16,901 controls of European ancestry. We identified a common risk variant for ER-negative breast cancer at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus on chromosome 5p15 (rs10069690: per-allele odds ratio (OR) = 1.18 per allele, P = 1.0 × 10(-10)). The variant was also significantly associated with triple-negative (ER-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative and human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2)-negative) breast cancer (OR = 1.25, P = 1.1 × 10(-9)), particularly in younger women (<50 years of age) (OR = 1.48, P = 1.9 × 10(-9)). Our results identify a genetic locus associated with estrogen receptor negative breast cancer subtypes in multiple populations.
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TL;DR: The authors showed that collision-induced absorption allows molecular hydrogen to act as an incondensible greenhouse gas and that 40 bars of pure H2 on a three Earth-mass planet can maintain a surface temperature of 280 K out to 1.5 AU from an early-type M dwarf star and 10 AU from a G-type star.
Abstract: We show that collision-induced absorption allows molecular hydrogen to act as an incondensible greenhouse gas and that bars or tens of bars of primordial H2–He mixtures can maintain surface temperatures above the freezing point of water well beyond the “classical” habitable zone defined for CO2 greenhouse atmospheres. Using a onedimensional radiative–convective model, we find that 40 bars of pure H2 on a three Earth-mass planet can maintain a surface temperature of 280 K out to 1.5 AU from an early-type M dwarf star and 10 AU from a G-type star. Neglecting the effects of clouds and of gaseous absorbers besides H2, the flux at the surface would be sufficient for photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (in the G star case) or anoxygenic phototrophs (in the M star case). We argue that primordial atmospheres of one to several hundred bars of H2–He are possible and use a model of hydrogen escape to show that such atmospheres are likely to persist further than 1.5 AU from M stars, and 2 AU from G stars, assuming these planets have protecting magnetic fields. We predict that the microlensing planet OGLE-05-390Lb could have retained an H2–He atmosphere and be habitable at ∼2.6 AU from its host M star.
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TL;DR: The development of neonatal brain atlases with detailed anatomic information derived from DTI and co-registered anatomical MRI and a diffeomorphic transformation is reported, which was able to normalize Neonatal brain images to the atlas space and three-dimensionally parcellate images into 122 regions.
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University of Cambridge1, University of Melbourne2, Cancer Council Victoria3, University of Tampere4, University of Copenhagen5, German Cancer Research Center6, Imperial College London7, University of Oxford8, Karolinska Institutet9, Harvard University10, American Cancer Society11, University of Southern California12, Science Applications International Corporation13, National Institutes of Health14, New York University15, Cancer Research UK16, University of Bristol17, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center18, University of Washington19, Aarhus University20, Hannover Medical School21, Washington University in St. Louis22, University of Tasmania23, Pomeranian Medical University24, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute25, Queensland University of Technology26, Griffith University27, University of Queensland28, Mayo Clinic29, Cancer Prevention Institute of California30, Stanford University31, University of Ulm32, University of Michigan33, University of South Florida34, Veterans Health Administration35, University of Utah36, Akita University37, Second Military Medical University38, Queen Mary University of London39, Sofia Medical University40, University of Warwick41, National Health Service42, Institute of Cancer Research43, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust44, Copenhagen University Hospital45, National Institute for Health and Welfare46, University of Sheffield47, University of Hawaii at Manoa48
TL;DR: The results of stage 3 are reported, in which 1,536 SNPs are evaluated in 4,574 individuals with prostate cancer (cases) and 4,164 controls and a SNP in TERT more strongly associated with PrCa than that previously reported is identified.
Abstract: Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer in developed countries. We conducted a multi-stage genome-wide association study for PrCa and previously reported the results of the first two stages, which identified 16 PrCa susceptibility loci. We report here the results of stage 3, in which we evaluated 1,536 SNPs in 4,574 individuals with prostate cancer (cases) and 4,164 controls. We followed up ten new association signals through genotyping in 51,311 samples in 30 studies from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) consortium. In addition to replicating previously reported loci, we identified seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 3q23, 3q26, 5p12, 6p21, 12q13 and Xq12 (P = 4.0 × 10(-8) to P = 2.7 × 10(-24)). We also identified a SNP in TERT more strongly associated with PrCa than that previously reported. More than 40 PrCa susceptibility loci, explaining ∼25% of the familial risk in this disease, have now been identified.
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TL;DR: HPS-based trauma teamwork training appears to be an educational method that can impact patient care and improve the teamwork and clinical performance of multidisciplinary trauma teams that include surgical residents.
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TL;DR: The software, called GMTSAR, is an open-source (GNU General Public License) InSAR processing system designed for users familiar with Generic Mapping Tools and requires installation of GMT and Network Common Data Format and supports several fast Fourier transform libraries.
Abstract: [1] Over the past 15 years, software for processing interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data into maps of surface deformation has been developed and refined. The InSAR technique is commonly used to investigate deformation associated with earthquakes, volcanoes, withdrawal of crustal fluids, and coherent ice motions [Massonnet and Feigl, 1998]. The software, called Generic Mapping Tools Synthetic Aperture Radar (GMTSAR), is an open-source (GNU General Public License) InSAR processing system designed for users familiar with Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) [Wessel and Smith, 1998]. The GMTSAR code is written in the C programing language and will run on any UNIX® computer. It requires installation of GMT and Network Common Data Format (NetCDF) and supports several fast Fourier transform libraries.
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TL;DR: In the summer following a strong El Nino, tropical cyclone (TC) number decreases over the Northwest (NW) Pacific despite little change in local sea surface temperature.
Abstract: In the summer following a strong El Nino, tropical cyclone (TC) number decreases over the Northwest (NW) Pacific despite little change in local sea surface temperature. The authors’ analysis suggests El Nino–induced tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) warming as the cause. The TIO warming forces a warm tropospheric Kelvin wave that propagates into the western Pacific. Inducing surface divergence off the equator, the tropospheric Kelvin wave suppresses convection and induces an anomalous anticyclone over the NW Pacific, both anomalies unfavorable for TCs. The westerly vertical shear associated with the warm Kelvin wave reduces the magnitude of vertical shear in the South China Sea and strengthens it in the NW Pacific, an east–west variation that causes TC activity to increase and decrease in respective regions. These results help improve seasonal TC prediction.
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TL;DR: There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies, and the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed is highlighted.
Abstract: Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites re...
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TL;DR: A survey of the state of the economic literature examining the aggregate impacts of natural disasters can be found in this article, where the authors discuss the determinants of the direct effects of disasters and distinguish between short-and long-run indirect effects.
Abstract: This paper surveys the state of the economic literature examining the aggregate impacts of natural disasters. The paper reviews the main disaster data sources available, discusses the determinants of the direct effects of disasters, and distinguishes between short- and long-run indirect effects. The paper then examines some of the relevant policy questions and follows up with a survey of current projections about the likelihood of future disasters. The paper ends by identifying several significant gaps in the literature.
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Auckland City Hospital1, Middlemore Hospital2, University of Melbourne3, Royal Melbourne Hospital4, Cleveland Clinic5, Dartmouth College6, Cancer Council Victoria7, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital8, University of Queensland9, Flinders University10, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute11, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center12, University of Hawaii at Manoa13, University of Southern California14, Mayo Clinic15, University of Toronto16, Cancer Care Ontario17
TL;DR: Patients with Lynch syndrome with first colon cancer treated with more extensive colonic resection have a lower risk of metachronous CRC than those receiving less extensive surgery, which will better inform decision-making about the extent of primary surgical resection.
Abstract: Background Surgical management of colon cancer for patients with Lynch syndrome who carry a mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation is controversial. The decision to remove more or less of the colon involves the consideration of a relatively high risk of metachronous colorectal cancer (CRC) with the impact of more extensive surgery. Objective To estimate and compare the risks of metachronous CRC for patients with Lynch syndrome undergoing either segmental or extensive (subtotal or total) resection for first colon cancer. Design Risk of metachronous CRC was estimated for 382 MMR gene mutation carriers (172 MLH1 , 167 MSH2 , 23 MSH6 and 20 PMS2 ) from the Colon Cancer Family Registry, who had surgery for their first colon cancer, using retrospective cohort analysis. Age-dependent cumulative risks of metachronous CRC were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Risk factors for metachronous CRC were assessed by a Cox proportional hazards regression. Results None of 50 subjects who had extensive colectomy was diagnosed with metachronous CRC (incidence rate 0.0; 95% CI 0.0 to 7.2 per 1000 person-years). Of 332 subjects who had segmental resections, 74 (22%) were diagnosed with metachronous CRC (incidence rate 23.6; 95% CI 18.8 to 29.7 per 1000 person-years). For those who had segmental resections, incidence was statistically higher than for those who had extensive surgery ( P Conclusions Patients with Lynch syndrome with first colon cancer treated with more extensive colonic resection have a lower risk of metachronous CRC than those receiving less extensive surgery. This finding will better inform decision-making about the extent of primary surgical resection.