Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 2020"
Romina Ahumada1, Carlos Allende Prieto2, Carlos Allende Prieto3, Andres Almeida4 +342 more•Institutions (94)
TL;DR: The most recent data release from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS-IV) is DR16 as mentioned in this paper, which is the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase of the survey.
Abstract: This paper documents the sixteenth data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the southern hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17).
803 citations
Utrecht University1, National Research Council2, Sea Education Association3, University of Hawaii at Manoa4, Polytechnic University of Catalonia5, Russian Academy of Sciences6, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology7, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research8, University of Cádiz9, Brown University10, University of Oldenburg11, University of the Highlands and Islands12, Hobart Corporation13, Rochester Institute of Technology14, Kyushu University15, Imperial College London16, Wageningen University and Research Centre17, University of Delaware18, University of Bern19, National Physical Laboratory20, University of Southampton21, Institut de recherche pour le développement22, Plymouth Marine Laboratory23, Newcastle University24, University of Toulouse25, Paul Sabatier University26, California Institute of Technology27, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology28, University of Oregon29, Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute30, Catholic University of the North31, University of Oxford32
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors comprehensively discuss what is known about the different processes that govern the transport of floating marine plastic debris in both the open ocean and the coastal zones, based on the published literature and referring to insights from neighbouring fields such as oil spill dispersion, marine safety recovery, plankton connectivity, and others.
Abstract: Marine plastic debris floating on the ocean surface is a major environmental problem. However, its distribution in the ocean is poorly mapped, and most of the plastic waste estimated to have entered the ocean from land is unaccounted for. Better understanding of how plastic debris is transported from coastal and marine sources is crucial to quantify and close the global inventory of marine plastics, which in turn represents critical information for mitigation or policy strategies. At the same time, plastic is a unique tracer that provides an opportunity to learn more about the physics and dynamics of our ocean across multiple scales, from the Ekman convergence in basin-scale gyres to individual waves in the surfzone. In this review, we comprehensively discuss what is known about the different processes that govern the transport of floating marine plastic debris in both the open ocean and the coastal zones, based on the published literature and referring to insights from neighbouring fields such as oil spill dispersion, marine safety recovery, plankton connectivity, and others. We discuss how measurements of marine plastics (both in situ and in the laboratory), remote sensing, and numerical simulations can elucidate these processes and their interactions across spatio-temporal scales.
408 citations
TL;DR: Hypnotics may be an effective ancillary treatment for COVID-19 and novel risk factors, such as higher hypersensitive troponin I, predicted poor clinical outcomes, which provides useful data to guide early clinical decision making to reduce mortality and improve clinical outcomes.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: With evidence of sustained transmission in more than 190 countries, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic. Data are urgently needed about risk factors associated with clinical outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review of 323 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan was conducted. Patients were classified into 3 disease severity groups (nonsevere, severe, and critical), based on initial clinical presentation. Clinical outcomes were designated as favorable and unfavorable, based on disease progression and response to treatments. Logistic regression models were performed to identify risk factors associated with clinical outcomes, and log-rank test was conducted for the association with clinical progression. RESULTS: Current standard treatments did not show significant improvement in patient outcomes. By univariate logistic regression analysis, 27 risk factors were significantly associated with clinical outcomes. Multivariate regression indicated age >65 years (P 0.04 pg/mL, P = .02), leukocytosis (>10 × 109/L, P 75 × 109/L, P < .001) predicted unfavorable clinical outcomes. In contrast, the administration of hypnotics was significantly associated with favorable outcomes (P < .001), which was confirmed by survival analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Hypnotics may be an effective ancillary treatment for COVID-19. We also found novel risk factors, such as higher hypersensitive troponin I, predicted poor clinical outcomes. Overall, our study provides useful data to guide early clinical decision making to reduce mortality and improve clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
299 citations
University of Tartu1, American Museum of Natural History2, University of Gothenburg3, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences4, University of Oslo5, University of Hawaii at Manoa6, University of Copenhagen7, Purdue University8, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic9, University of Turin10, Harvard University11, Synlab Group12, Universidad Mayor13, Universidad Santo Tomás14, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China15, University of Warsaw16, Swedish Museum of Natural History17, Mae Fah Luang University18, University of Florida19, Laos Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry20, São Paulo Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology21, Estonian University of Life Sciences22, Federal University of Pernambuco23, United States Department of Energy24, Del Rosario University25, National Autonomous University of Mexico26, Ghent University27, West Bengal State University28, Beijing Forestry University29, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile30, Chinese Academy of Sciences31, Field Museum of Natural History32, Leibniz Association33, University of Potsdam34, University of Gilan35, University of Alaska Fairbanks36, University of Tokyo37, University of Costa Rica38, Forest Research Institute39, University of Sydney40, Westmead Hospital41, Uppsala University42, Landcare Research43, University of Chittagong44, University of Memphis45, United Arab Emirates University46, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China47, University of Pretoria48, Royal Botanic Gardens49, Ocean University of China50, Guizhou University51, Mie University52, Hokkaido University53
TL;DR: Fungal traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels is presented in this article, which includes 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera.
Abstract: The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies. Over the past decades, rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats. Yet, in spite of the progress of molecular methods, knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging. In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels. Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and Fun(Fun) together with involvement of expert knowledge, we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera, respectively. This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera, designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental studies. In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses, the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences. On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1% dissimilarity threshold.
245 citations
University of Hawaii at Manoa1, Vanderbilt University Medical Center2, Vanderbilt University3, Florida State University4, Longyan University5, Erasmus University Medical Center6, University of Melbourne7, Cancer Council Victoria8, German Cancer Research Center9, Stanford University10, Queensland University of Technology11, Translational Research Institute12, Oslo University Hospital13, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center14, University of Washington15, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust16, University of Southern California17
TL;DR: DNA methylation biomarkers associated with PrCa are identified and the findings suggest that specific CpG sites may influence PrCa via regulating expression of candidate PrCa target genes.
Abstract: It remains elusive whether some of the associations identified in genome-wide association studies of prostate cancer (PrCa) may be due to regulatory effects of genetic variants on CpG sites, which may further influence expression of PrCa target genes. To search for CpG sites associated with PrCa risk, here we establish genetic models to predict methylation (N = 1,595) and conduct association analyses with PrCa risk (79,194 cases and 61,112 controls). We identify 759 CpG sites showing an association, including 15 located at novel loci. Among those 759 CpG sites, methylation of 42 is associated with expression of 28 adjacent genes. Among 22 genes, 18 show an association with PrCa risk. Overall, 25 CpG sites show consistent association directions for the methylation-gene expression-PrCa pathway. We identify DNA methylation biomarkers associated with PrCa, and our findings suggest that specific CpG sites may influence PrCa via regulating expression of candidate PrCa target genes.
222 citations
TL;DR: It is provided that the safety of aquatic products still requires further attention and more rigorous risk assessment, and a view that the use of antibiotics to bring down the speed of resistance development is still needed.
Abstract: Antibiotics are widely used in aquaculture. Intensive farming drives indiscriminate use of antibiotics, which results in residues of antibiotics in cultured aquatic products and bacterial resistance. This perspective attempts to present a brief update on usage, regulations, residues, and potential human health risk of antibiotics used in aquaculture. Through the comprehensive literature review, we provide a view that the safety of aquatic products still requires further attention and more rigorous risk assessment. Finally, we make a few suggestions for future research directions: reduce the use of antibiotics to bring down the speed of resistance development and monitor resistant pathogens and genes, strictly manage the environmental sanitation of aquaculture and pay attention to the quality of water bodies introduced into aquaculture, seek international cooperation to establish an information bank of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant genes, and set up a quantitative model to assess the risk of antibiotic resistance associated with the antibiotic residues.
152 citations
Stanford University1, Uppsala University2, University of Basel3, University Hospital of Basel4, University of Amsterdam5, Tanta University6, Assiut University7, University of Pennsylvania8, University of Health Sciences Lahore9, University of Pittsburgh10, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences11, Brigham and Women's Hospital12, Duke University13, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc14, Copenhagen University Hospital15, South Korean Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs16, Sanofi S.A.17, University of Oslo18, Akershus University Hospital19, Utrecht University20, Imperial College Healthcare21, Auckland City Hospital22, Capital Medical University23, University of Granada24, University of Tübingen25, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine26, University of Hamburg27, Middlemore Hospital28, University of British Columbia29, Monash University30, UnityPoint Health31, The Queen's Medical Center32, University of Hawaii at Manoa33, Menoufia University34, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute35
TL;DR: It is found that there is no benefit of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine on the survival of COVID-19 patients, and the confidence interval is compatible with increased mortality or negligibly reduced mortality.
Abstract: Substantial COVID-19 research investment has been allocated to randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, which currently face recruitment challenges or early discontinuation. We aimed to estimate the effects of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine on survival in COVID-19 from all currently available RCT evidence, published and unpublished. We conducted a rapid meta-analysis of ongoing, completed, or discontinued RCTs on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine treatment for any COVID-19 patients (protocol: https://osf.io/QESV4/). We systematically identified unpublished RCTs (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Cochrane COVID-registry up to June 11, 2020), and published RCTs (PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv up to October 16, 2020). All-cause mortality was extracted (publications/preprints) or requested from investigators and combined in random-effects meta-analyses, calculating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), separately for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. Prespecified subgroup analyses included patient setting, diagnostic confirmation, control type, and publication status. Sixty-three trials were potentially eligible. We included 14 unpublished trials (1308 patients) and 14 publications/preprints (9011 patients). Results for hydroxychloroquine are dominated by RECOVERY and WHO SOLIDARITY, two highly pragmatic trials, which employed relatively high doses and included 4716 and 1853 patients, respectively (67% of the total sample size). The combined OR on all-cause mortality for hydroxychloroquine was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.20; I2=0%; 26 trials; 10,012 patients) and for chloroquine 1.77 (95%CI: 0.15, 21.13, I2=0%; 4 trials; 307 patients). We identified no subgroup effects. We found that treatment with hydroxychloroquine was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients, and there was no benefit of chloroquine. Findings have unclear generalizability to outpatients, children, pregnant women, and people with comorbidities.
118 citations
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center1, Roswell Park Cancer Institute2, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center3, Ohio State University4, Ehime University5, University of California, Irvine6, Stony Brook University Hospital7, University of Minnesota8, Washington University in St. Louis9, University of Massachusetts Amherst10, Cooper Hospital11, Abington Memorial Hospital12, University of Hawaii at Manoa13, Northwestern University14, Pennsylvania State University15, University of Chicago16
TL;DR: With demonstrated noninferiority to TAP, TC is the global first-line standard for advanced endometrial cancer, and small HRQoL differences favored TC.
Abstract: PURPOSELimitations of the paclitaxel-doxorubicin-cisplatin (TAP) regimen in the treatment of endometrial cancer include tolerability and cumbersome scheduling. The Gynecologic Oncology Group studie...
117 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated how culturally grounded interventions can improve population health when they prioritize local Indigenous knowledge and health-positive messages for individual to multi-level community interventions.
Abstract: Given the paucity of empirically based health promotion interventions designed by and for American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian (i.e., Native) communities, researchers and partnering communities have had to rely on the adaptation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) designed for non-Native populations, a decidedly sub-optimal approach. Native communities have called for development of Indigenous health promotion programs in which their cultural worldviews and protocols are prioritized in the design, development, testing, and implementation. There is limited information regarding how Native communities and scholars have successfully collaborated to design and implement culturally based prevention efforts "from the ground up." Drawing on five diverse community-based Native health intervention studies, we describe strategies for designing and implementing culturally grounded models of health promotion developed in partnership with Native communities. Additionally, we highlight indigenist worldviews and protocols that undergird Native health interventions with an emphasis on the incorporation of (1) original instructions, (2) relational restoration, (3) narrative-[em]bodied transformation, and (4) indigenist community-based participatory research (ICBPR) processes. Finally, we demonstrate how culturally grounded interventions can improve population health when they prioritize local Indigenous knowledge and health-positive messages for individual to multi-level community interventions.
116 citations
TL;DR: This review article summarizes the scientific evidence regarding the effects of heat stress on poultry health and performances, and potential mitigation strategies against heat stress in broiler chickens and laying hens.
Abstract: Heat stress is one of the major environmental stressors in the poultry industry resulting in substantial economic loss. Heat stress causes several physiological changes, such as oxidative stress, acid-base imbalance, and suppressed immunocompetence, which leads to increased mortality and reduced feed efficiency, body weight, feed intake, and egg production, and also affects meat and egg quality. Several strategies, with a variable degree of effectiveness, have been implemented to attenuate heat stress in poultry. Nutritional strategies, such as restricting the feed, wet or dual feeding, adding fat in diets, supplementing vitamins, minerals, osmolytes, and phytochemicals, have been widely studied and found to reduce the deleterious effects of heat stress. Furthermore, the use of naked neck (Na) and frizzle (F) genes in certain breed lines have also gained massive attention in recent times. However, only a few of these strategies have been widely used in the poultry industry. Therefore, developing heat-tolerant breed lines along with proper management and nutritional approach needs to be considered for solving this problem. Thus, this review highlights the scientific evidence regarding the effects of heat stress on poultry health and performances, and potential mitigation strategies against heat stress in broiler chickens and laying hens.
115 citations
Macquarie University1, University of New South Wales2, University of Arizona3, University of Oxford4, Max Planck Society5, University of Queensland6, University of Bergen7, Utah State University8, University of Hawaii at Manoa9, University of Würzburg10, University of Bern11, University of Tasmania12, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation13, Deakin University14, University of Miami15, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden16, Australian National University17, Iowa State University18, University of Southern Denmark19, Monash University20, La Trobe University21, Smithsonian Institution22, Florida International University23, Oak Ridge National Laboratory24, Leipzig University25, University of Melbourne26, University of South Dakota27, Morton Arboretum28, University of British Columbia29, Harvard University30, Georgia Institute of Technology31, Arizona State University32, Royal Botanic Gardens33, Université Paris-Saclay34, University of Adelaide35, University of California, Riverside36, Imperial College London37, Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III38, Santa Fe Institute39
TL;DR: How adherence to Open Science principles is key to the OTN community is demonstrated and five activities that can accelerate the synthesis of trait data across the Tree of Life are outlined, thereby facilitating rapid advances to address scientific inquiries and environmental issues.
Abstract: Synthesizing trait observations and knowledge across the Tree of Life remains a grand challenge for biodiversity science. Species traits are widely used in ecological and evolutionary science, and new data and methods have proliferated rapidly. Yet accessing and integrating disparate data sources remains a considerable challenge, slowing progress toward a global synthesis to integrate trait data across organisms. Trait science needs a vision for achieving global integration across all organisms. Here, we outline how the adoption of key Open Science principles-open data, open source and open methods-is transforming trait science, increasing transparency, democratizing access and accelerating global synthesis. To enhance widespread adoption of these principles, we introduce the Open Traits Network (OTN), a global, decentralized community welcoming all researchers and institutions pursuing the collaborative goal of standardizing and integrating trait data across organisms. We demonstrate how adherence to Open Science principles is key to the OTN community and outline five activities that can accelerate the synthesis of trait data across the Tree of Life, thereby facilitating rapid advances to address scientific inquiries and environmental issues. Lessons learned along the path to a global synthesis of trait data will provide a framework for addressing similarly complex data science and informatics challenges.
TL;DR: The first case of ReA after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is reported, in a male patient who was admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia and subsequently completing a 14-day course of favipiravir.
Abstract: Reactive arthritis (ReA) is typically preceded by sexually transmitted disease or gastrointestinal infection. An association has also been reported with bacterial and viral respiratory infections. Herein, we report the first case of ReA after the he severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This male patient is in his 50s who was admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia. On the second day of admission, SARS-CoV-2 PCR was positive from nasopharyngeal swab specimen. Despite starting standard dose of favipiravir, his respiratory condition deteriorated during hospitalisation. On the fourth hospital day, he developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and was intubated. On day 11, he was successfully extubated, subsequently completing a 14-day course of favipiravir. On day 21, 1 day after starting physical therapy, he developed acute bilateral arthritis in his ankles, with mild enthesitis in his right Achilles tendon, without rash, conjunctivitis, or preceding diarrhoea or urethritis. Arthrocentesis of his left ankle revealed mild inflammatory fluid without monosodium urate or calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Culture of synovial fluid was negative. Plain X-rays of his ankles and feet showed no erosive changes or enthesophytes. Tests for syphilis, HIV, anti-streptolysin O (ASO), Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneumoniae, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and Human Leukocyte Antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) were negative. Gonococcal and Chlamydia trachomatis urine PCR were also negative. He was diagnosed with ReA. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)s and intra-articular corticosteroid injection resulted in moderate improvement.
TL;DR: Current approaches for identifying and classifying cardiac fibroblasts are outlined and an emphasis is placed on new insights into the heterogeneity of these cells as determined by lineage tracing and single-cell sequencing in development, adult, and disease states.
Abstract: Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological condition that occurs after injury and during aging. Currently, there are limited means to effectively reduce or reverse fibrosis. Key to identifying methods for curbing excess deposition of extracellular matrix is a better understanding of the cardiac fibroblast, the cell responsible for collagen production. In recent years, the diversity and functions of these enigmatic cells have been gradually revealed. In this review, I outline current approaches for identifying and classifying cardiac fibroblasts. An emphasis is placed on new insights into the heterogeneity of these cells as determined by lineage tracing and single-cell sequencing in development, adult, and disease states. These recent advances in our understanding of the fibroblast provide a platform for future development of novel therapeutics to combat cardiac fibrosis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors develop a theoretical framework for rethinking the process of diffusion in innovation, using a service-centered, ecosystems, and institutional lens, which helps to overcome narrow conceptions that separate technological aspects of innovation from processes of diffusion or adoption.
Stellenbosch University1, University of Vienna2, University of Fribourg3, Fisheries and Oceans Canada4, University of Lisbon5, University of Hawaii at Manoa6, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources7, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences8, Lincoln University (New Zealand)9, Leibniz Association10, Free University of Berlin11, University of the Aegean12, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg13, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ14, McGill University15, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague16, United States Forest Service17, Chinese Academy of Sciences18, Great Lakes Institute of Management19, University of Rhode Island20, National University of Comahue21, University of Concepción22, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic23, Charles University in Prague24, Environment Agency25, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center26, University of Auckland27, University of Vermont28, Brown University29, University of California, Davis30, Université Paris-Saclay31, King's College London32, Taizhou University33, University of Konstanz34, National Science Foundation35, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna36
TL;DR: It is shown that some best‐case scenarios can substantially reduce potential future impacts of biological invasions, however, rapid and comprehensive actions are necessary to use this potential and achieve the goals of the Post‐2020 Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Abstract: Understanding the likely future impacts of biological invasions is crucial yet highly challenging given the multiple relevant environmental, socio-economic and societal contexts and drivers. In the absence of quantitative models, methods based on expert knowledge are the best option for assessing future invasion trajectories. Here, we present an expert assessment of the drivers of potential alien species impacts under contrasting scenarios and socioecological contexts through the mid-21st century. Based on responses from 36 experts in biological invasions, moderate (20%-30%) increases in invasions, compared to the current conditions, are expected to cause major impacts on biodiversity in most socioecological contexts. Three main drivers of biological invasions-transport, climate change and socio-economic change-were predicted to significantly affect future impacts of alien species on biodiversity even under a best-case scenario. Other drivers (e.g. human demography and migration in tropical and subtropical regions) were also of high importance in specific global contexts (e.g. for individual taxonomic groups or biomes). We show that some best-case scenarios can substantially reduce potential future impacts of biological invasions. However, rapid and comprehensive actions are necessary to use this potential and achieve the goals of the Post-2020 Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
TL;DR: The true global scale of anaphylaxis remains elusive, because many episodes occur in the community without presentation to health care facilities, and most regions have not yet developed reliable systems with which to monitor severe allergic events.
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research1, GNS Science2, Pennsylvania State University3, Imperial College London4, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology5, Cardiff University6, University of California, Santa Cruz7, Brown University8, Rice University9, Texas A&M University10, Kōchi University11, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos12, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology13, University of Leeds14, Oregon State University15, Hohai University16, University of Lorraine17, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation18, Ohio State University19, Colorado School of Mines20, Cornell University21, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera22, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology23, University of Texas at Austin24, University of Bremen25, Kyoto University26, Guilin University of Technology27, Shanghai Ocean University28, University of Montpellier29, University of Hawaii at Manoa30, University of Liverpool31, University of Oxford32, University of Florida33, Banaras Hindu University34, University of Washington35, Chinese Academy of Sciences36, University of Auckland37
TL;DR: Observations suggest that SSEs and associated slow earthquake phenomena are promoted by lithological, mechanical, and frictional heterogeneity within the fault zone, enhanced by geometric complexity associated with subduction of rough crust.
Abstract: Slow slip events (SSEs) accommodate a significant proportion of tectonic plate motion at subduction zones, yet little is known about the faults that actually host them. The shallow depth (<2 km) of well-documented SSEs at the Hikurangi subduction zone offshore New Zealand offers a unique opportunity to link geophysical imaging of the subduction zone with direct access to incoming material that represents the megathrust fault rocks hosting slow slip. Two recent International Ocean Discovery Program Expeditions sampled this incoming material before it is entrained immediately down-dip along the shallow plate interface. Drilling results, tied to regional seismic reflection images, reveal heterogeneous lithologies with highly variable physical properties entering the SSE source region. These observations suggest that SSEs and associated slow earthquake phenomena are promoted by lithological, mechanical, and frictional heterogeneity within the fault zone, enhanced by geometric complexity associated with subduction of rough crust.
TL;DR: The large number of commentaries in this special issue reflect the need that so many people have to express themselves as a way of releasing the anxieties and integrating the hopes that the COVID-1...
Abstract: The large number of commentaries in this special issue reflect the need that so many people have to express themselves as a way of releasing the anxieties and integrating the hopes that the COVID-1...
George Mason University1, University of Maryland, Baltimore County2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, Université de Montréal4, University of California, Berkeley5, University of New Mexico6, Massachusetts Institute of Technology7, Harvard University8, Vanderbilt University9, University of Kansas10, Queen Mary University of London11, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence12, University of Michigan13, California Institute of Technology14, University of Hawaii at Manoa15, University of Texas at Austin16, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research17, University of Southern Queensland18, Missouri State University19, Georgia State University20, Mississippi State University21, University of Chicago22, Keele University23, University of California, Riverside24, Leiden University25, University of Louisville26, Columbia University27, University of Florida28, Dartmouth College29, Spanish National Research Council30, Lehigh University31, University of Pisa32, Carnegie Institution for Science33, University of New South Wales34, Lowell Observatory35, Nanjing University36, Stony Brook University37
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported observations of a planet transiting AU Microscopii (AU Mic b), which has an orbital period of 846 days, an orbital distance of 007-astronomical units, a radius of 04-Jupiter radii, and a mass of less than 18 Jupiter masses at 3σ confidence.
Abstract: AU Microscopii (AU Mic) is the second closest pre-main-sequence star, at a distance of 979 parsecs and with an age of 22 million years1 AU Mic possesses a relatively rare2 and spatially resolved3 edge-on debris disk extending from about 35 to 210 astronomical units from the star4, and with clumps exhibiting non-Keplerian motion5-7 Detection of newly formed planets around such a star is challenged by the presence of spots, plage, flares and other manifestations of magnetic 'activity' on the star8,9 Here we report observations of a planet transiting AU Mic The transiting planet, AU Mic b, has an orbital period of 846 days, an orbital distance of 007 astronomical units, a radius of 04 Jupiter radii, and a mass of less than 018 Jupiter masses at 3σ confidence Our observations of a planet co-existing with a debris disk offer the opportunity to test the predictions of current models of planet formation and evolution
TL;DR: In this paper, the particle breakage and compressibility behavior of sands treated with microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) was investigated using oedometric compression tests.
Abstract: The particle breakage and compressibility behavior of sands treated with microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been investigated using oedometric compression tests. The aci...
TL;DR: This review provides urgent and multidisciplinary knowledge toward understanding the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its health impact on the respiratory system.
Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is now causing a global pandemic. Aerosol transmission of COVID-19, although plausible, has not been confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a general transmission route. Considering the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, especially nosocomial outbreaks and other superspreading events, there is an urgent need to study the possibility of airborne transmission and its impact on the lung, the primary body organ attacked by the virus. Here, we review the complete pathway of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from aerosol dispersion in air to subsequent biological uptake after inhalation. In particular, we first review the aerodynamic and colloidal mechanisms by which aerosols disperse and transmit in air and deposit onto surfaces. We then review the fundamental mechanisms that govern regional deposition of micro- and nanoparticles in the lung. Focus is given to biophysical interactions between particles and the pulmonary surfactant film, the initial alveolar-capillary barrier and first-line host defense system against inhaled particles and pathogens. Finally, we summarize the current understanding about the structural dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its interactions with receptors at the atomistic and molecular scales, primarily as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. This review provides urgent and multidisciplinary knowledge toward understanding the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its health impact on the respiratory system.
TL;DR: Plasma TMAO concentrations were associated with a number of trimethylamine-producing bacterial taxa, and, along with its precursors, may contribute to inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk pathways.
TL;DR: This characterization of Galapagos deep-sea benthic invertebrate megafauna across a range of ecosystems represents a first step to study future changes that may result from anthropogenic impacts to the planet’s climate and oceans, and informed the creation of fully protected deep-water areas in theGalapagos Marine Reserve.
Abstract: The deep sea represents the largest and least explored biome on the planet. Despite the iconic status of the Galapagos Islands and being considered one of the most pristine locations on earth, the deep-sea benthic ecosystems of the archipelago are virtually unexplored in comparison to their shallow-water counterparts. In 2015, we embarked on a multi-disciplinary scientific expedition to conduct the first systematic characterization of deep-sea benthic invertebrate communities of the Galapagos, across a range of habitats. We explored seven sites to depths of over 3,300 m using a two-part Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) system aboard the E/V Nautilus, and collected 90 biological specimens that were preserved and sent to experts around the world for analysis. Of those, 30 taxa were determined to be undescribed and new to science, including members of five new genera (2 sponges and 3 cnidarians). We also systematically analysed image frame grabs from over 85 h of ROV footage to investigate patterns of species diversity and document the presence of a range of underwater communities between depths of 290 and 3,373 m, including cold-water coral communities, extensive glass sponge and octocoral gardens, and soft-sediment faunal communities. This characterization of Galapagos deep-sea benthic invertebrate megafauna across a range of ecosystems represents a first step to study future changes that may result from anthropogenic impacts to the planet’s climate and oceans, and informed the creation of fully protected deep-water areas in the Galapagos Marine Reserve that may help preserve these unique communities in our changing planet.
TL;DR: Analysis of characteristics from 21 studies currently funded under the Interventions for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Native American Populations program underscored the importance of CBPR methods to improve the efficacy of interventions for AI/AN/NH communities by integrating Indigenous-based theories and knowledge systems with Western science approaches to improve health.
Abstract: American Indians/Alaska Natives/Native Hawaiians (AI/AN/NHs) disproportionately experience higher rates of various health conditions. Developing culturally centered interventions targeting health conditions is a strategy to decrease the burden of health conditions among this population. This study analyzes characteristics from 21 studies currently funded under the Interventions for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Native American (NA) Populations program among investigators currently funded under this grant mechanism. Four broad challenges were revealed as critical to address when scientifically establishing culturally centered interventions for Native populations. These challenges were (a) their ability to harness culture-centered knowledge and perspectives from communities; (b) their utilization of Indigenous-based theories and knowledge systems with Western-based intervention paradigms and theories; (c) their use of Western-based methodologies; and (d) their cultural adaptation, if based on an evidence-based treatment. Findings revealed that qualitative methodologies and community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches were very commonly used to finalize the development of interventions. Various Indigenous-based theories and knowledge systems and Western-based theories were used in the methodologies employed. Cultural adaptations were made that often used formative mixed qualitative and quantitative methods. Illustrative examples of strategies used and suggestions for future research are provided. Findings underscored the importance of CBPR methods to improve the efficacy of interventions for AI/AN/NH communities by integrating Indigenous-based theories and knowledge systems with Western science approaches to improve health.
University of Hawaii at Manoa1, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources2, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute3, University of California, San Diego4, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research5, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory6, University of Southampton7, Massachusetts Institute of Technology8, Nova Southeastern University9, University of Maine10, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology11
TL;DR: It is argued that deep-sea mining poses significant risks to midwater ecosystems and how these risks could be evaluated more comprehensively to enable environmental resource managers and society at large to decide whether and how deep- sea mining should proceed.
Abstract: Despite rapidly growing interest in deep-sea mineral exploitation, environmental research and management have focused on impacts to seafloor environments, paying little attention to pelagic ecosystems. Nonetheless, research indicates that seafloor mining will generate sediment plumes and noise at the seabed and in the water column that may have extensive ecological effects in deep midwaters (1), which can extend from an approximate depth of 200 meters to 5 kilometers. Deep midwater ecosystems represent more than 90% of the biosphere (2), contain fish biomass 100 times greater than the global annual fish catch (3), connect shallow and deep-sea ecosystems, and play key roles in carbon export (4), nutrient regeneration, and provisioning of harvestable fish stocks (5). These ecosystem services, as well as biodiversity, could be negatively affected by mining. Here we argue that deep-sea mining poses significant risks to midwater ecosystems and suggest how these risks could be evaluated more comprehensively to enable environmental resource managers and society at large to decide whether and how deep-sea mining should proceed.
Midwater animal biodiversity: Squid, fish, shrimp, copepods, medusa, filter-feeding jellies, and marine worms are among the midwater creatures that could be affected by deep sea mining. Photos by E. Goetze, K. Peijnenburg, D. Perrine, Hawaii Seafood Council (B. Takenaka, J. Kaneko), S. Haddock, J. Drazen, B. Robison, DEEPEND (Dante Fenolio), and MBARI.
Interest in deep-sea mining for sulfide deposits near hydrothermal vents, polymetallic nodules on the abyssal seafloor, and cobalt-rich crusts on seamounts (6) has grown substantially in the last decade. Equipment and system development are already occurring. The International Seabed Authority (ISA), the international organization created under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to manage deep-sea mining beyond national jurisdiction, is developing mineral exploitation regulations, the Mining Code. Currently, 30 ISA exploration contracts cover over 1.5 million …
[↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jdrazen{at}hawaii.edu.
[1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
TL;DR: This review will provide information and updates pertaining to current research focusing on several nutritional strategies that have helped to alleviate coccidiosis and NE, by modulating performance and gut health aspects.
Abstract: Summary Consumer demands for chickens raised without the use of antibiotics, legislative restrictions, and trade opportunities have encouraged many integrators within the poultry industry to raise poultry without antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) and ionophores. However, with the removal of AGPs and ionophores, the incidence of enteric diseases such as coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens, respectively, have increased, thereby gaining the attention of the poultry industry to look for alternative strategies to improve bird's health. Coccidiosis and NE are 2 major enteric disease concerns in broilers because of their association with decreased performance, increased mortality, reduced welfare, and a higher risk of poultry product contamination. Necrotic enteritis is often induced after a coccidiosis infection and any factor that causes stress, reduces immunity, and disturbs intestinal ecosystem. Nutritional mitigation strategies have been widely used to reduce such enteric diseases with a greater focus on balanced gut health. Some of the nutritional interventions that have shown potential for improving gut health while reducing overall disease include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, essential oils, vaccination, and natural phytochemical extracts in poultry diets. A better understanding of the relationship between nutritional strategies, coccidiosis, and NE is crucial to improve gut health in the absence of AGPs in poultry production. This review will provide information and updates pertaining to current research focusing on several nutritional strategies that have helped to alleviate coccidiosis and NE, by modulating performance and gut health aspects.
TL;DR: expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is high in the testes, therefore SARS- CoV- 2 infection and its association with male reproductive health should be investigated in male coronav virus disease 2019 patients.
Abstract: Summary sentenceExpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is high in the testes, therefore SARS-CoV-2 infection and its association with male reproductive health should be investigated in male coronavirus disease 2019 patients.
TL;DR: Xu et al. as discussed by the authors used InSAR images of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes to estimate coseismic displacement and strain from the surface deformation from large continental earthquakes using three types of interferometric products.
Abstract: Cite this article as Xu, X., D. T. Sandwell, and B. Smith-Konter (2020). Coseismic Displacements and Surface Fractures from Sentinel-1 InSAR: 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquakes, Seismol. Res. Lett. XX, 1–7, doi: 10.1785/ 0220190275. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar is an important tool for imaging surface deformation from large continental earthquakes. Here, we present maps of coseismic displacement and strain from the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes usingmultiple Sentinel-1 images. We provide three types of interferometric products. (1) Standard interferograms from two look directions provide an overview of the deformation and can be used for modeling coseismic slip. (2) Phase gradient maps from stacks of coseismic interferograms provide high-resolution (∼30 m) images of strain concentration and surface fracturing that can be used to guide field surveys. (3) High-pass filtered, stacked, unwrapped phase is decomposed into east–west and up–down, south–north components and is used to determine the sense of fault slip. The resulting phase gradientmaps reveal over 300 surface fractures, including triggered slip on the Garlock fault. The east– west component of high-pass filtered phase reveals the polarity of the strike-slip offset (right lateral or left lateral) for many of the fractures. We find a small number of fractures that have slip polarity that is retrograde to the background tectonic stress. This is similar to observations of retrograde slip observed near the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine rupture, but the Ridgecrest observations are more completely imaged by the frequent and high-quality acquisitions from the twin Sentinel-1 spacecrafts. Determining whether the retrograde features are triggered slip on existing faults, or compliant fault deformation in response to stress changes from the Ridgecrest earthquakes, or new Coulombstyle failures, will require additional field work, modeling, and analysis. Introduction TheMw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake struck on 5 July 2019 at 8.19 p.m. local time at the China Lake Naval Air Center, 17 km northeast of the city of Ridgecrest, California (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], 2019a). Thirty-six hours prior, on 4 July 2019, an Mw 6.4 foreshock occurred (10.33 a.m. local time), 11 km southwest of Searles Valley (USGS, 2019b). The two earthquakes ruptured two conjugate faults in the Airport Lake fault zone and Little Lake fault zone, oriented roughly northwest– southeast (right-lateral strike slip) and northeast–southwest (left-lateral strike slip), respectively. Field scientists reported 2–3 m of right-lateral offset along the southern section of the Mw 7.1 rupture. Twin Sentinel-1 satellites operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) were continuously collecting measurements over this region since 2015 (Torres et al., 2012). These satellites collect wide swath data (250 km) using a burst acquisition mode called terrain observation by progressive scan (TOPS). The twin satellites achieve complete coverage in a short-time interval of six days that is well suited for this earthquake sequence. The new wide swath mode requires along-track alignment of better than 1/200 of a pixel (<7 cm), which is possible using the very accurate orbital information provided by ESA (Sansosti et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2017); earthquake displacements greater than ∼7 cm in the along-track direction will cause phase discontinuities at burst boundaries that should be ignored in the interpretation of the maps in the following sections. Moreover, the Sentinel-1 coverage is excellent for these two earthquakes, providing critical high resolution spatially dense deformation observations of the largest earthquake to strike the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) in nearly 20 yr (Fig. 1). In this article, we focus on mapping coseismic displacement and strain with the objective of serving these products to the field mapping and modeling communities 1. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A.; 2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. *Corresponding author: xix016@ucsd.edu © Seismological Society of America Volume XX • Number XX • – 2020 • www.srl-online.org Seismological Research Letters 1 Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/doi/10.1785/0220190275/4921308/srl-2019275.1.pdf by UC San Diego Library user on 21 April 2020 Figure 1. (a) Overview map of the topography, faults, and Sentinel-1 frames surrounding the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence. Red and blue stars denote the epicenter of theMw 7.1 and 6.4 earthquakes, respectively. Black curves are faults mapped by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Red box indicates geographic location of the wrapped interferogram maps provided in (b) and (c). (b) Interferogram from the descending track 71 Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. Each fringe represents 2.8 cm of ground displacement away from the satellite. (c) Interferogram from the ascending track 64 Sentinel-1 InSAR data. The color version of this figure is available only in the electronic edition. 2 Seismological Research Letters www.srl-online.org • Volume XX • Number XX • – 2020 Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/doi/10.1785/0220190275/4921308/srl-2019275.1.pdf by UC San Diego Library user on 21 April 2020 (see Data and Resources). In addition, we highlight the ability to map small spatial scale (∼30 m) fractures having small offsets (>5 mm) using Sentinel-1 data. Data and Methods Here, we construct coseismic interferograms using two preearthquake acquisitions for each track and all data acquired within a month after the earthquakes (Table 1). Unfortunately, there are no acquisitions between the 36 hr that separated the two events. We produce three types of products using opensource Generic Mapping Tools Synthetic Aperture Radar (GMTSAR) (Sandwell et al., 2016) and Generic Mapping Tools (Wessel et al., 2013) software, with the phase unwrapped using the Statistical-cost, Network-flow Algorithm for Phase Unwrapping software (Chen and Zebker, 2002): 1. The standard interferograms shown in Figure 1 were produced using the nearest acquisitions spanning the earthquakes (Table 1). These were Gaussian filtered at 100 m half-wavelength and sampled at 50 m. Unwrapped and subsampled data, suitable for source modeling, are available on our website. Interestingly, the overall interferometric pattern from this sequence resembles the European Remote Sensing satellites interferogram for the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake (Sandwell et al., 2000; Fialko et al., 2002). Both events occurred in similar tectonic context in the ECSZ (Savage et al., 1990), yielding similar moment release and rupturing behavior along the E45S direction. 2. To extract information for smaller scale features, we produce phase-gradient maps directly from the real R x and imaginary I x parts of the full resolution interferograms (Sandwell and Price, 1998), in which the position vector x consists of the range r and azimuth a coordinates of the interferogram. Instead of computing the phase gradient from the phase φ x tan−1 I R , which as many 2π discontinuities, one can use the chain rule of differentiation to develop a formula for the phase gradient directly from R and I. The result is ∇φ x R∇I−I∇R R2 I2 , in which the gradient operator is ∇ ∂ ∂r ; ∂ ∂a , with r and a denoting the direction of gradient along range (look) and azimuth (flight). The numerical derivative filter must be designed to avoid aliasing short-wavelength noise at the Nyquist wavenumber to longer wavelengths, so we combined a central difference filter with a low-pass Gaussain filter having 0.5 gain at 30 m half-wavelength. Phase gradients are very small in the far field of the rupture, so we focus on the second subswath of each TOPS frame and process at full resolution (∼15 m). Unlike standard interferograms, these phase gradient maps can be directly stacked without phase unwrapping (Sandwell and Price, 1998). Thus, we applied the same algorithms to every interferogram (Table 1) and averaged them to produce the final phase gradient maps (Fig. 2). The phase gradient maps are essentially strain maps and thus highlight all types of small spatial scale deformation. There are two types of artifacts to consider when interpreting these maps. First, there are artificial linear phase discontinuities at the burst boundaries of the TOPSmode data. To overcome this, one can estimate the associated azimuthal motion by computing an earthquake source model and include this estimate at the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) coregistration step. Second, the random patterns along the major rupture zones are areas of decorrelation due to extreme ground shaking or deformation rates beyond one radian per pixel. 3. To further define the deformation characteristics of each fracture, we unwrapped the full resolution interferogram following Xu et al. (2016), by imposing a coherence mask along the fault and allowing discontinuity in the map. We stacked the unwrapped phase and then highpass filtered using an 800 m Gaussian filter (Fig. 3). The stacking of unwrapped phase reduces the phase noise to ∼1 mm and also reduces atmospheric effect, especially the elevation-dependent component that possess resemblance to deformation pattern. These stacked phase maps are converted to line of sight (LoS) deformation and then decomposed into east–west motion (positive TABLE 1 Interferometric Pairs versus Perpendicular Baseline Direction Dates (yyyy/mm/dd) B⊥ (m) Descending average look vector: [0.633, −0.112, 0.765] 2019/06/22–2019/07/16 87.79 2019/06/22–2019/07/28 38.09 2019/07/04–2019/07/16 (Fig. 1b) 29.68 2019/07/04–2019/07/28 31.15 Ascending average look vector: [−0.636, −0.112, 0.763] 2019/06/28–2019/07/10 63.38 2019/06/28–2019/07/16 35.98 2019/06/28–2019/07/22 12.37 2019/06/28
TL;DR: From the experimental analyses, distributed voltage deviations can be mitigated using active power curtailment and volt-watt control systems, and the over-frequency of an electric power grid can be reduced using frequency-Watt control method.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution1, Dalhousie University2, Columbia University3, Texas A&M University4, University of Southern Mississippi5, University of Gothenburg6, University of Washington7, University of Oldenburg8, University of Southern California9, University of California, Santa Cruz10, University of Hawaii at Manoa11, Aix-Marseille University12, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences13, Wright State University14, Swedish Museum of Natural History15, University of South Carolina16, University of Minnesota17, Stockholm University18, Université Paris-Saclay19, University of Western Brittany20, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria21, Norwegian Polar Institute22, Oregon State University23, University of Miami24, Florida International University25, University of British Columbia26, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research27, Technical University of Denmark28, Memorial University of Newfoundland29, University of Alaska Fairbanks30, Arizona State University31, Rutgers University32, Max Planck Society33, University of Toulouse34, Massachusetts Institute of Technology35, Shanghai Jiao Tong University36
TL;DR: In this article, a high-resolution pan-Arctic survey of carbon, nutrients, and a suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) was carried out by the GEOTRACES program.
Abstract: A major surface circulation feature of the Arctic Ocean is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), a current that transports river-influenced shelf water from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas toward the center of the basin and Fram Strait. In 2015, the international GEOTRACES program included a high-resolution pan-Arctic survey of carbon, nutrients, and a suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs). The cruises bisected the TPD at two locations in the central basin, which were defined by maxima in meteoric water and dissolved organic carbon concentrations that spanned 600 km horizontally and ~25�50 m vertically. Dissolved TEIs such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Hg, Nd, and Th, which are generally particle-reactive but can be complexed by organic matter, were observed at concentrations much higher than expected for the open ocean setting. Other trace element concentrations such as Al, V, Ga, and Pb were lower than expected due to scavenging over the productive East Siberian and Laptev shelf seas. Using a combination of radionuclide tracers and ice drift modeling, the transport rate for the core of the TPD was estimated at 0.9 ± 0.4 Sv (106 m3 s�1). This rate was used to derive the mass flux for TEIs that were enriched in the TPD, revealing the importance of lateral transport in supplying materials beneath the ice to the central Arctic Ocean and potentially to the North Atlantic Ocean via Fram Strait. Continued intensification of the Arctic hydrologic cycle and permafrost degradation will likely lead to an increase in the flux of TEIs into the Arctic Ocean.