University of Hawaii at Manoa

About: University of Hawaii at Manoa is a education organization based out in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 13693 authors who have published 25161 publications receiving 1023924 citations.

Ventilation of the North Atlantic and North Pacific: Subduction Versus Obduction

Abstract: Ventilation in the North Atlantic and North Pacific is examined by analyzing the Levitus climatological data and the Hellerman and Rosenstein wind stress data. Ventilation between the permanent pycnocline and the overlying seasonal pycnocline and mixed layer consists of two physical processes: subduction and obduction. Subduction takes place mainly in the subtropical basin where surface water is irreversibly transferred into the permanent pycnocline below. Obduction takes place in the subpolar basin where water from the permanent pycnocline is irreversibly transferred into the mixed layer above. Veatilation in the North Atlantic and North Pacific can be clarified into four physically different regions: the subductive region, the obductive region, the ambiductive region where both subduction and obduction take place, and the insulated region where neither subduction nor obduction occurs. Although the total subduction rates in these two oceans are comparable, the total obduction rates are considera...

Origin of seasonal predictability for summer climate over the Northwestern Pacific

Abstract: Summer climate in the Northwestern Pacific (NWP) displays large year-to-year variability, affecting densely populated Southeast and East Asia by impacting precipitation, temperature, and tropical cyclones. The Pacific–Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern provides a crucial link of high predictability from the tropics to East Asia. Using coupled climate model experiments, we show that the PJ pattern is the atmospheric manifestation of an air–sea coupled mode spanning the Indo-NWP warm pool. The PJ pattern forces the Indian Ocean (IO) via a westward propagating atmospheric Rossby wave. In response, IO sea surface temperature feeds back and reinforces the PJ pattern via a tropospheric Kelvin wave. Ocean coupling increases both the amplitude and temporal persistence of the PJ pattern. Cross-correlation of ocean–atmospheric anomalies confirms the coupled nature of this PJIO mode. The ocean–atmosphere feedback explains why the last echoes of El Nino–Southern Oscillation are found in the IO-NWP in the form of the PJIO mode. We demonstrate that the PJIO mode is indeed highly predictable; a characteristic that can enable benefits to society.

Role of atmospheric adjustments in the tropical Indian Ocean warming during the 20th century in climate models

Abstract: The tropical Indian Ocean has been warming steadily since 1950s, a trend simulated by a large ensemble of climate models In models, changes in net surface heat flux are small and the warming is trapped in the top 125 m depth Analysis of the model output suggests the following quasi-equilibrium adjustments among various surface heat flux components The warming is triggered by the greenhouse gas-induced increase in downward longwave radiation, amplified by the water vapor feedback and atmospheric adjustments such as weakened winds that act to suppress turbulent heat flux from the ocean The sea surface temperature dependency of evaporation is the major damping mechanism The simulated changes in surface solar radiation vary considerably among models and are highly correlated with inter-model variability in SST trend, illustrating the need to reduce uncertainties in cloud simulation

Cavendish Banana Cultivars Resistant to Fusarium Wilt Acquired through Somaclonal Variation in Taiwan

Abstract: In vitro propagation produces banana clones that arc very diverse. For 'Giant Cavendish', in addition to resistance to Fusarium wilt, the tissue culture method also generated clones with increased resistance to strong wind, heavier fruit bunches, and sweeter fruit. Therefore, it may be an ideal procedure for horticulturists to select banana clones producing fruit with different taste and might be possible for plant pathologists to select clones resistant to other important diseases. The possibility of applying this technique to the improvement of other crops remains to be exploited. Although 40,000 'Cavendish' plants grown from suckers did not show any visible difference in morphology, about 3 percent of 'Cavendish' plantlets derived from tissue culture were variants. Relatively little is known about the cause of genetic instability induced by the in vitro vegetative propagation. Rapid multiplication and development of cells resulting from mediation of regulators in the tissue culture medium may increase the chance of variation. The mechanism by which the somaclones of 'Giant Cavendish' are resistant to Fusarium wilt is unknown. Since the parental 'Giant Cavendish' is very susceptible to Fusarium wilt, the appearance of resistant somaclones may result from activation of silent resistant genes. However, the creation of resistance genes through mutation as the origin of the resistant phenotype cannot be ruled out. DNA technology will be useful in deciphering the true nature of wilt resistance in the future.

On the identity and origin of the Mediterranean invasive Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta)

Abstract: Recent morphological and genetic studies on the Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh complex have demonstrated that three taxa occur in the Mediterranean Sea. One of them, the ‘invasive variety’, provisionally regarded as close to C. racemosa var. occidentalis J. Agardh, is currently spreading spectacularly throughout the Mediterranean. On the basis of new morphological and molecular studies (rDNA ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 sequences), we confirm here that this invasion is the result of a recent introduction and we identify the invasive variety as Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder, endemic to south-west Australia, and currently known as C. racemosa var. laetevirens f. cylindracea (Sonder) Weber-van Bosse. C. cylindracea differs from the tropical north Australian C. laetevirens Montagne by its slender thallus, lack of large rhizoidal pillars, the slight inflation of the basal part of the upright axes immediately above the attachment to the stolon, by the range of morphological variations (branchlets clavate to cylind...