Showing papers by "University of Hertfordshire published in 2015"
TL;DR: Despite the current scale of resistance, neonicotinoids remain a major component of many pest control programmes, and resistance management strategies, based on mode of action rotation, are of crucial importance in preventing resistance becoming more widespread.
679 citations
Stanford University1, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory2, University of California, Berkeley3, University of Arizona4, University of California, San Diego5, Ames Research Center6, University of Victoria7, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics8, Space Telescope Science Institute9, Arizona State University10, Université de Montréal11, Los Alamos National Laboratory12, University of California, Los Angeles13, University of Western Ontario14, Subaru15, University of Hertfordshire16, Princeton University17, University of Toronto18, Centre national de la recherche scientifique19, University of Chicago20, University of California, Santa Cruz21, Durham University22, University of Exeter23, University of Georgia24, Stony Brook University25, University of California, Santa Barbara26, American Museum of Natural History27, University of Chile28, Universities Space Research Association29, Cornell University30, University of Toledo31, California Institute of Technology32
TL;DR: Using the Gemini Planet Imager, a Jupiter-like planet is discovered orbiting the ~20-million-year-old star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units and has a methane signature and is probably the smallest exoplanet that has been directly imaged.
Abstract: Directly detecting thermal emission from young extrasolar planets allows measurement of their atmospheric compositions and luminosities, which are influenced by their formation mechanisms. Using the Gemini Planet Imager, we discovered a planet orbiting the ~20-million-year-old star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units. Near-infrared observations show a spectrum with strong methane and water-vapor absorption. Modeling of the spectra and photometry yields a luminosity (normalized by the luminosity of the Sun) of 1.6 to 4.0 × 10(-6) and an effective temperature of 600 to 750 kelvin. For this age and luminosity, "hot-start" formation models indicate a mass twice that of Jupiter. This planet also has a sufficiently low luminosity to be consistent with the "cold-start" core-accretion process that may have formed Jupiter.
575 citations
TL;DR: The present position paper is the most recent in a series produced by the International Life Sciences Institute's European Branch and is co-authored by the speakers from a 2013 workshop led by the Obesity and Diabetes Task Force entitled ‘Low-grade inflammation, a high-grade challenge: biomarkers and modulation by dietary strategies’.
Abstract: The importance of chronic low-grade inflammation in the pathology of numerous age-related chronic conditions is now clear. An unresolved inflammatory response is likely to be involved from the early stages of disease development. The present position paper is the most recent in a series produced by the International Life Sciences Institute's European Branch (ILSI Europe). It is co-authored by the speakers from a 2013 workshop led by the Obesity and Diabetes Task Force entitled ‘Low-grade inflammation, a high-grade challenge: biomarkers and modulation by dietary strategies’. The latest research in the areas of acute and chronic inflammation and cardiometabolic, gut and cognitive health is presented along with the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation–health/disease associations. The evidence relating diet composition and early-life nutrition to inflammatory status is reviewed. Human epidemiological and intervention data are thus far heavily reliant on the measurement of inflammatory markers in the circulation, and in particular cytokines in the fasting state, which are recognised as an insensitive and highly variable index of tissue inflammation. Potential novel kinetic and integrated approaches to capture inflammatory status in humans are discussed. Such approaches are likely to provide a more discriminating means of quantifying inflammation–health/disease associations, and the ability of diet to positively modulate inflammation and provide the much needed evidence to develop research portfolios that will inform new product development and associated health claims.
559 citations
TL;DR: The dysfunction in a common neurocomputational mechanism may underlie diverse disorders involving compulsion, and the habit formation bias is associated with lower gray matter volumes in caudate and medial orbitofrontal cortex.
Abstract: Why do we repeat choices that we know are bad for us? Decision making is characterized by the parallel engagement of two distinct systems, goal-directed and habitual, thought to arise from two computational learning mechanisms, model-based and model-free The habitual system is a candidate source of pathological fixedness Using a decision task that measures the contribution to learning of either mechanism, we show a bias towards model-free (habit) acquisition in disorders involving both natural (binge eating) and artificial (methamphetamine) rewards, and obsessive-compulsive disorder This favoring of model-free learning may underlie the repetitive behaviors that ultimately dominate in these disorders Further, we show that the habit formation bias is associated with lower gray matter volumes in caudate and medial orbitofrontal cortex Our findings suggest that the dysfunction in a common neurocomputational mechanism may underlie diverse disorders involving compulsion
525 citations
European Southern Observatory1, Liverpool John Moores University2, University of Western Australia3, University of St Andrews4, Max Planck Society5, Ames Research Center6, Australian Astronomical Observatory7, University of the Western Cape8, Durham University9, University of Sussex10, University of Melbourne11, University of Nottingham12, University of Sydney13, Monash University, Clayton campus14, University of Queensland15, University of Edinburgh16, University of Central Lancashire17, Australian National University18, University of Turku19, University of Canterbury20, University of Oxford21, University of Hertfordshire22, Leiden University23, Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth24, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics25, Macquarie University26, National Autonomous University of Mexico27, Carnegie Institution for Science28, University of Bristol29, University of Hull30, Romanian Academy31, Queen Mary University of London32, University of Innsbruck33
TL;DR: The Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey as mentioned in this paper is one of the largest contemporary spectroscopic surveys of low redshift galaxies, covering an area of ∼286 deg2 (split among five survey regions) down to a limiting magnitude of r < 19.8 mag, and collecting spectra and reliable redshifts for 238'000 objects using the AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope.
Abstract: The Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey is one of the largest contemporary spectroscopic surveys of low redshift galaxies. Covering an area of ∼286 deg2 (split among five survey regions) down to a limiting magnitude of r < 19.8 mag, we have collected spectra and reliable redshifts for 238 000 objects using the AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. In addition, we have assembled imaging data from a number of independent surveys in order to generate photometry spanning the wavelength range 1 nm–1 m. Here, we report on the recently completed spectroscopic survey and present a series of diagnostics to assess its final state and the quality of the redshift data. We also describe a number of survey aspects and procedures, or updates thereof, including changes to the input catalogue, redshifting and re-redshifting, and the derivation of ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared photometry. Finally, we present the second public release of GAMA data. In this release, we provide input catalogue and targeting information, spectra, redshifts, ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared photometry, single-component Sersic fits, stellar masses, Hα-derived star formation rates, environment information, and group properties for all galaxies with r < 19.0 mag in two of our survey regions, and for all galaxies with r < 19.4 mag in a third region (72 225 objects in total). The data base serving these data is available at http://www.gama-survey.org/.
494 citations
Australian Astronomical Observatory1, Macquarie University2, California Institute of Technology3, University of California, Berkeley4, Paris Diderot University5, University of Oxford6, University of Toledo7, University of Hertfordshire8, Leiden University9, European Southern Observatory10, École normale supérieure de Lyon11, University of Edinburgh12, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam13, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute14, Max Planck Society15, University of Sydney16, ASTRON17, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation18, University of St Andrews19, Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics20, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology21
TL;DR: In this article, the stellar population content of early-type galaxies from the ATLAS^(3D) survey is analyzed using spectra integrated within apertures covering up to one effective radius.
Abstract: We present the stellar population content of early-type galaxies from the ATLAS^(3D) survey. Using spectra integrated within apertures covering up to one effective radius, we apply two methods: one based on measuring line-strength indices and applying single stellar population (SSP) models to derive SSP-equivalent values of stellar age, metallicity, and alpha enhancement; and one based on spectral fitting to derive non-parametric star formation histories, mass-weighted average values of age, metallicity, and half-mass formation time-scales. Using homogeneously derived effective radii and dynamically determined galaxy masses, we present the distribution of stellar population parameters on the Mass Plane (M_(JAM), σ_e, R^(maj)_e), showing that at fixed mass, compact early-type galaxies are on average older, more metal-rich, and more alpha-enhanced than their larger counterparts. From non-parametric star formation histories, we find that the duration of star formation is systematically more extended in lower mass objects. Assuming that our sample represents most of the stellar content of today's local Universe, approximately 50 per cent of all stars formed within the first 2 Gyr following the big bang. Most of these stars reside today in the most massive galaxies (>10^(10.5) M⊙), which themselves formed 90 per cent of their stars by z ∼ 2. The lower mass objects, in contrast, have formed barely half their stars in this time interval. Stellar population properties are independent of environment over two orders of magnitude in local density, varying only with galaxy mass. In the highest density regions of our volume (dominated by the Virgo cluster), galaxies are older, alpha-enhanced, and have shorter star formation histories with respect to lower density regions.
411 citations
02 Mar 2015
TL;DR: It is suggested that the nature of the task requested by the robot, e.g. whether its effects are revocable as opposed to irrevocable, has a significant impact on participants’ willingness to follow its instructions.
Abstract: How do mistakes made by a robot affect its trustworthiness and acceptance in human-robot collaboration? We investigate how the perception of erroneous robot behavior may influence human interaction choices and the willingness to cooperate with the robot by following a number of its unusual requests. For this purpose, we conducted an experiment in which participants interacted with a home companion robot in one of two experimental conditions: (1) the correct mode or (2) the faulty mode. Our findings reveal that, while significantly affecting subjective perceptions of the robot and assessments of its reliability and trustworthiness, the robot's performance does not seem to substantially influence participants' decisions to (not) comply with its requests. However, our results further suggest that the nature of the task requested by the robot, e.g. whether its effects are revocable as opposed to irrevocable, has a significant impact on participants' willingness to follow its instructions.
406 citations
Stanford University1, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory2, University of California, Berkeley3, University of Arizona4, University of California, San Diego5, Ames Research Center6, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics7, University of Victoria8, Space Telescope Science Institute9, Arizona State University10, Université de Montréal11, Los Alamos National Laboratory12, University of California, Los Angeles13, University of Western Ontario14, Subaru15, University of Hertfordshire16, Princeton University17, University of Toronto18, Centre national de la recherche scientifique19, University of Chicago20, University of California, Santa Cruz21, Durham University22, University of Exeter23, University of Georgia24, Stony Brook University25, University of California, Santa Barbara26, American Museum of Natural History27, University of Chile28, Universities Space Research Association29, Cornell University30, University of Toledo31, California Institute of Technology32
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gemini Planet Imager was used to detect a planet orbiting the star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units, with a spectrum with strong methane and water vapor absorption.
Abstract: Directly detecting thermal emission from young extrasolar planets allows measurement of their atmospheric composition and luminosity, which is influenced by their formation mechanism. Using the Gemini Planet Imager, we discovered a planet orbiting the \$sim$20 Myr-old star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units. Near-infrared observations show a spectrum with strong methane and water vapor absorption. Modeling of the spectra and photometry yields a luminosity of L/LS=1.6-4.0 x 10-6 and an effective temperature of 600-750 K. For this age and luminosity, "hot-start" formation models indicate a mass twice that of Jupiter. This planet also has a sufficiently low luminosity to be consistent with the "cold- start" core accretion process that may have formed Jupiter.
375 citations
TL;DR: The authors’ two conclusive points— that some factors important to health are not human rights issues and some are covered by or compete against nonhealth rights law are inconsequential because the international human right to the highest attainable standard of health requires the enabling environment to be achieved.
349 citations
University of Western Australia1, Lowell Observatory2, University of Hertfordshire3, IBM4, Max Planck Society5, National Radio Astronomy Observatory6, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology7, Florida International University8, Australia Telescope National Facility9, Pennsylvania State University10, University of Southampton11, Peking University12
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented high-resolution rotation curves and mass models of 26 dwarf galaxies from "Local Irregulars That Trace Luminosity Extremes, The H i Nearby Galaxy Survey" (LITTLE THINGS).
Abstract: We present high-resolution rotation curves and mass models of 26 dwarf galaxies from "Local Irregulars That Trace Luminosity Extremes, The H i Nearby Galaxy Survey" (LITTLE THINGS). LITTLE THINGS is a high-resolution (~6" angular; <2.6 km s^−1 velocity resolution) Very Large Array H i survey for nearby dwarf galaxies in the local volume within 11 Mpc. The high-resolution H i observations enable us to derive reliable rotation curves of the sample galaxies in a homogeneous and consistent manner. The rotation curves are then combined with Spitzer archival 3.6 μm and ancillary optical U, B, and V images to construct mass models of the galaxies. This high quality multi-wavelength data set significantly reduces observational uncertainties and thus allows us to examine the mass distribution in the galaxies in detail. We decompose the rotation curves in terms of the dynamical contributions by baryons and dark matter (DM) halos, and compare the latter with those of dwarf galaxies from THINGS as well as ΛCDM Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations in which the effect of baryonic feedback processes is included. Being generally consistent with THINGS and simulated dwarf galaxies, most of the LITTLE THINGS sample galaxies show a linear increase of the rotation curve in their inner regions, which gives shallower logarithmic inner slopes α of their DM density profiles. The mean value of the slopes of the 26 LITTLE THINGS dwarf galaxies is which is a = -.032 ± 0.24 in accordance with the previous results found for low surface brightness galaxies (α = −0.2 ± 0.2) as well as the seven THINGS dwarf galaxies (α = −0.29 ± 0.07). However, this significantly deviates from the cusp-like DM distribution predicted by DM-only ΛCDM simulations. Instead our results are more in line with the shallower slopes found in the ΛCDM SPH simulations of dwarf galaxies in which the effect of baryonic feedback processes is included. In addition, we discuss the central DM distribution of DDO 210 whose stellar mass is relatively low in our sample to examine the scenario of inefficient supernova feedback in low mass dwarf galaxies predicted from recent ΛCDM SPH simulations of dwarf galaxies where central cusps still remain.
342 citations
Paris Diderot University1, PSL Research University2, European Southern Observatory3, University of Oxford4, California Institute of Technology5, University of California, Berkeley6, University of Toledo7, Leiden University8, École normale supérieure de Lyon9, University of Edinburgh10, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam11, Macquarie University12, Australian Astronomical Observatory13, ASTRON14, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute15, Max Planck Society16, University of Hertfordshire17, University of Sydney18, Australia Telescope National Facility19, University of St Andrews20, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology21, Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics22
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a catalogue of 92 galaxies from the ATLAS^(3D) sample, which are located in low- to medium-density environments, which achieved a gain of several magnitudes in the limiting surface brightness with respect to classical imaging surveys.
Abstract: Galactic archaeology based on star counts is instrumental to reconstruct the past mass assembly of Local Group galaxies. The development of new observing techniques and data reduction, coupled with the use of sensitive large field of view cameras, now allows us to pursue this technique in more distant galaxies exploiting their diffuse low surface brightness (LSB) light. As part of the ATLAS^(3D) project, we have obtained with the MegaCam camera at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope extremely deep, multiband images of nearby early-type galaxies (ETGs). We present here a catalogue of 92 galaxies from the ATLAS^(3D) sample, which are located in low- to medium-density environments. The observing strategy and data reduction pipeline, which achieve a gain of several magnitudes in the limiting surface brightness with respect to classical imaging surveys, are presented. The size and depth of the survey are compared to other recent deep imaging projects. The paper highlights the capability of LSB-optimized surveys at detecting new prominent structures that change the apparent morphology of galaxies. The intrinsic limitations of deep imaging observations are also discussed, among those, the contamination of the stellar haloes of galaxies by extended ghost reflections, and the cirrus emission from Galactic dust. The detection and systematic census of fine structures that trace the present and past mass assembly of ETGs are one of the prime goals of the project. We provide specific examples of each type of observed structures – tidal tails, stellar streams and shells – and explain how they were identified and classified. We give an overview of the initial results. The detailed statistical analysis will be presented in future papers.
TL;DR: The derivation of the vaccines used has in general not been purely rational except in the sense that it has involved careful clinical trials of candidates and subsequent careful follow up in clinical use.
TL;DR: Three methods are introduced for re-scaling data sets aiming at improving the likelihood of clustering validity indexes to return the true number of spherical Gaussian clusters with additional noise features to increase the chances of estimating thetrue number of clusters in a data set.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide psychiatrists with updated knowledge of the clinical pharmacology and psychopathological consequences of the use of synthetic cannabinoids, including dopamine, CB1, GABA-A/B, 5-HT2A, glutamate, and k opioid receptors.
TL;DR: An update on sample collection, scientific progress and opportunities, conceptual issues, and future plans from the ADNI is provided.
Abstract: Introduction Genetic data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) have been crucial in advancing the understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Here, we provide an update on sample collection, scientific progress and opportunities, conceptual issues, and future plans. Methods Lymphoblastoid cell lines and DNA and RNA samples from blood have been collected and banked, and data and biosamples have been widely disseminated. To date, APOE genotyping, genome-wide association study (GWAS), and whole exome and whole genome sequencing data have been obtained and disseminated. Results ADNI genetic data have been downloaded thousands of times, and >300 publications have resulted, including reports of large-scale GWAS by consortia to which ADNI contributed. Many of the first applications of quantitative endophenotype association studies used ADNI data, including some of the earliest GWAS and pathway-based studies of biospecimen and imaging biomarkers, as well as memory and other clinical/cognitive variables. Other contributions include some of the first whole exome and whole genome sequencing data sets and reports in healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment, and AD. Discussion Numerous genetic susceptibility and protective markers for AD and disease biomarkers have been identified and replicated using ADNI data and have heavily implicated immune, mitochondrial, cell cycle/fate, and other biological processes. Early sequencing studies suggest that rare and structural variants are likely to account for significant additional phenotypic variation. Longitudinal analyses of transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic changes will also further elucidate dynamic processes underlying preclinical and prodromal stages of disease. Integration of this unique collection of multiomics data within a systems biology framework will help to separate truly informative markers of early disease mechanisms and potential novel therapeutic targets from the vast background of less relevant biological processes. Fortunately, a broad swath of the scientific community has accepted this grand challenge.
University of Cambridge1, University College Hospital2, Royal Victoria Infirmary3, Queen's University4, Queen Alexandra Hospital5, University of Hertfordshire6, North Tyneside General Hospital7, County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust8, South Shields9, North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust10
TL;DR: The Cytosponge-TFF3 test is safe and acceptable, and has accuracy comparable to other screening tests, and may be a simple and inexpensive approach to identify patients with reflux symptoms who warrant endoscopy to diagnose BE.
Abstract: Background
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a commonly undiagnosed condition that predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Routine endoscopic screening for BE is not recommended because of the burden this would impose on the health care system. The objective of this study was to determine whether a novel approach using a minimally invasive cell sampling device, the Cytosponge, coupled with immunohistochemical staining for the biomarker Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3), could be used to identify patients who warrant endoscopy to diagnose BE.
Durham University1, University of Nottingham2, University of Leicester3, University of Bristol4, Dalhousie University5, University of Edinburgh6, Virginia Tech7, University of Hertfordshire8, ETH Zurich9, European Southern Observatory10, University of Bonn11, Leiden University12, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute13, University of British Columbia14, Liverpool John Moores University15
TL;DR: In this article, the Atacama Large Millimeter Array 870 μm imaging of 52 sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs) in the Ultra Deep Survey field was used to investigate the size and morphology of the sub-mm emission on 2-10 kpc scales.
Abstract: We present high-resolution (0’’.3) Atacama Large Millimeter Array 870 μm imaging of 52 sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs) in the Ultra Deep Survey field to investigate the size and morphology of the sub-millimeter (sub-mm) emission on 2–10 kpc scales. We derive a median intrinsic angular size of FWHM = 0’’.30 ± 0’’.04 for the 23 SMGs in the sample detected at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) >10. Using the photometric redshifts of the SMGs we show that this corresponds to a median physical half-light diameter of 2.4 ±0.2 kpc. A stacking analysis of the SMGs detected at S/N < 10 shows they have sizes consistent with the 870 μm bright SMGs in the sample. We compare our results to the sizes of SMGs derived from other multi-wavelength studies, and show that the rest-frame ∼250 μm sizes of SMGs are consistent with studies of resolved 12CO (J = 3–2 to 7–6) emission lines, but that sizes derived from 1.4 GHz imaging appear to be approximately two times larger on average, which we attribute to cosmic ray diffusion. The rest-frame optical sizes of SMGs are around four times larger than the sub-millimeter sizes, indicating that the star formation in these galaxies is compact relative to the pre-existing stellar distribution. The size of the starburst region in SMGs is consistent with the majority of the star formation occurring in a central region, a few kiloparsecs in extent, with a median star formation rate surface density of 90 ± 30M_ yr−1 kpc−2, which may suggest that we are witnessing an intense period of bulge growth in these galaxies.
University of Western Australia1, Lowell Observatory2, University of Hertfordshire3, IBM4, Max Planck Society5, National Radio Astronomy Observatory6, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology7, Florida International University8, Australia Telescope National Facility9, Pennsylvania State University10, University of Southampton11, Peking University12
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented high-resolution rotation curves and mass models of 26 dwarf galaxies from the LITTLE THINGS survey for nearby dwarf galaxies in the local volume within 11 Mpc, which were combined with Spitzer archival 3.6 micron and ancillary optical U, B, and V images to construct mass models.
Abstract: We present high-resolution rotation curves and mass models of 26 dwarf galaxies from LITTLE THINGS. LITTLE THINGS is a high-resolution Very Large Array HI survey for nearby dwarf galaxies in the local volume within 11 Mpc. The rotation curves of the sample galaxies derived in a homogeneous and consistent manner are combined with Spitzer archival 3.6 micron and ancillary optical U, B, and V images to construct mass models of the galaxies. We decompose the rotation curves in terms of the dynamical contributions by baryons and dark matter halos, and compare the latter with those of dwarf galaxies from THINGS as well as Lambda CDM SPH simulations in which the effect of baryonic feedback processes is included. Being generally consistent with THINGS and simulated dwarf galaxies, most of the LITTLE THINGS sample galaxies show a linear increase of the rotation curve in their inner regions, which gives shallower logarithmic inner slopes alpha of their dark matter density profiles. The mean value of the slopes of the 26 LITTLE THINGS dwarf galaxies is alpha =-0.32 +/- 0.24 which is in accordance with the previous results found for low surface brightness galaxies (alpha = -0.2 +/- 0.2) as well as the seven THINGS dwarf galaxies (alpha =-0.29 +/- 0.07). However, this significantly deviates from the cusp-like dark matter distribution predicted by dark-matter-only Lambda CDM simulations. Instead our results are more in line with the shallower slopes found in the Lambda CDM SPH simulations of dwarf galaxies in which the effect of baryonic feedback processes is included. In addition, we discuss the central dark matter distribution of DDO 210 whose stellar mass is relatively low in our sample to examine the scenario of inefficient supernova feedback in low mass dwarf galaxies predicted from recent Lambda SPH simulations of dwarf galaxies where central cusps still remain.
University of Western Australia1, University of St Andrews2, Swinburne University of Technology3, Ames Research Center4, Liverpool John Moores University5, University of Nottingham6, University of Sydney7, Australian Astronomical Observatory8, University of Cape Town9, University of Hertfordshire10, University of Oxford11, University of Sussex12, Durham University13, University of Bristol14, University of Melbourne15
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used data from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey in the redshift range 0.01 < z < 0.1 (8399 galaxies in g to Ks bands) to derive the stellar mass-half-light radius relations for various divisions of early and late-type samples.
Abstract: We use data from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey in the redshift range 0.01 < z < 0.1 (8399 galaxies in g to Ks bands) to derive the stellar mass–half-light radius relations for various divisions of ‘early’- and ‘late’-type samples. We find that the choice of division between early and late (i.e. colour, shape, morphology) is not particularly critical; however, the adopted mass limits and sample selections (i.e. the careful rejection of outliers and use of robust fitting methods) are important. In particular, we note that for samples extending to low stellar mass limits (<1010M⊙) the Sersic index bimodality, evident for high-mass systems, becomes less distinct and no-longer acts as a reliable separator of early- and late-type systems. The final set of stellar mass–half-light radius relations are reported for a variety of galaxy population subsets in 10 bands (ugrizZY JHKs) and are intended to provide a comprehensive low-z benchmark for the many ongoing high-z studies. Exploring the variation of the stellar mass–half-light radius relations with wavelength, we confirm earlier findings that galaxies appear more compact at longer wavelengths albeit at a smaller level than previously noted: at 1010M⊙ both spiral systems and ellipticals show a decrease in size of 13 per cent from g to Ks (which is near linear in log wavelength). Finally, we note that the sizes used in this work are derived from 2D Sersic light profile fitting (using GALFIT3), i.e. elliptical semimajor half-light radii, improving on earlier low-z benchmarks based on circular apertures.
University of Arizona1, University of California, Berkeley2, Ames Research Center3, University of Hawaii4, California Institute of Technology5, Georgia State University6, Max Planck Society7, Cornell University8, University of Notre Dame9, University of Hertfordshire10, University of California, Los Angeles11
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the discovery of three small planets orbiting a bright (Ks = 8:6 mag) M0 dwarf using data collected as part of K2, the new ecliptic survey using the re-purposed Kepler spacecraft.
Abstract: Small, cool planets represent the typical end-products of planetary formation. Studying the architectures of these systems, measuring planet masses and radii, and observing these planets’ atmospheres during transit directly informs theories of planet assembly, migration, and evolution. Here we report the discovery of three small planets orbiting a bright (Ks = 8:6 mag) M0 dwarf using data collected as part of K2, the new ecliptic survey using the re-purposed Kepler spacecraft. Stellar spectroscopy and K2 photometry indicate that the system hosts three transiting planets with radii 1.5 { 2.1 R , straddling the transition region between rocky and increasingly volatile-dominated compositions. With orbital periods of 10{45 days the planets receive just 1.5{10 the ux incident on Earth, making these some of the coolest small planets known orbiting a nearby star; planet d is located near the inner edge of the system’s habitable zone. The bright, low-mass star makes this system an excellent laboratory to determine the planets’ masses via Doppler spectroscopy and to constrain their atmospheric compositions via transit spectroscopy. This discovery demonstrates the power of K2 and future space-based transit searches to nd many fascinating objects of interest. Subject headings: EPIC 201367065| techniques: photometric | techniques: spectroscopic | eclipses
TL;DR: The current meta‐analysis examines the effects of ketamine infusion on depressive symptoms over time in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) and finds no consistency in the results between the two categories.
Abstract: This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Caoimhe M. Coyle, and Keith R. Laws, ‘The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Human Psychopharmacology, Vol. 30 (3): 152-163, May 2015, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2475. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of organizational, industry, and national readiness and environmental pressure on the adoption of diverse EC technologies by SMEs in developing countries is systematically examined, and the authors conclude that significant influence of environmental pressure has been observed on adoption of various EC technologies.
University of Copenhagen1, University of Hertfordshire2, Utrecht University3, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna4, Ghent University5, Animal Health Trust6, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich7, University of Melbourne8, North Carolina State University9, University of Minnesota10, University of Stirling11, University of Georgia12, Autonomous University of Barcelona13, University of Surrey14, Royal Veterinary College15
TL;DR: The International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) discusses current understanding of canine epilepsy and presents the 2015 proposal for terminology and classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures, which reflects new thoughts from the human ILAE but also roots in former well accepted terminology.
Abstract: Dogs with epilepsy are among the commonest neurological patients in veterinary practice and therefore have historically attracted much attention with regard to definitions, clinical approach and management. A number of classification proposals for canine epilepsy have been published during the years reflecting always in parts the current proposals coming from the human epilepsy organisation the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). It has however not been possible to gain agreed consensus, "a common language", for the classification and terminology used between veterinary and human neurologists and neuroscientists, practitioners, neuropharmacologists and neuropathologists. This has led to an unfortunate situation where different veterinary publications and textbook chapters on epilepsy merely reflect individual author preferences with respect to terminology, which can be confusing to the readers and influence the definition and diagnosis of epilepsy in first line practice and research studies.In this document the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) discusses current understanding of canine epilepsy and presents our 2015 proposal for terminology and classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. We propose a classification system which reflects new thoughts from the human ILAE but also roots in former well accepted terminology. We think that this classification system can be used by all stakeholders.
TL;DR: The authors show that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is the most widely used measure of prediction accuracy in businesses and organizations, however, it is biased: when used to select among among the candidates, it will not always be the best candidate.
Abstract: Surveys show that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is the most widely used measure of prediction accuracy in businesses and organizations. It is, however, biased: when used to select among...
TL;DR: This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising.
Abstract: © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2015. This work was produced by Wilson et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.
Durham University1, Dalhousie University2, University of Hertfordshire3, University of Edinburgh4, European Southern Observatory5, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics6, University of Leicester7, Virginia Tech8, Valparaiso University9, University of Bonn10, Chalmers University of Technology11, Leiden University12, University of British Columbia13, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute14
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented high-resolution 870 μm Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) continuum maps of 30 bright submillimeter sources in the UKIDSS UDS field (median SSCUBA-2=8.7 ± 0.4 mJy).
Abstract: We present high-resolution 870 μm Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) continuum maps of 30 bright sub-millimeter sources in the UKIDSS UDS field. These sources are selected from deep, 1 degree2 850 μm maps from the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey, and are representative of the brightest sources in the field (median SSCUBA-2= 8.7 ± 0.4 mJy). We detect 52 sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs) at >4σ significance in our 30 ALMA maps. In 61-15+19% of the ALMA maps the single-dish source comprises a blend of ≥2 SMGs, where the secondary SMGs are Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs) with LIR ≳ 1012 L⊙. The brightest SMG contributes on average 80-2+6% of the single-dish flux density, and in the ALMA maps containing ≥2 SMGs the secondary SMG contributes 25-5+1% of the integrated ALMA flux. We construct source counts and show that multiplicity boosts the apparent single-dish cumulative counts by 20% at S870 > 7.5 mJy, and by 60% at S870 > 12 mJy. We combine our sample with previous ALMA studies of fainter SMGs and show that the counts are well-described by a double power law with a break at 8.5 ± 0.6 mJy. The break corresponds to a luminosity of ∼6 × 1012 L⊙ or a star formation rate (SFR) of ∼103 M⊙ yr-1. For the typical sizes of these SMGs, which are resolved in our ALMA data with Re = 1.2 ± 0.1 kpc, this yields a limiting SFR density of ∼100 M⊙ yr-1 kpc-2 Finally, the number density of S870 ≳ 2 mJy SMGs is 80 ± 30 times higher than that derived from blank-field counts. An over-abundance of faint SMGs is inconsistent with line-of-sight projections dominating multiplicity in the brightest SMGs, and indicates that a significant proportion of these high-redshift ULIRGs are likely to be physically associated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a search for bright (-22.7 5.4 ) stars at z = 6 and show that a double power-law or a Schechter function can equally well describe the bright end of the Ultra-Violet (UV) luminosity function (LF).
Abstract: We present the results of a search for bright (-22.7 5. We calculate the bright end of the rest-frame Ultra-Violet (UV) luminosity function (LF) at z ~ 6. The galaxy number counts are a factor of ~1.7 lower than predicted by the recent LF determination by Bouwens et al.. In comparison to other smaller area studies, we find an evolution in the characteristic magnitude between z ~ 5 and z ~ 7 of dM* ~ 0.4 mag, and show that a double power-law or a Schechter function can equally well describe the LF at z = 6. Furthermore, the bright-end of the LF appears to steepen from z ~ 7 to z ~ 5, which could indicate the onset of mass quenching or the rise of dust obscuration, a conclusion supported by comparing the observed LFs to a range of theoretical model predictions.
TL;DR: Overall, while still common in many countries, bullying victimization is decreasing, and the differences between countries highlight the need to further investigate measures undertaken in countries demonstrating a downward trend.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Bullying among children and adolescents is a public health concern; victimization is associated with psychological and physical health problems. The purpose of this study is to examine temporal trends in bullying victimization among school-aged children in Europe and North America. METHODS: Data were obtained from cross-sectional self-report surveys collected as part of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study from nationally representative samples of 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds, from 33 countries and regions which participated in the 2001-02, 2005-06 and 2009-10 surveys. Responses from 581 838 children were included in the analyses. Binary logistic regression was used for the data analyses. RESULTS: The binary logistic regression models showed significant decreasing trends in occasional and chronic victimization between 2001-02 and 2009-10 across both genders in a third of participating countries. One country reported significant increasing trends for both occasional and chronic victimization. Gender differences in trends were evident across many countries. CONCLUSION: Overall, while still common in many countries, bullying victimization is decreasing. The differences between countries highlight the need to further investigate measures undertaken in countries demonstrating a downward trend. Language: en
TL;DR: O OCD patients exhibited excessive habits that were associated with hyperactivation in a key region implicated in the pathophysiology of OCD, the caudate nucleus, suggesting that habit-forming biases in OCD may be a result of impairments in this system, rather than differences in the buildup of stimulus-response habits themselves.
Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the neural correlates of excessive habit formation in obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD). The authors aimed to test for neurobiological convergence with the known pathophysiology of OCD and to infer, based on abnormalities in brain activation,whetherthesehabits arisefrom dysfunctioninthe goal-directed or habit system. Method: Thirty-seven OCD patients and 33 healthy comparison subjects learned to avoid shocks while undergoing a functional MRI scan. Following four blocks of training, the authors tested whether the avoidance response had become a habit by removing the threat of shock and measuring continued avoidance. Task-related differences in brain activity in three regions of interest (the caudate, the putamen, and the medial orbitofrontal cortex) were tested at a statistical threshold set at ,0.05 (family-wise-error corrected). Results: Excessive habit formation in OCD patients, which was associated with hyperactivation in the caudate, was observed. Activation in this region was also associated with subjective ratings of increased urge to perform habits. The OCD group, as a whole, showed hyperactivation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex during the acquisition of avoidance; however, this did not relate directly to habit formation. Conclusions: OCD patients exhibited excessive habits that were associatedwithhyperactivationin akey regionimplicated in the pathophysiology of OCD, the caudate nucleus. Previous studies indicate that this region is important for goal-directed behavior, suggesting that habit-forming biases in OCD may be a result of impairments in this system, rather than differences in the buildup of stimulus-response habits themselves.
Barcelona Supercomputing Center1, University of Murcia2, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology3, University of Hertfordshire4, University of L'Aquila5, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts6, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology7, Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics8, National Center for Atmospheric Research9, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research10, Environment Canada11, Met Office12, Technical University of Madrid13, Research Triangle Park14, Leibniz Association15, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences16, North Carolina State University17
TL;DR: The second phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) brought together sixteen modeling groups from Europe and North America, running eight operational online-coupled air quality models on common emissions and boundary conditions as mentioned in this paper.