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Showing papers by "University of Hohenheim published in 2002"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Saponins are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides, common in a large number of plants and plant products that are important in human and animal nutrition and they have also been found to significantly affect growth, feed intake and reproduction in animals.
Abstract: Saponins are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides, common in a large number of plants and plant products that are important in human and animal nutrition. Several biological effects have been ascribed to saponins. Extensive research has been carried out into the membrane-permeabilising, immunostimulant, hypocholesterolaemic and anticarcinogenic properties of saponins and they have also been found to significantly affect growth, feed intake and reproduction in animals. These structurally diverse compounds have also been observed to kill protozoans and molluscs, to be antioxidants, to impair the digestion of protein and the uptake of vitamins and minerals in the gut, to cause hypoglycaemia, and to act as antifungal and antiviral agents. These compounds can thus affect animals in a host of different ways both positive and negative.

1,544 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that root growth dynamics and photosynthesis intensity are the most important plant-mediated factors affecting RPE.
Abstract: Living plants change the local environment in the rhizosphere and consequently affect the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition The rate may increase for 3- to 5-folds, or decrease by 10 % to 30 % by plant cultivation Such short-term changes of rate (intensity) of SOM decomposition are due to the priming effect In the presence of plants, a priming effect occurs in the direct vicinity of the living roots, and it is called rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) Plant-mediated and environmental factors, such as, plant species, development stage, soil organic matter content, photosynthesis intensity, and N fertilization which affect RPE are reviewed and discussed in this paper It was concluded that root growth dynamics and photosynthesis intensity are the most important plant-mediated factors affecting RPE Environmental factors such as amount of decomposable C in soil and N min content are responsible for the switch between following mechanisms of RPE: concurrence for N min between roots and microorganisms, microbial activation or preferential substrate utilization Succession of mechanisms of RPE along the growing root in accordance with the rhizodeposition types is suggested Different hypotheses for mechanisms of filling up the C amount loss by RPE are suggested The ecosystematic relevance of priming effects by rhizodeposition relates to the connection between exudation of organic substances by roots, the increase of microbial activity in the rbizosphere through utilization of additional easily available C sources, and the subsequent intensive microbial mobilization of nutrients from the soil organic matter

899 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Careful consideration of the physical and chemical properties of B in biological systems, and of the experimental data from both plants and animals suggests that B plays a critical role in membrane structure and hence function.
Abstract: The interest of biologists in boron (B) has largely been focused on its role in plants for which B was established as essential in 1923 (Warington, 1923[296]). Evidence that B has a biological role in other organisms was first indicated by the establishment of essentiality of B for diatoms (Smyth and Dugger, 1981[296]) and cyanobacteria (Bonilla et al., 1990[296]; Garcia-Gonzalez et al., 1991[296]; Bonilla et al., 1997[296]). Recently, B was shown to stimulate growth in yeast (Bennett et al., 1999[296]) and to be essential for zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Eckhert and Rowe, 1999[296]; Rowe and Eckhert, 1999[296]) and possibly for trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Eckhert, 1998[296]; Rowe et al., 1998[296]), frogs (Xenopus laevis) (Fort et al., 1998[296]) and mouse (Lanoue et al., 2000[296]). There is also preliminary evidence to suggest that B has at least a beneficial role in humans (Nielsen, 2000[296]). While research into the role of B in plants has been ongoing for 80 years it has only been in the past 5 years that the first function of B in plants has been defined. Boron is now known to be essential for cell wall structure and function, likely through its role as a stabilizer of the cell wall pectic network and subsequent regulation of cell wall pore size. A role for B in plant cell walls, however, is inadequate to explain all of the effects of B deficiency seen in plants. The suggestion that B plays a broader role in biology is supported by the discovery that B is essential for animals where a cellulose-rich cell wall is not present. Careful consideration of the physical and chemical properties of B in biological systems, and of the experimental data from both plants and animals suggests that B plays a critical role in membrane structure and hence function. Verification of B association with membranes would represent an important advance in modern biology. For several decades there has been uncertainty as to the mechanisms of B uptake and transport within plants. This uncertainty has been driven by a lack of adequate methodology to measure membrane fluxes of B at physiologically relevant concentrations. Recent experimentation provides the first direct measurement of membrane permeability of B and illustrates that passive B permeation contributes sufficient B at adequate levels of B supply, but would be inadequate at conditions of marginal B supply. The hypothesis that an active, carrier mediated process is involved in B uptake at low B supply is supported by research demonstrating that B uptake can be stimulated by B deprivation, that uptake rates follow a Michaelis-Menton kinetics, and can be inhibited by application of metabolic inhibitors. Since the mechanisms of element uptake are generally conserved between species, an understanding of the processes of B uptake is relevant to studies in both plants and animals. The study of B in plant biology has progressed markedly in the last decade and we are clearly on the cusp of additional, significant discoveries. Research in this field will be greatly stimulated by the discovery that B is essential for animals, a discovery that will not only encourage the participation of a wider cadre of scientists but will refocus the efforts of plant biologists toward a determination of roles for B outside the plant cell wall. Determination of the function of B in biology and of the mechanisms of B uptake in biological systems, is essential to our understanding and management of B deficiency and toxicity in plants and animals in both agricultural and natural environments. Through an analysis of existing data and the development of new hypotheses, this review aims to provide a vision of the future of research into the biology of boron.

726 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the antioxidant properties of 90% ethanol extracts of leaves, and 90% methanol extracts of stem bark, pulp and flowers from Indian Laburnum ( Cassia fistula L.) were investigated.

533 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Antioxidant levels of purified anthocyanin extracts were much higher than expected from anthochenin content indicating synergistic effect of anthocianin mixtures.
Abstract: A series of cyanidin-based anthocyanin pigments was investigated to determine the effect of structural variation on a number of chemical and physical properties: CIELAB color coordinates, visual detection thresholds, hydration constants (pKH), and in vitro antioxidant activities (ORAC). In addition to individual isolated compounds, purified total pigment isolates from blackberry, elderberry, black carrot, red cabbage, and sweet potato were also examined. Acylation with cinnamic acids shifted color tonality (hue angle) to purple, and markedly increased pKH and antioxidant activity, but lowered the visual detection threshold. Glycosidic substitution at the 5 position moved tonalities toward purple and decreased pKH, and tended to lower the ORAC value, but raised the visual detection threshold. Increasing the number of sugar substituents at the 3 position also affected all of these parameters, however, the extent was not predictable. Antioxidant levels of purified anthocyanin extracts were much higher than ...

396 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cluster roots are a characteristic of members of the Proteaceae and of several other plant species that are adapted to habitats of extremely low soil fertility, usually without formation of mycorrhizal associations.

375 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
18 Oct 2002-Science
TL;DR: It is hypothesize that positive and negative faunal-mediated effects in soil communities cancel each other out, causing no net ecosystem effects.
Abstract: Human impacts, including global change, may alter the composition of soil faunal communities, but consequences for ecosystem functioning are poorly understood. We constructed model grassland systems in the Ecotron controlled environment facility and manipulated soil community composition through assemblages of different animal body sizes. Plant community composition, microbial and root biomass, decomposition rate, and mycorrhizal colonization were all markedly affected. However, two key ecosystem processes, aboveground net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, were surprisingly resistant to these changes. We hypothesize that positive and negative faunal-mediated effects in soil communities cancel each other out, causing no net ecosystem effects.

290 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The stoichiometric relationship between in vitro gas measured on incubation of tannin-containing browses in buffered rumen fluid and calculated from short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was investigated in this paper.
Abstract: The contents of phenolic compounds, protein precipitation capacity (PPC) and in vitro gas production of tropical browse species were evaluated The stoichiometric relationship between in vitro gas measured on incubation of tannin-containing browses in buffered rumen fluid and calculated from short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was investigated Crude protein (CP) contents in the browses ranged from 54 to 300 g/kg dry matter (DM) Total phenol (TP), tannins (T) and condensed tannins (TP and T as tannic acid equivalent; CT, as leucocyanidin equivalent) ranged from 17-250, 7-214, and 0-260 g/kg DM respectively, and PPC from 0 to 1066 μg BSA precipitated/g DM CP content of browses was negatively correlated with TP T, CT and PPC A significant correlation was observed between per cent change in gas production on addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the contents of phenolics (r = 076 for both TP and T) Addition of PEG to tannin-containing browses increased in vitro gas production PPC was significantly correlated with TP (r = 087; P 005) The relationship between in vitro gas measured on incubation of browse leaves and that calculated from SCFA allows prediction of SCFA from gas production

270 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that Si-mediated tolerance of Mn in C. sativus is a consequence of stronger binding of Mn to cell walls and a lowering of Mn concentration within the symplast, which supports the role of Si as an important beneficial element in plant nutrition.
Abstract: Silicon (Si) supplied as sodium silicate (1.8 mM) clearly decreased symptoms of manganese (Mn) toxicity in Cucumis sativus L. (cv. Chinesische Schlange) grown in nutrient solution with low to elevated Mn concentrations (0.5-1000 μM). Despite approximately the same total Mn content in the leaves, plants not treated with Si had higher Mn concentrations in the intercellular washing fluid (IWF) compared with plants treated with Si, especially in the BaCl 2 - and DTPA-exchangeable fraction of the leaf apoplast. The Mn concentration of the IWF correlated positively with the severity of Mn-toxicity symptoms and negatively with the Si supply. Furthermore, in Si-treated plants less Mn was located in the symplast ( 90%) compared with non-Si-treated plants (about 50% in each compartment). Manganese present in Si-treated plants is therefore less available and for this reason less toxic than in plants not treated with Si. It is concluded that Si-mediated tolerance of Mn in C. sativus is a consequence of stronger binding of Mn to cell walls and a lowering of Mn concentration within the symplast. These results support the role of Si as an important beneficial element in plant nutrition.

232 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The voltage dependence of the affinity of LeAMT1;1 toward its substrate strongly suggests that charged NH 4 + , rather than NH3, is the true transport substrate, and ammonium transport was independent of the external proton concentration between pH 5.5 and pH 8.5.

232 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the above-and below-ground biomass and litter accumulation were measured for three multistrata agroforestry systems and five tree crop monocultures seven years after their establishment on secondary forest land on a xanthic Ferralsol in central Amazonia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Public health authorities consider prevention and treatment with nutraceuticals as a powerful instrument in maintaining health and to act against nutritionally induced acute and chronic diseases, thereby promoting optimal health, longevity and quality of life.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: After QTL validation across sites and verification of the general benefit of theStay-green trait for grain yield performance and stability in the target areas, the corresponding chromosomal regions could be candidates for marker-assisted transfer of stay-green into elite materials.
Abstract: The stay-green trait is a reported component of tolerance to terminal drought stress in sorghum. To map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for stay-green, two sorghum recombinant inbred populations (RIPs) of 226 F3:5 lines each were developed from crosses (1) IS9830 × E36-1 and (2) N13 × E36-1. The common parental line, E36-1 of Ethiopian origin, was the stay-green trait source. The genetic map of RIP 1 had a total length of 1,291 cM, with 128 markers (AFLPs, RFLPs, SSRs and RAPDs) distributed over ten linkage groups. The map of RIP 2 spanned 1,438 cM and contained 146 markers in 12 linkage groups. The two RIPs were evaluated during post-rainy seasons at Patancheru, India, in 1999/2000 (RIP 2) and 2000/2001 (RIP 1). The measures of stay-green mapped were the green leaf area percentages at 15, 30 and 45 days after flowering (% GL15, % GL30 and % GL45, respectively). Estimated repeatabilities for % GL15, % GL30 and % GL45 amounted to 0.89, 0.81 and 0.78 in RIP 1, and 0.91, 0.88 and 0.85 in RIP 2, respectively. The number of QTLs for the three traits detected by composite interval mapping ranged from 5 to 8, explaining 31% to 42% of the genetic variance. In both RIPs, both parent lines contributed stay-green alleles. Across the three measures of the stay-green trait, three QTLs on linkage groups A, E and G were common to both RIPs, with the stay-green alleles originating from E36-1. These QTLs were therefore consistent across the tested genetic backgrounds and years. After QTL validation across sites and verification of the general benefit of the stay-green trait for grain yield performance and stability in the target areas, the corresponding chromosomal regions could be candidates for marker-assisted transfer of stay-green into elite materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of isolated cDNA‐clones of a heliothine moth led to the discovery of a divergent gene family encoding putative seven‐transmembrane domain proteins, which strongly suggest that the newly discovered gene family indeed encodes olfactory receptors of moth.
Abstract: The antennae of moths have been an invaluable model for studying the principles of odour perception. In spite of the enormous progress in understanding olfaction on the molecular level, for the moth one of the key elements in olfactory signalling, the odourant receptors, are still elusive. We have assessed a genome database of a heliothine moth (Heliothis virescens, Noctuidae) and employed exon-specific probes to screen an antennal cDNA library of this species. Analysis of isolated cDNA-clones led to the discovery of a divergent gene family encoding putative seven-transmembrane domain proteins. The notion that they may encode candidate olfactory receptors of the moth, was supported by a tissue-specific expression; several of the subtypes were exclusively expressed in antennae. By means of double-labelling in situ hybridization studies it was demonstrated that the receptors are indeed expressed in antennal sensory neurons; moreover, each receptor subtype appears to be expressed in a distinct population of sensory cells. The results strongly suggest that the newly discovered gene family indeed encodes olfactory receptors of moth.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a watershed management model in which users help to define problems, set priorities, select technologies and policies, and monitor and evaluate impacts, and participate in watershed research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Genetic diversity within each population was significantly higher than diversity between populations, indicating that the populations are heterogeneous at the molecular level and that CIMMYT breeders have successfully incorporated considerable genetic diversity into CIMmyT maize germplasm.
Abstract: The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) currently holds about 17 000 samples of maize (Zea mays L.) and teosinte (Z. mays, several subspecies), a wild relative of maize. Seven CIMMYT populations and 57 inbreds were characterized by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. SSRs chosen from almost every bin in the maize genetic map were tested for repeatability, ease of automation in allele calling, and discrimination (information content). Eighty-five SSRs were found to be repeatable and easily automated, and were run on all material in the study. Fifty-three of these SSRs were found to be the most discriminatory and will be used in future routine fingerprinting studies. The seven breeding populations clustered as would be predicted on the basis of pedigree and heterotic grouping. Genetic diversity within each population was significantly higher than diversity between populations, indicating that the populations are heterogeneous at the molecular level. The inbreds also showed a high level of genetic diversity, indicating that CIMMYT breeders have successfully incorporated considerable genetic diversity into CIMMYT maize germplasm. Only lines closely related by pedigree clustered together. Population of origin and heterotic grouping were not assodated with the clusters formed on the basis of SSR markers, a result consistent with the high level of diversity within source populations of the inbreds. Although this will make it more difficult to assign CIMMYT inbred lines to currently existing heterotic groups by means of markers, the markers may be useful in refining the CIMMYT heterotic groups into additional and more uniform groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the betalain pattern of Hylocereus polyrhizus is reported for the first time and a highly practicable technique is described for the simultaneous isolation of pigment and mucilage from the mesocarp by extraction with water.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The HPLC method was applied to yellow beet and cactus pear, revealing a more complex betalain profile than described earlier, thus proving its suitability for screening of betaxanthin-containing plants as potential sources for natural food colors.
Abstract: Betaxanthins, the yellow-orange water-soluble pigments from yellow beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris cv. Bejo Zaden) and cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica cv. Gialla) have been investigated using an HPLC system compatible with mass spectrometry. Five novel betaxanthins were found and characterized as the immonium adducts of betalamic acid with serine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine. To enable concentration of betalain samples, desalting was performed by solid-phase extraction. With this technique, betacyanins could be separated from the betaxanthins using the pH-dependent retention characteristics of red and yellow betalains. The betaxanthin fraction was taken for the preparation of betalamic acid as a precursor for semisynthetic standards. The HPLC method was applied to yellow beet and cactus pear, revealing a more complex betalain profile than described earlier, thus proving its suitability for screening of betaxanthin-containing plants as potential sources for natural food colors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reduced gold labelling densities in the infected host cell walls indicate that these polysaccharide degrading enzymes might be important pathogenicity factors of F. graminearum during infection of wheat spikes.
Abstract: Cytological studies were carried out to elucidate the importance of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) during infection of wheat spikes by Fusarium graminearum. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that at 6–24 hours after inoculation (hai) of single spikelets with macroconidia of F. graminearum, the fungus germinated by forming several germ tubes and developed a dense hyphal network in the cavity of the spikelet. At 24–36hai, the fungus formed infection hyphae which invaded the ovary and inner surface of the lemma and palea. Transmission electron microscopical studies revealed that the fungus extended inter- and intracellularly in the ovary, lemma and rachis and caused considerable damage and alterations to the host cell walls. In different tissues of healthy and F. graminearum-infected wheat spikes the cell wall components cellulose, xylan and pectin were localized by means of enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labelling techniques. Localization of cellulose, xylan and pectin showed that host cell walls which were in direct contact with the pathogen surface had reduced gold labelling compared to considerable higher labelling densities of walls distant from the pathogen–host interface or in non-colonized tissues. The reduced gold labelling densities in the infected host cell walls indicate that these polysaccharide degrading enzymes might be important pathogenicity factors of F. graminearum during infection of wheat spikes. The results revealed that, infection and colonization of wheat spikes by F. graminearum and reactions of infected host tissue were similar to those reported for F. culmorum.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first unequivocal identification of the lysine-arginine cross-links glucosepane 5, DOGDIC 6, MODIC 7, and GODIC 8 in human material is reported on, appearing predestined as markers for pathophysiological processes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of increasing carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on wheat vary depending on water supply and climatic conditions, which are difficult to estimate and are often used to predict the impact of global atmospheric changes on food production.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results from a field trial in Southern Germany showed that new hybrids between M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis should be developed that have many growth characteristics similar to M.×giganteus but with improved rhizome freeze tolerance in winter.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: White lupin was grown in a quartz sand–soil mix with poorly available Ca phosphate and bacterial community structure changed with plant age, and both bacterial and eukaryotic (18S rDNA) community structures change with organic acid exudation.
Abstract: White lupin was grown in a quartz sand–soil mix with poorly available Ca phosphate. The plants were harvested on days 21, 35 and 51 and DNA was extracted from the non-cluster roots, the young, mature and senescent cluster roots with adhering soil. Bacterial community structure was examined by PCR-DGGE of 16S rDNA, digitisation of the band patterns and multivariate analyses. In all root zones the bacterial community structure changed with plant age. The communities in the rhizosphere of the non-cluster roots were always different from those of the cluster roots. The bacterial communities of the cluster roots were cluster age and plant age dependent. The differences in bacterial community structure between the cluster root age classes were significant on days 35 and day 51 but not on d 21. A separate experiment, in which root exudates and samples for PCR-DGGE were collected simultaneously, showed that both bacterial and eukaryotic (18S rDNA) community structures change with organic acid exudation. While eukaryotic community structure of the cluster roots was correlated with citric acid exudation, bacterial community structure was correlated with cis-acconitic, citric and malic acid exudation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a dynamic model of endogenous coalition formation in cooperative games with transferable utility is presented, where players are boundedly rational and experiment with myopically suboptimal strategies whenever there are potential gains from trade.
Abstract: This paper presents a dynamic model of endogenous coalition formation in cooperative games with transferable utility (TU). The players are boundedly rational. At each time step, a player decides which of the existing coalitions to join, and demands a payoff. These decisions are determined by a best-reply rule, given the coalition structure and allocation in the previous period. Further, the players experiment with myopically suboptimal strategies whenever there are potential gains from trade. We establish an isomorphism between the set of absorbing states of the process and the set of core allocations, and show that the process converges to one of these states with probability one whenever the core is non-empty. These results do not require superadditivity of the characteristic function, and they carry over to the case of coalitional values depending on the coalition structure, and to non-transferable utility (NTU) games.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The studies show that pyridoxamine reduces oxidative stress and AGE formation and suspect that a direct interaction of pyrIDoxamine with MG partly accounts for AGE inhibition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of gamma irradiation on the chemistry of various antinutrients, including non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), and biological and nutritional qualities of foods and feeds is also reviewed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the root-derived CO2 efflux from the soil into actual root respiration (RR) and microbial respiration of exudates and root residues is partitioned for determining the carbon (C) and energy balance of soils.
Abstract: Partitioning the root-derived CO2 efflux from the soil into actual root respiration (RR) and microbial respiration of exudates and root residues is very important for determining the carbon (C) and energy balance of soils. Studies based on artificial root environments like hydroponics or sterile soils give unrealistic figures for C partitioning and are unsuitable for predicting C flows under natural conditions. To date, only four methods have been suggested to separate RR and rhizomicrobial respiration in non-sterile soils: (1) the isotope dilution method, (2) the model rhizodeposition technique, (3) modeling of 14CO2 efflux dynamics, and (4) the exudate elution procedure. All four methods are based on the pulse labeling of shoots in a 14CO2 atmosphere and subsequent monitoring of 14CO2 efflux from the soil. However, the basic assumptions and principles of these methods, as well as the results observed in the original papers, all differ from one another. This study describes the separation of RR of Lolium perenne grown on a loamy Haplic Luvisol from microbial respiration of rhizodeposits by means of all four methods under the same experimental conditions. In spite of alternative principles, the isotope dilution and the 14CO2 dynamics methods show a similar level of RR: accordingly, 39 and 45% of total root-derived CO2 efflux were accounted for by RR. The remainder is rhizomicrobial respiration. The exudate elution method, which underestimates the total rhizodeposition, shows that at least 19% of root-derived CO2 is produced by exudate decomposition. The microbial respiration of rhizodeposits calculated using the model rhizodeposition technique is also underestimated. The exudate elution method is the only procedure allowing physical separation of both C flows. The assumptions and principles of all four methods are reviewed and the effects of possible shortcomings on the separation results are discussed. In conclusion, RR contributes about 40–50% to the root-derived CO2 efflux. The remaining 50–60% comprise the microbial decomposition of root exudates and other rhizodeposits. The longer the period of monitoring the CO2 efflux after the pulse labeling is, the higher the contribution of rhizomicrobial respiration to the total root-derived CO2 efflux from soil.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCIMS) was employed for the identification of eight lutein monoesters, formed by incomplete enzymatic saponification of lute in diesters of marigold by Candida rugosa lipase.
Abstract: Liquid chromatography−atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCIMS) was employed for the identification of eight lutein monoesters, formed by incomplete enzymatic saponification of lutein diesters of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) by Candida rugosa lipase. Additionally, the main lutein diesters naturally occurring in marigold oleoresin were chromatographically separated and identified. The LC-MS method allows for characterization of lutein diesters occurring as minor components in several fruits; this was demonstrated by analysis of extracts of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey. ex Naud.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). The assignment of the regioisomers of lutein monoesters is based on the characteristic fragmentation pattern: the most intense daughter ion generally results from the loss of the substituent (fatty acid or hydroxyl group) bound to the e-ionone ring, yielding an allylic cation. The limit of detection was estimated at 0.5 μg...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is reported that the Sec-independent Pf3 coat protein requires the YidC protein specifically for the membrane translocation step, and the role of YIDC is at the stage of folding the Pf3 protein into a transmembrane configuration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The vertical displacement of trace metals (Cu, Ni, Zn) in these calcareous soils seemed to result primarily from the presence of mobile metal-organic complexes in the soil solution after compost addition, as observed by FTIR spectrometry.